• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
• /
• v.15 no.9
• /
• pp.5675-5682
• /
• 2014

As oral diseases are developed by mixed infections, not by any single element, an accurate analysis of the causative microorganisms related to dental caries and periodontal diseases is required. In this study, saliva was collected from selected adults to determine if the bacteria that are well known as the causative microorganisms of dental caries and periodontal diseases would be detected in their saliva. In addition, this study examined whether there would be any differences among adults according to age, smoking, drinking and presence or absence of diseases in the distribution of oral bacteria to determine the risk factors for oral bacteria. The study subjects were 120 adults ranging in age from 20 to 65 years. The experiment data was collected from March 15, to May 2014. The gDNA was collected from the saliva, and the distribution of bacteria for oral diseases was investigated by PCR. The findings of the study were as follows. S. mutans was detected from 72 adults, and P. intermedia was detected from 88 adults. Both bacteria were detected from 54 adults, and no oral bacteria was detected in 14 adults. An analysis of the risk factors of oral bacteria showed that smokers had a 2.8-fold higher risk of S. mutans than nonsmokers, and the former had a 3.5-fold higher risk of P. intermedia than the latter. Drinkers had a 3.3-fold higher risk of S. mutans than nondrinkers. Patients who suffered from systemic diseases had a 4.1-fold higher risk of P. intermedia than those with no diseases. Therefore, smoking, drinking and systemic diseases are factors that increase the likelihood of oral bacteria detection. More periodontal disease bacteria were detected from older adults, and more oral bacteria were found in adults who were in their 20s, as dental caries and periodontal diseases were more common in this age group. The adults in which oral bacteria were detected are more likely to have dental caries or periodontal diseases, and they should try to keep their mouth cavity clean and make regular visits to a dental clinic to prevent possible oral diseases.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
• /
• v.49 no.2
• /
• pp.138-144
• /
• 2011

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the cleansing effect of recently developed alkaline ionized water, e-WASH, on microorganisms of the denture surface. Materials and methods: Removable partial and complete dentures were randomly assigned to the experimental group of 41 dentures, and the control group of 26. The denture was immersed in the e-WASH solution (experimental group), or tap water (control group) for 5 minutes. The plaque was collected from the denture surface before and after immersion, and smeared on the slide glass. Amount and motility of microorganisms were compared according to the morphology and strain of microorganisms, using the phase contrast microscope. Statistical analysis was accomplished with paired t-test and independent t-test at 95% confidence level (P<.05). Results: 1. The amount of cocci, bacilli, filamentous, spiral/comma, and the motility of bacilli, filamentous, and spiral/comma were decreased after denture cleansing with the alkaline ionized water, e-WASH (P<.05). But in the control group, only the amount of cocci showed a significant difference (P<.05), but no difference from the others. There were no differences in other analysis. 2. In the experimental group, the amount of cocci, bacilli, filamentous, spiral/comma, and the motility of bacilli, filamentous, and spiral/comma were smaller and more inactive compared to the control group (P<.05). Conclusion: These results indicated that the alkaline ionized water, e-WASH could effectively reduce the amount and motility of the experimented microorganisms on the denture surface, and that e-WASH could be recommended as an effective denture cleanser.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
• /
• v.38 no.4
• /
• pp.299-312
• /
• 2013

Even though there exist a lot of study about antibacterial effects and reactions of extracted materials from plant, few study exist about oral pathogenic bacteria. Therefore we tried to recognize about the suppression effect to the periodontal pathogenic bacteria and halitosis, when add some kinds of plant extracted materials, myrrh, rhatany, chamomolilla to saliva. We used Crude drug : Myrrh tincture (100mg/ml), Ratanhia tincture (100mg/ml), Chamomile tincture(100mg/ml). We inspected about the cariogenic bateriae, S. mutans GS5 and S. sobrinus 6715, periodontal pathogenic bacteria, P. gingivalis 2561, P. intermedia ATCC 25611, Candida albicans ATCC 18804, and E. feacalis ATCC 4083, then the result follow. The plant extracted material, myrrh, rhatany, chamomomilla, which have convergence effect, bacteriocidal effect and anti-inflammation effect, show an antibacterial effect and reaction to the oral pathogenic bacteria. And with treating rhatany that have the most strong antibacterial effect, through transmission electron microscopy we could see a severe morphologic change of bacteria. This means with the plant extracted material, we can suppress the oral harmful bacteria and prevent periodontal diseases, caries, halitosis and oral inflammations. And within the future studies for the improvement of oral hygiene, our result might be a clinical evidence.

