• Journal of Korea Multimedia Society
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• v.10 no.12
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• pp.1741-1751
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• 2007

The imprecise computation technique ensures that all time-critical tasks produce their results before their deadlines by trading off the quality of the results for the computation time requirements of the tasks. In the imprecise computation, most scheduling problems of satisfying both 0/1 constraints and timing constraints, while the total error is minimized, are NP-complete when the optional tasks have arbitrary processing times. In the previous studies, the reasonable strategies of scheduling tasks with the 0/1 constraints on uniprocessors and multiprocessors for minimizing the total error are proposed. But, these algorithms are all off-line algorithms. Then, in the on-line scheduling, NORA(No Off-line tasks and on-line tasks Ready upon Arrival) algorithm can find a schedule with the minimum total error. In NORA algorithm, EDF(Earliest Deadline First) strategy is adopted in the scheduling of optional tasks. On the other hand, for the task system with 0/1 constraints, NORA algorithm may not suitable any more for minimizing total error of the imprecise tasks. Therefore, in this paper, an on-line algorithm is proposed to minimize total error for the imprecise real-time task system with 0/1 constraints. This algorithm is suitable for the imprecise on-line system with 0/1 constraints. Next, to evaluate performance of this algorithm, a series of experiments are done. As a consequence of the performance comparison, it has been concluded that IOSMTE(Imprecise On-line Scheduling to Minimize Total Error) algorithm proposed in this paper outperforms LOF(Longest Optional First) strategy and SOF(Shortest Optional First) strategy for the most cases.

• The KIPS Transactions:PartD
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• v.14D no.6
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• pp.641-648
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• 2007

To develop a dynamic system project in which the requirement changes frequently, it's impossible to finish the development within a fixed-cost due to additional budget occurring in need of requirement creep. To manage the successive project within a fixed-cost, it's better to manage the ratio of necessarily changed size of project and necessary optional requirement. According to Bhagwat, it is occurred in the construction phase. Also, he stated that the software development cost, construction phase cost and requirement cost are equal and it was wrong explanation in the ratio of requirement creep and optional requirement. This paper assumes the requirement creep to be happening in the phase of elaboration and construction. In addition, some differences were supposed to happen between software development cost, construction phase cost, and requirement creep cost. As a result, the reality was preferred rather than the ratio of optional requirement and the ratio of requirement creep.

• Journal of the Korean BIBLIA Society for library and Information Science
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.127-148
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• 2024

This study aimed to propose considerations for attributes and their standardization strategies during the data collection process for electronic publications by domestic distributors for the National Library of Korea. The research identified a total of 21 essential and optional attributes based on a survey and a Focused Group Interview (FGI) with the staff responsible for legal deposit and acquisition tasks at the National Library of Korea. Additional attributes were found necessary during the data quality verification process, leading to the specification of essential and optional attributes for various types of materials, including eBooks, audiobooks, webtoons, and web novels. The standardization of attribute values, essential for enhancing the identifiability and management efficiency of electronic publications, included adherence to ISO 8601 rules for dates and times, clear designation of limited-range attribute values such as file format and adult content, and detailed description of information related to titles. Furthermore, the study highlighted the need for establishing standardized metadata requirements and continuous data quality management and monitoring systems.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.333-341
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• 2020

This study evaluated the perception, consumption behavior, and optional attributes of Korean, Chinese, and U.S. consumers of energy bar products. Data were compared and analyzed by surveying 300 consumers in each country. Significant differences were observed in preference for energy bars according to their nationality, in the order China, the U.S., and Korea. Perception of taste, types and dietary suitability of the products ranked lower for Korean consumers, as compared to consumers of the United States and China. The order dietary fiber, protein, and calcium were the sought-after nutritional requirements of the products. The demand for protein was significantly higher in the U.S. Calcium demand was low in the United States and China, but was very high in Korea, which could be attributed to the low calcium intake of Koreans. Other optional attributes which were closely associated with the purchase and re-purchase decision, included price, taste and delivery period. All three factors were recognized as important options in Korea, whereas awareness of packaging/appearance and brand was not. The taste, nutrients and price in the U.S. ranked high as important optional attributes, while the packaging, external and expiration dates were recognized as low. Unlike Korea and the U.S., important optional attributes for Chinese consumers were determined in the order expiration date, taste, and nutrients, and showed low perception for packaging, appearance, weight, counts, and prices. Evaluating the preference for the main and secondary ingredients, Koreans preferred nuts over grains, Americans preferred dried fruits over nuts, and Chinese preferred nuts and grains; both Korean and American consumers had low preference for dried vegetables. The preference for chocolate was low in Korea and China, whereas preference for jelly was high in China as compared to Korea and the U.S. The intention of purchasing energy bars was significantly lower in Korea than in the U.S. and China. A variety of nutritious functional bars have recently been distributed and sold in Korea, but they are mostly produced in the U.S., which is the largest producer and consumer worldwide. Taken together, results of this study indicate that the demand for nutritional enhancement and preferred materials vary according to the nationality. Hence, it is necessary to develop products that reflect these criteria. Further research is required to analyze the relationship between preference and consumption behavior for each material product developed in the future.

