• International Journal of Oral Biology
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.75-81
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• 2016

Human mouth environment is known to include a variety bacteria, including Streptococcus spp., Staphylococcus spp., Actinomyces spp., Lactobacillus spp., Candida spp., Enterobacteriaceae, et al. Human oral microorganisms can cause dental caries, gingivitis, periodontitis, respiratory tract infection, and cardiovascular disease. Thus, right denture cleaning is essential to oral and general human health. The aim of this study was to evaluate the bactericidal effect of a sodium dichloroisocyanurate-based effervescent tablet (Aos Denti Germ, Aos Company, Chungbuk, Korea) against oral microorganisms. A total of 5 species Streptococcus spp. (Streptococcus anginosus, Streptococcus mitis, Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus oralis, and Streptococcus sobrinus), Actinomyces oris, Candida albicans, and Escherichia coli were used in this study. All strains were exposed to the distilled water prepared with effervescent tablet. After the exposure, the mixture of strains and effervescent tablet was inoculated onto blood agar or MacConkey agar plate and cultured at $36^{\circ}C$. All strains were killed immediately on exposure to effervescent tablet. The results suggested that effervescent tablet could be used as an effective denture cleanser for dental hygiene.

• International Journal of Clinical Preventive Dentistry
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.264-270
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• 2018

Objective: This study performed a quantitative analysis using the real-time polymerase chain reaction technique to examine the oral microbial prevalence in adults and intended to examine the correlations between risk factors of periodontal disease and oral bacteria and correlation between oral test scores and oral microorganisms. Methods: We examined papillary marginal attached (PMA) index, modified patient hygiene performance (M-PHP) index, probing depth (PD), modified gingival index, and oral bacteria counts and surveyed 117, 20 years or older adult males and females who visited dental clinics in the Daejeon region to analyze the prevalence and oral health. Results: The prevalence was 100% for Fusobacterium nucleatum, meaning it was observed in all examined subject, 85.5% for Parvimonas micra, 76.1% for Prevotella intermedia, and 72.6% for Tannerella forsythia. The averages of P. gingivalis and T. forsythia increased as the examined subjects were older, and there was a statistically significant difference between T. forsythia and E. nodatum in relation to medical history, between P. intermedia and P. micra in relation to gender, and between P. intermedia and E. corrodens in relation to smoking (p<0.05). For a correlation between the oral test scores and oral microorganisms, P. gingivalis and F. nucleatum was highly correlated with PD (correlation coefficient of 0.51 and 0.41) (p<0.01) while P. gingivalis, P. micra, C. rectus, and E. nodatum were significantly correlated with M-PHP index, gingival index, PD, and PMA index (p<0.01, p<0.05). Conclusion: For oral health management of adults, the age, systemic disease, and smoking are closely related to oral bacteria, and P. gingivalis, T. forsythia, F. nucleatum, P. intermedia, P. micra, C. rectus, E. corrodens, and E. nodatum are considered to be the oral microorganisms that indicate periodontal health.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.370-375
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• 2013

Propolis is a resinous mixture found in the tree buds, sap flows, and other botanical sources, which is used by honey bees in the construction of their hives. Antimicrobial effects of propolis were evaluated against Streptococcus mutans KCTC 3065, S. sobrinus KCTC 3308, S. sobrinus KCTC 5134, and Porphyromonas gingivalis KCTC 5352 by an agar diffusion assay. Sensitivity of these microorganisms to propolis was evaluated in broth containing different concentrations of propolis at $37^{\circ}C$, followed by observation using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Propolis inhibited all oral microorganisms tested at the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of $0.14mg/{\mu}L$ in the agar diffusion assay. Treatment with 0.06 and $0.22mg/{\mu}L$ of propolis had a bactericidal effect in a concentration- and treatment time-dependent manner against the tested microorganisms. TEM of propolis-treated S. mutans KCTC 3065 and P. gingivalis KCTC 5352 revealed structural damage of the cell membrane. The activity of propolis was affected by heat and pH treatment. The results indicate that propolis shows antibacterial activity against oral microorganisms and that it has potential for future applications in the food industry.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.213-220
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• 2020