• Genomics & Informatics
• /
• v.21 no.1
• /
• pp.13.1-13.8
• /
• 2023

Importance of accurate molecular diagnosis and quantification of particular disease-related pathogenic microorganisms is highlighted as an introductory step to prevent and care for diseases. In this study, we designed a primer/probe set for quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) targeting rgpA gene, known as the specific virulence factor of periodontitis-related pathogenic bacteria 'Porphyromonas gingivalis', and evaluated its diagnostic efficiency by detecting and quantifying relative bacterial load of P. gingivalis within saliva samples collected from clinical subjects. As a result of qRT-PCR, we confirmed that relative bacterial load of P. gingivalis was detected and quantified within all samples of positive control and periodontitis groups. On the contrary, negative results were confirmed in both negative control and healthy groups. Additionally, as a result of comparison with next-generation sequencing (NGS)-based 16S metagenome profiling data, we confirmed relative bacterial load of P. gingivalis, which was not identified on bacterial classification table created through 16S microbiome analysis, in qRT-PCR results. It showed that an approach to quantifying specific microorganisms by applying qRT-PCR method could solve microbial misclassification issues at species level of an NGS-based 16S microbiome study. In this respect, we suggest that P. gingivalis-specific primer/probe set introduced in present study has efficient applicability in various oral healthcare industries, including periodontitis-related microbial molecular diagnosis field.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
• /
• v.39 no.3
• /
• pp.303-310
• /
• 2009

Purpose: The aerosol generated by ultrasonic scaler can contain bacteria or virus which can penetrate into body through respiratory systems of dentists, dental hygienist or patients. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of chlorhexidine digluconate as preoperative mouthrinse or lavage for ultrasonic scaler on the reduction of viable organisms in aerosol produced during periodontal treatment using ultrasonic scaler. Methods: 30 patients with moderate chronic periodontitis were included and divided into 3 groups: Control (no preoperative mouthrinse and tap water as lavage), CHG (preoperative mouthrinse with 0.1% chlorhexidine digluconate and tap water as lavage), CHL (no preoperative mouthrinse and 0.1% chlorhexidine digluconate as lavage). Each patient received scaling or subgingival curettage for 30 min. In CHG group, mouthrinse with chlorhexidine digluconate was performed for 1 min. before treatment. Before, during and after scaling or subgingival curettage, air sampling was performed for 7 min. each (1000 L/7 min.) with trypticase-soy agar plate. Agar plates were incubated in $37^{\circ}C$ aerobically. The numbers of colony-forming units (CFU) were counted and compared. Results: The numbers of CFUs of the samples obtained during treatment were $97{\pm}14.0$ in control, $73.1{\pm}14.9$ in CHG group and $44.5{\pm}9.0$ in CHL group. The difference among the 3 groups was determined to be statistically significant (one-way ANOVA with Bonferroni's correction, p-value: 0.0003). In contrast, the numbers of CFU of samples obtained before and after treatment were not significantly different among the groups. Conclusions: Chlorhexidine digluconate used as preoperative mouthrinse or lavage for ultrasonic scaler can reduce the microorganisms in aerosol produced during periodontal treatment using ultrasonic scaler. Less number of microorganisms were detected when chlorhexidine was used as lavage for ultrasonic scaler.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
• /
• v.34 no.2
• /
• pp.153-167
• /
• 2009