• New & Renewable Energy
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.23-32
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• 2020

The wind turbine gearbox has the longest downtime among other major turbine components such as blades, generators, and main bearings. Therefore, gearbox manufacturers conduct rig tests to evaluate conformity in terms of design and function. Rig tests, however, have limited similarity compared with atmospheric wind turbine operating conditions. Rig test conditions are thoroughly controlled and maintained by testers and the component certificates of gearboxes issued through the test cannot fulfill wind farm operator's requirements. Hence, certification bodies such as DNV-GL and UL require a mandatory gearbox field test report for type certification. The Korea Energy Agency (KEA) also introduced gearbox field test as a part of the KS type certificate in 2016, although it is optional . In this paper, gearbox field test procedures and requirements are introduced, and the first domestic application case of the test is reported. The field test was conducted with a 1.5 MW wind turbine gearbox located in Jeju as the test object.

• Transactions of the Korean Society for Noise and Vibration Engineering
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• v.26 no.7
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• pp.781-786
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• 2016

All measurements are subject to uncertainty and a measurement result is complete only when it is accompanied by a statement of the associated uncertainty. By international agreement, this uncertainty has a probabilistic basis and reflects incomplete knowledge of the quantity value. The "Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement", commonly known as the GUM, is the definitive document on this subject. The requirements for estimation of measurement uncertainty apply to all results provided by calibration laboratories and results produced by testing laboratories under the optional circumstances. In this paper, a procedure for estimation of measurement uncertainty from vibration testing is proposed on KS F 2868:2003 as an example. Both Type A and Type B evaluation of uncertainty are considered to calculate the combined standard uncertainty and expanded uncertainty.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.15 no.3 s.56
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• pp.136-143
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• 2006

This research proposes the importance of physical environment if integrated early childhood education. For a successful integration of children's education, we processed fundamental research on requirements of facility and equipments, looking at related standards and code on handicapped person's convenience facility. Also, this research alms at providing first step to establish evaluation method and quality assurance standards of integrated child care facility, regarding space planning of handicapped children. By examining home and abroad material and analyzing handicapped children's convenience facility standards, this research pursues improving the basis of planning criteria. As present criteria of relevant regulations appears not to handle detailed facility standards, and the handicapped people's facility is for childhood education, it is necessary first to differentiate indispensable equipments from optional one, then categorize them into more specific needs.

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.244-254
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• 2021

The management of emerging infectious diseases cannot help but completely depend on non-pharmaceutical interventions in the early stages of the outbreak. Consequently, South Korea has developed and implemented the 3T (test-trace-treat) models, non-pharmaceutical infection prevention and control (IPC) measures, in response to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. The IPC measures have gained global attention, rendering them to be essential in the development of a shareable, reusable, and applicable protocol for future pandemics. This study was conducted to identify the requirements necessary for standardizing the IPC measures. Three new work items of the 18 3T models were proposed to ISO/TC 304 (International Organization for Standardization/Technical Committee 304; healthcare organization management). Requirements for each IPC measure, identified by participating members (P-members) countries during the ISO ballots, were analyzed in this study. The three new work items were approved by the P-members countries after a 3-month ballot. There was a consensus that the three IPC measure models should be International Standards (IS). Other comments include (1) the models should include not only COVID-19 but also any respiratory pandemic; and (2) keep donning of level D protection at screening sites as an optional protocol, in consideration for the lack of personal protective equipment. Standardization is a systematic process of developing internationally agreed-upon wisdom and knowledge that consider and respect the diversity and universality of each country. It is expected that such standardized applicable IPC measure models contribute to global efforts to rapidly respond to a public health emergency of international concern during its early stages.

• The Journal of the Institute of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• v.10 no.6
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• pp.63-69
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• 2010

Today, Internet Telephony Services based on VoIP are gaining tremendous popularity for general user. Therefore a various demands of the user keep up increase, the most important requirements of these is voice security about telephony system. It is needed to ensure secret of voice call in a special situation. Due to the fact that many users can connect to the internet at the same time, VoIP can always be in a defenseless state by hackers. Therefore, in this paper, we have developed VPN IP-PBX for the voice security and measured conversation quality by adopting VPN IPsec based on SIP and using tunnel method in transmitting voice data to prevent eavesdrop of voice data. This VPN IP-PBX that is connected Soft-phone provide various optional services.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.65-70
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• 2007

This research aims at knowing educational objectives and understanding the whole departmental processes of two-year education programs of junior colleges in the field of ophthalmic optics. Our analyses can be categorized by on liberal art courses, compulsory subjects and optional subjects. The educational purpose of all the seven colleges was training the professional worker, meets well the educational requirements of two year college. All seven colleges' curriculum is open to the national licence examination subjects, but more academic credits are demended in eye examination of refraction, test of ocular function, professional sense of cultural subjects field, leadership in organization and course of marketing related subjects, and stronger relation with clinical examination are also required.