• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.200-206
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• 2008

A variety of mechanisms may generate pain resulting from injury to the peripheral nervous system. None of these mechanisms is disease-specific, and several different pain mechanisms may be present simultaneously in any one patient. Diagnosis of neuropathic pain is often easily made from the information gathered on neurologic examination and from patient history. Evidence of sensory disturbances elicited by examination combined with laboratory tests confirming injury to peripheral nerve establishes the diagnosis of neuropathic pain. Although treatment of neuropathic pain may be difficult, optimum treatment can be achieved if dentist has a complete understanding of the therapeutic options. Pharmacologic therapy has been the mainstay of treatment. Selection of an appropriate pharmacologic agent is by trial and error since individual response to different agents, doses, and serum level are highly variable. An adequate trial for each agent tried is key to pharmacologic treatment of neuripathic pain. If pharmacologic treatment is not effective, nerve block using lidocaine, steroid and alcohol and neurectomy must be considered for treatment option.

• 한국에너지공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국에너지공학회 1998년도 추계 학술발표회 논문집
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• pp.64-68
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• 1998

This paper discusses the potential application of fuzzy set theory to the decision-making in the area of radioactive waste management. the approach proposed in this study is based on the concepts of fuzzy set theory and the hierarchical structure analysis. The linguistic variables and fuzzy numbers are used to aggregate the decision maker's subjective assessments of the decision criteria and of the decision alternatives with respect to these criteria. For each alternative, the fuzzy appropriateness index is evaluated to obtain the final score. Using total integral value method, one of methods for ranking fuzzy numbers, the fuzzy appropriateness indices are ranked. As a case problem, selection of the most suitable option for spent fuel storage is illustrated.

• 대한치과의사협회지
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• 제42권8호통권423호
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• pp.514-522
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• 2004

Clinicians often meet the growing patient who is not treated with fixed prosthesis until alveolar bone growth is completed. When both esthetic and function needs are important, and if proper donor tooth is present, the application of autotransplantation may be better treatment option than space maintainer. Although prognosis of autotransplantation is not always favorable, it depends on the treatment design which is based on the ability of case selection and consideration. This report will present the clinical cases of autotransplantation in growing patient, and discuss about several clinical aspects of autotransplantation.

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• 제40권3호
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• pp.69-89
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• 2018

We study whether a default option attached to non-recourse mortgages improves borrowers' surplus from mortgage financing. By defaulting on mortgage debt, borrowers can save their non-collateralized income from being foreclosed. In exchange, borrowers must forgo non-monetary surplus from retaining any collateral. Banks may charge a high mortgage rate due to increased default rates. We find that the interest rate of non-recourse mortgage decreases with the borrower's surplus from home ownership. Moreover, non-recourse mortgages benefit only borrowers who deem housing property as an investment asset. Hence, the transition to a non-recourse mortgage is detrimental to welfare if the borrower enjoys a large surplus from home ownership. Although the borrower privately knows how much surplus she enjoys from home ownership, a menu of non-recourse mortgage contracts may exist, yielding a separating equilibrium without information rent.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• 제8권12호
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• pp.39-50
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• 2021

We investigate competition and its impact on borrowers' indebtedness (BI) in South Asian microfinance. Our empirical investigations are based on a comprehensive panel dataset of 355 MFIs located in seven countries in South Asia. The empirical results revealed that microfinance in South Asia is imperfectly competitive and the existing industry shows a monopolistic competition during the period under consideration. Also, the competition increased after the global financial crisis (GFC) in 2007-08 which implies that microfinance uses hostile lending behavior through the adverse selection that is highly risky and it can induce repayment crisis. The empirical findings also show that increased competition has significant negative effects on borrowers' indebtedness, particularly in large-scale and regulated microfinance organizations (MFIs). Instead of using equity financing, debt financing could be a better option. Finally, we find that while competition seems to have some positive effects in economic discourse by channeling technological improvements in products and services, its negative effects in microfinance outweigh the benefits over costs, particularly in poverty-stricken nations. The findings are helpful for the policymakers, microfinance industry, investors, borrowers, and Central Bank of South Asian markets.

• 대한두개안면성형외과학회지
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.53-58
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• 2022

Alveolar cleft belongs to the spectrum of cleft lip and/or palate, affecting 75% of cleft lip/palate patients. The goals of alveolar cleft treatment are stabilizing the maxillary arch, separating the nasal and oral cavities, and providing bony support for both erupting teeth and the nasal base via the piriform aperture. Secondary alveolar bone grafting is a well-established treatment option for alveolar cleft. Secondary alveolar bone grafting is performed during the period of mixed dentition using autologous bone from various donor sites. There are several issues relevant to maximizing the success of secondary alveolar bone grafting, including the surgical timing, graft material, and surgical technique. In this study, we reviewed issues related to surgical timing, graft materials, and evaluation methods in secondary alveolar bone grafting.