The present study was performed to observe the effect of phytoncide on oral normal microflora and the inhibitory effect of the surviving resident oral bacteria on Pr. intermedia. In this study, saliva from each of 20 healthy subjects was treated with 1% phytoncide from Japanese Hinoki (Chamaecyparis obtusa Sieb. et Zucc.). Surviving salivary bacteria were isolated on blood agar plates and identified by 16S rDNA sequencing. In order to select inhibitory isolates against Pr. intermedia, the isolates from the phytoncide-treated saliva were cultured with Pr. intermedia. The results were as follows: 1. Among the 200 surviving resident oral bacterium, 148(74.0%) bacterium inhibit the growth of Pr. intermedia on blood agar plates. 2. The 200 surviving resident oral bacterium were 109 Streptococcus salivarius(54.5%), 25 Streptococcus sanguinis(12.5%), 15 Streptococcus mitis(7.5%). 3. Among the 148 bacteria which inhibit Pr. intermedia, Streptococcus salivarius was 85.3%(93/109), Streptococcus sanguinis was 64.0%.(16/25), Streptococcus mitis was 54.3%(8/15), Streptococcus parasanguinis was 66.7%(6/9), and Streptococcus Alactolyticus was 100%(8/8). Taken together, among the surviving resident oral bacterium, Streptococcus salivarius, Streptococcus sanguinis, Streptococcus mitis were mainly observed to inhibit Pr. intermedia. and they may exert an additional inhibitory activity against the periodontopathic bacterium. Therefore, phytoncide can be used for preventing and ceasing the progress of periodontal disease and halitosis, and thus is expect to promote oral health.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
• /
• v.4 no.1
• /
• pp.45-48
• /
• 2004

In the current research for natural products with antimicrobial effects, various extracts of Puerariae thunbergiana and isoflavones against microorganisms were evaluated in terms of the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC). In general, Candida albicans was stronger antimicrobial activity than the other microorganisms such as Streptococcus mutans, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Staphylococcus aureus. The maximum activity was exhibited by methanol extract of the leaves of Puerariae thunbergiana Beth. against Candida albicans(MIC, $400{\mu}g/mL$). These results suggest that methanol extract of Puerariae thunbergiana has a potential antimicrobial activity.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
• /
• v.26 no.1
• /
• pp.44-52
• /
• 2023

Objectives: Dental caries is one of the most prevalent human diseases worldwide. The disease initiates with bacterial adherence to the tooth surface followed by the formation of dental plaques. Mutans streptococci and Candida albicans are principal oral microorganisms involved in the initiation and development of dental caries. Phytochemicals have been shown to possess promising antimicrobial properties against a wide range of microorganisms and can be used for the prevention and treatment of dental caries. Herein, we reviewed literature on plants that are traditionally used for their antimicrobial properties or possess promising anticariogenic activity. We selected aerial parts of Scrophularia striata (S. striata) and galls of Quercus infectoria (Q. infectoria) and investigated their antimicrobial activity against cariogenic microorganisms. Methods: Water soluble fractions were obtained from hydroalcoholic extracts of S. striata and Q. infectoria and their antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans), Streptococcus sobrinus (S. sobrinus), and Candida albicans (C. albicans) was evaluated separately and in combination. The extracts were then used for preparing an herbal mouthwash whose stability and tannic acid content were evaluated over 60 days. Results: Q. infectoria gall extract possesses efficient antimicrobial activity that was synergistically enhanced in the presence of S. striata extract. Mouthwash prepared using these extracts showed desirable organoleptic characteristics, antimicrobial activity, and stability. Conclusion: Extracts of S. striata and Q. infectoria galls can be used together for preparing dental products with effective anticariogenic properties. Our study highlights the importance of extensive pharmacological investigations when using herbal products alone or in combination with other chemical substances.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
• /
• v.30 no.3
• /
• pp.661-676
• /
• 2000