Background: The leaves of Perilla frutescens, commonly called perilla and used for food in Korea, contain components with a variety of biological effects and potential therapeutic applications. The purpose of this study was to identify the components of 70% ethanol extracted Perilla frutescens (EEPF) and determine its inhibitory effects on oral microbial activity and production of nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-stimulated Raw264.7 macrophages, consequently, to confirm the possibility of using EEPF as a functional component for improving the oral environment and preventing inflammation. Methods: One kg of P. frutescens leaves was extracted with 70% ethanol and dried at -70℃. EEPF was analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography analysis, and antimicrobial activity against oral microorganisms was revealed using the disk diffusion test. Cell viability was elucidated using a methylthiazolydiphenyl-tetrazolium bromide assay, and the effect of EEPF on LPS-induced morphological variation was confirmed through microscopic observation. The effect of EEPF on LPS-induced production of pro-inflammatory mediators, NO and PGE2 was confirmed by the NO assay and PGE2 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: The main component of EEPF was rosemarinic acid, and EEPF showed weak anti-bacterial and anti-fungal effects against microorganisms living in the oral cavity. EEPF did not show toxicity to Raw264.7 macrophages and had inhibitory effects on the morphological variations and production of pro-inflammatory mediators, NO and PGE2 in LPS-stimulated Raw264.7 macrophages. Conclusion: EEPF can be used as a functional material for improving the oral environment through the control of oral microorganisms and for modulating inflammation by inhibiting the production of inflammatory mediators.

• The Korean Journal of Health Service Management
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.135-142
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• 2019

Objectives: The objective of this study was to assess the antimicrobial effect of Platycodon grandiflorum extracts against oral microorganisms. Methods: The anti-microbial activity and minimal inhibitory concentration were measured the agar dilution method. Results: Platycodon grandiflorum extracts grew in the free agar plates all of the oral microorganisms. In the bark-free Platycodon grandiflorum extracts all the oral microorganisms grew in the free agar plates. Growth was inhibited at a concentration of 0.5 mg/ml. Oral microorganisms showed an absence of growth at a concentration of 1 mg/ml. Conclusions: It was confirmed that the extracts of Platycodon grandiflorum having a higher saponin content than the bark - free Platycodon grandiflorum extract showed excellent antimicrobial effect.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.324-333
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• 2010

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of three different oral care treatments on the oral state of patients with intubation in intensive care units. Methods: The research design was a nonequivalent control group design with repeated measures. The patients were assigned a normal saline, chlorhexidine or toothbrushing group. Each group received its own oral care treatment for 5 minutes, twice a day and for 8 days. The oral assessment guide, hygiene performance index and pathogenic microorganisms. Data were collected from patients before the experiment, 4 days after, and 8 days after completion and were evaluated. Results: The chlorhexidine group and tooth brushing group showed significant improvement on the oral assessment guide and decrease in the hygiene performance index, compared to the normal saline group. Similarly, pathogenic microorganisms were significantly decreased in the chlorhexidine group and tooth brushing group, when compared to the normal saline group. Conclusions: Oral treatments with chlorhexidine and toothbrushing improve the oral health state of patients, therefore use of chlorhexidine and toothbrushing could be an effective nursing intervention for intubated patients in intensive care units.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.60 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2022

Purpose. The present study aimed to investigate the effective cleaning of healing abutment (HA) using Healing abutment case (HA case) by observing oral microorganisms with phase contrast microscope. Materials and methods. 32 patients with two or more implants placed in the same jaw, a total of 64 HAs (experimental group 32, control group 32) were selected and the control was cleaned with an alcohol swab. At the first and second visits, each group was observed before cleaning, and the experimental group was additionally observed after cleaning at the first visit. A 400× phase contrast microscope was used for the observation of oral microorganisms for its amounts. Results. There was no significant difference in the amount of oral microorganisms was found between the groups at the first visit, no significant difference according to gender, maxilla or mandible, and buccal or lingual surface. There was a statistically significant difference in the amount of oral microorganisms according to supra-gingival and sub-gingival (P<.05), There was also a significant difference in the comparison before and after cleaning in the experimental group (P<.05). There was a significant difference in the amount of oral microorganisms in each group at second visit (P<.05). Conclusion. Healing abutment cleaning using healing abutment case solution is more effective than simple cleaning with alcohol swab.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.86-95
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• 2019