• 대한후두음성언어의학회지
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• 제33권3호
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• pp.123-129
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• 2022

Pediatric laryngotracheal stenosis occurs by either congenital or acquired causes and usually indicates subglottic stenosis. The main goals of treatment are decannulation, preserving phonation, and normal swallowing function. Various types and degrees of stenosis and combined anomalies would be the main barriers to reaching successful treatment results unless comprehensive understanding of stenosis. Multidisciplinary team approaches encompassing initial assessment, treatment, and postoperative care, are also necessary to achieve the best treatment outcome. Therapeutic approaches are divided into conservative, endoscopic, and open surgical approaches at length, which are not exclusive to each other. Here, an adequate selection of each therapeutic option and postoperative management will be introduced to achieve decannulation without leaving phonatory or swallowing complications.

• 한국도서관정보학회지
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• 제12권
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• pp.35-59
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• 1985

User fees have been employed by libraries as far back as the mid-1800s in both United States and England. By the late 1800s and early : 1900s, the charging of user fees for some library products and services had become a reality in many public and academic libraries. Yet the practice has created controversy when computer-aided reference service began to charge especially in the publicly funded libraries. There are two extream arguments on library reference service fees : one is for and the other is against. most fee o n.0, pponents base their stand on morality. They argue that charging fees for any service is wrong because it violates the user's right of access to information and regard it as an act of decrease human life chances as well as an act of censor. But those who favour fees argue that it is necessary to separate the rhetoric from the reality and to distinguish what libraries are from what they do. The study revealed that library has two options. One is strict free of charge and the other is charging for selected library services. Whatever options the library may take, library had to decide an overall reference service policy. The level and scope of service, audience, necessary fund (who and how) and many other physical and metaphysical things must be considered. However, the first option will necessary be to limit services while there is no loss of traditional philosophical service element. Yet, if to provide a wide range of choices and to create conditions more hospitable to competition from the private information sector and for better evolutional selection, the second option(fee-based service) gives more benefit to the users while there is a loss of fundamental service philosophy.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.71-82
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• 1993

원자력 발전소 작업과의 피폭량은 발전소의 안전 운영에 관한 척도일 뿐 아니라, 일반 대중이 원자력 발전의 안전을 평가하는 기본 요소이다. 또한, 최근 ICRP 60에 의한 개인 피폭선량 한도의 하향조정 권고는 지속적인 피폭저감에의 노력을 요구하고 있다. 본 논문에서는 작업자의 피폭저감에 관한 대안선정시 사용할 수 있는 최적화 기법을 제시하고 실제로 원전 운영자예 의해 제안된 대안들을 검토하는데 이 기법을 적용하여 보았다. 분석과정에서 기본분석이외에 가변 경제변수를 고려한 민감도 분석을 통해 계산 결과의 불확실성을 보완하였다. 분석결과를 살펴보면, 먼저 비용-이득 분석에서는 '증기 발생기 Nozzle Dam 및 Torquing Machine'이 총 이득면에서 가장 우수한 것으로 평가되었고, 다속성 효용 분석의 경우 'Co-No Seal 조임장치'가 가장 높은 효용을 가진 것으로 나타나 약간의 차이를 보이고 있다. 따라서, 최적화 기법의 적용시에는 두 가지이상의 정량적 기법을 보완적으로 사용하고, 정성적 인자도 충분히 고려하는 것이 필요하다.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• 제43권4호
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• pp.328-338
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• 2016

Nipple-sparing mastectomy (NSM) is increasingly popular as a procedure for the treatment of breast cancer and as a prophylactic procedure for those at high risk of developing the disease. However, it remains a controversial option due to questions regarding its oncological safety and concerns regarding locoregional recurrence. This systematic review with a pooled analysis examines the current literature regarding NSM, including locoregional recurrence and complication rates. Systematic electronic searches were conducted using the PubMed database and the Ovid database for studies reporting the indications for NSM and the subsequent outcomes. Studies between January 1970 and January 2015 (inclusive) were analysed if they met the inclusion criteria. Pooled descriptive statistics were performed. Seventy-three studies that met the inclusion criteria were included in the analysis, yielding 12,358 procedures. After a mean follow up of 38 months (range, 7.4-156 months), the overall pooled locoregional recurrence rate was 2.38%, the overall complication rate was 22.3%, and the overall incidence of nipple necrosis, either partial or total, was 5.9%. Significant heterogeneity was found among the published studies and patient selection was affected by tumour characteristics. We concluded that NSM appears to be an oncologically safe option for appropriately selected patients, with low rates of locoregional recurrence. For NSM to be performed, tumours should be peripherally located, smaller than 5 cm in diameter, located more than 2 cm away from the nipple margin, and human epidermal growth factor 2-negative. A separate histopathological examination of the subareolar tissue and exclusion of malignancy at this site is essential for safe oncological practice. Long-term follow-up studies and prospective cohort studies are required in order to determine the best reconstructive methods.