Gingivitis and periodontitis are infectious diseases in that microorganisms are the primary extrinsic cause of the diseases. the occurrence of gingivitis has been associated clearly with the presence of microorganisms at the disease site, and the histologic nature of the tissue involved is indicative of an inflammatory response induced by microorganisms. additional evidence for the microbial etiology of periodontal disease is that numerous antimicrobial agents are effective in reducing plaque accumulation and periodontal diseases. the purpose of this article is to analyze the antimicrobial effects of Pulsatilla koreana. Well-dried Pulsatilla koreana purchased from herbs distributor was ground and extracted into methanol(MeOH), ethylacetate(EtoAc), chlorform($CHCl_3$) and Butyl alcohol(BuOH). we have then applied each solution to the bacteria samples(Bacteroides forsythus, Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sanguis, Porphylomonas gingivalis, Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Eikenella corrodens, Prevotella intermedia, Actinomyces viscosus, Prevotella nigrescens , Rothia dentocariosa, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus) collected from several organizations. To conduct susceptibility test(Kirby-Bauer method), plate contained each periodontopathic bacteria is spread extracted into methanol(MeOH), ethylacetate(EtoAc), chlorform($CHCl_3$) and Butyl alcohol(BuOH) and to measure the minimum inhibition concentration(MIC) of the bacteria against the solutions to ultimately determine antimicrobial effects of the solutions, insert bacteria sample into $20{\mu\ell}/{m\ell}$, $10{\mu\ell}/{m\ell}$, $5{\mu\ell}/{m\ell}$, $2.5{\mu\ell}/{m\ell}$ of each solution and control group(not contained solution) 1. Solution extracted into methanol did not show clear zone against all bacteria samples. Only P.nigrescens, S. mutans and S. sanguis in solution extracted into ethylacetate, S. mutans and S. anguis in solutions extracted into chlorform and Butyl alcohol showed clear zone against all bacteria samples. Solution extracted into Butyl alcohol showed clear zone against 13 types of bacteria, excluding P. gingivalis. 2. In Solution extracted into methanol, the bacteria samples grew in the highest concentrated plate, showing minimal variation from control group. 3. In Solution extracted into Butyl alcohol, S. aureus, P. intermedia, E. corrodens, A. actinomycetemcomitans, B. forsythus, P. gingivalis et al. showed decreased growth in the highest concentrated plate. P. auruginosa, R. dentocariosa, A. viscosus, P. nigrescens, S. mutans et al. showed decreased growth at MIC $20{\mu\ell}/{m\ell}$ and S. sanguis showed decreased growth at MIC $10{\mu\ell}/{m\ell}$. 4. By analyzing the MIC level through considering the results from Kirby-Bauer method, Solution extracted into methanol did not reveal any antimicrobial effects and Solution extracted into Butyl alcohol showed the highest antimicrobial effects In conclusion, it can be used the extracts of Pulsatilla koreana as wide spectrum antimicrobial agent.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
• /
• v.36 no.1
• /
• pp.64-80
• /
• 1998

The risk of cross-contamination in dental clinic is very high. Those who are engaged in dental clinic are exposed to various microorganisms in saliva and blood of patient. Potential possibility of cross-contamination of patient to patient, patient to dentist, dentist to laboratory technician always exist, which is important in the view of public health. It is well known that microorganisms may cause cross-contamination by suck-back of microorganisms into the water supply line or air supply line of dental unit and sprayed back into the next patient's oral cavity. The majority of microorganisms coming from dental unit are water microorganisms from the main water supply which have colonized the tube within the units and multiplied in the relatively warm and stagnant conditions. The purpose of this study is to measure the extent of microbial contamination of dental unit and ultrasonic scaler, to evaluate that dental unit water supply is suitable for drinking water, and to assess the effect of flushing on reduction of microbial contamination of dental unit and ultrasonic scaler. In the first experiment, water samples(50ml) from 20 dental units and 10 ultrasonic scalers in Seoul National Univ. Hosp. were tested for the presence of coliform. The samples were filtered by membrane filtration technique.(Microfil system, Millipore Co. U. S. A.) The filter was then placed onto MacConkey agar plate and the plates with filter on it were incubated aerobically at $37^{\circ}C$ for 5 days. The colors and shapes of colonies were examined if those were coliform. To verify the presence of coliform, the colonies were inoculated into phenol red lactose broth and incubated aerobically at $37^{\circ}C$ for 2 days. The fomation of gas was observed. In the second experiment, water samples from 20 handpieces, 10 ultrasonic scalers and 30 A/W syringes after 0, 2, 4, 6 min. flushing respectively were taken. $200{\mu}l$ water samples were spreaded on Brain Heart Infusion agar plate and the plates were incubated aerobically at $37^{\circ}C$ for 5 days. The number of colony was counted. The results obtained were summarized as follows 1. The water from dental unit and ultrasonic scaler was not suitable for drinking water. 2. No coliform was founded in dental unit and ultrasonic scaler water supply. 3. The number of colony of dental unit and ultrasonic scaler was highest in the group of o min. flushing(p<0.05). 4. There was no statistically significant difference in the extent of microbial contamination among handpiece, ultrasonic scaler and A/W syringe (p>0.05). 5. The number of colony was lowest in the group of 4 min. flushing, but there was no statistically significant difference among 2, 4, 6 min. flushing groups.(p>0.05) 6. It is recommended to flush dental unit water line for 4 min. after use on each patient.