The modern era of microbial genome analysis began in earnest in the 2000s with the generalization of metagenomics and gene sequencing techniques. Studying complex microbial community such as oral cavity and colon by a pure culture is considerably ineffective in terms of cost and time. Therefore, various techniques for genomic analysis have been developed to overcome the limitation of the culture method and to explore microbial communities existing in the natural environment at the gene level. Among these, DNA fingerprinting analysis and microarray chip have been used extensively; however, the most recent method of analysis is metagenomics. The study summarily examined the overview of metagenomics analysis techniques, as well as domestic and foreign studies on disease genomics and cluster analysis related to oral metagenome. The composition of oral bacteria also varies across different individuals, and it would become possible to analyze what change occurs in the human body depending on the activity of bacteria living in the oral cavity and what causality it has with diseases. Identification, isolation, metabolism, and presence of functional genes of microorganisms are being identified for correlation analysis based on oral microbial genome sequencing. For precise diagnosis and treatment of diseases based on microbiome, greater effort is needed for finding not only the causative microorganisms, but also indicators at gene level. Up to now, oral microbial studies have mostly involved metagenomics, but if metatranscriptomic, metaproteomic, and metabolomic approaches can be taken together for assessment of microbial genes and proteins that are expressed under specific conditions, then doing so can be more helpful for gaining comprehensive understanding.

• International Journal of Oral Biology
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.41-47
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• 2014

Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) is a facultative anaerobic bacterium mainly found in the oral cavity and is known to contribute to tooth decay and gingivitis. Recent studies on intestinal microbiota have revealed that microorganisms forming a biofilm play important roles in maintaining tissue homeostasis through their own metabolism. However, the physiological roles of oral microorganisms such as S. mutans are still unclear. In our current study, we identified that constituents released from S. mutans (CR) reduce arecoline-mediated cytotoxicity without producing toxic effects themselves. Arecoline, as a major alkaloid of areca nut, is known to mediate cytotoxicity on oral epithelial cells and induces a sustained intracellular $Ca^{2+}$ ($[Ca^{2+}]_i$) increase that is cytotoxic. The exposure of human gingival fibroblast (HGF) cells to CR not only inhibited the sustained $[Ca^{2+}]_i$ increase but also the initial $[Ca^{2+}]_i$ elevation. In contrast, CR had no effects on the gene regulation mediated by arecoline. These results demonstrate that S. mutans has physiological role in reducing cytotoxicity in HGF cells and may be considered a novel pharmaceutical candidate.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.217-226
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• 2009

Allyl isothiocyanate (AIT), the principle ingredient of antimicrobial ingredients from horseradish root, can be prepared from extracts of horseradish root or synthetic method. It is reported that the horseradish root extract has the antimicrobial effect against various oral microorganisms, while there is no further study about the antimicrobial effect against the oral microorganisms of synthetic AIT derived from synthetic method. The aim of the study is to compare the difference of the antimicrobial effect between horseradish root extracts and synthetic AIT. To evaluate the antimicrobial effect, we measured the minimum inhibitory concentration(MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), and the results are like following. 1. The MIC of horseradish root extract against 7 kinds of oral pathogenic microorganisms is about 117$\sim$1,750 ppm(0.0117$\sim$0.175%), and the MIC of the synthetic AIT is about 344$\sim$3,000 ppm(0.0344$\sim$0.3%), which have the antimicrobial effects against all kinds of microorganisms. 2. The MBC of the horseradish root extracts against the 7 kinds of oral microorganisms is about 625.2$\sim$6,000 ppm(0.06252$\sim$0.6%), and the MBC of the synthetic AIT is about 1,750$\sim$7,000 ppm(0.175$\sim$0.7%), which have the antimicrobial effects against all kinds of microorganisms.