• 대한전기학회논문지:전력기술부문A
• /
• 제53권1호
• /
• pp.67-72
• /
• 2004

This paper addresses the bidding strategies of generating firms in a competitive market where the firms are provided with payment for generating reactive power. Reactive support for voltage control is an integral and critical part of power system operations. Since reactive support is unbundled in a competitive market under open access transmission, it is treated as one of ancillary services. The operation costs and opportunity costs for reactive support are compensated by payment to the firms, hence their bidding strategies will be affected. The opportunity costs are evaluated from the foregone profits of a generator in making sales in real power market by providing reactive support instead of real power. Game theory approach is used to analysis the transaction strategies of real power by the bimatrix method in this paper. Through computing the Nash equilibrium in a sample system, an incentive of a generator for improving the reactive generating capacity is found to be effective and the variations of the profits are analyzed as the demand power factor changes.

• 한국중재학회지:중재연구
• /
• 제26권4호
• /
• pp.43-62
• /
• 2016

The international arbitration system has been a useful method of settling disputes arising from international transactions. Arbitration provides the opportunity for the parties to choose a fair and neutral forum and to participate in the selection of the decision maker and the rules that will be applied. Because arbitration is a creature of contract, there is no agreement to arbitrate if there is no contract. An arbitration clause should be designed to fit the circumstances of the transaction and the parties' needs. The parties draft an arbitration clause with insufficient attention to the transaction to which it relates. Insufficient attention to arbitration agreement has caused the delay of arbitration procedure or even the inability to arbitrate. Therefore the parties pay sufficient attention to the underlying transaction so that the arbitration clause can be tailored to their particular requirements and to possible disputes that may reasonably be anticipated.

• 통상정보연구
• /
• 제7권3호
• /
• pp.97-111
• /
• 2005

This paper object is application of electronic Customers Relationship Management(e-CRM) for buyer This paper focuses on the possibility of the adaption of Escrow system in Local L/C opening and payment. The purposes of this study are to obtain efficiency and stability of Local L/C and to provide opportunity to accept trust of the transaction parties. The results of the study show that Escrow system is recommended when Local L/C opened, because Escrow system has the following merits: (1) Open system of internet can be used to Local L/C process. (2) Transaction process of Escrow system is very simple. (3) One stop transaction can be applied to all the process of local L/C.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
• /
• 제7권10호
• /
• pp.697-706
• /
• 2020

This study investigates the relationship between related loan, ownership concentration and real estate firm performance. The data was collected from 35 real estate firms listed on Indonesia Stock Exchange from 2007 to 2012. Related loans are viewed from the angle of related lending and loan. Related lending and loan is measured by the related lending on total lending ratio and related loan on total loan ratio. Firm performance is measured by the asset turnover ratio and return on assets ratio. Ownership concentration is measured by the right cash flow. The data analysis was done with regression analysis and panel data. The results of the study found that related loans had a positive effect on sales but had no effect on profits. This supports the efficient transaction hypothesis. On the other hand, related lending has a positive effect on profits that supports opportunistic transactions. Ownership concentration moderates the effect of related loan on company's performance. The related lending are beneficial for mutually supporting activities in the real estate sector business group in Indonesia, but related loans have the potential to be used in tunneling activities. The paper contributes to the related party transaction in benefits-risks of related lending and related loan in uncertainty context.

• 한국유기농업학회지
• /
• 제29권1호
• /
• pp.1-23
• /
• 2021

The form of agri-food transaction has taken a rapid change from the existing method since Covid-19. In response to changes in the market environment such as Covid-19, the integrated marketing organization in Jeollabuk-do was diagnosed from the point of view of innovation, and the future direction was examined. In order to improve the distribution structure of the production area, an integrated marketing organization was fostered, and both quantitative and qualitative growth were brought about. However, some regions still lack willingness to participate and lack of expertise. In particular, there is no infrastructure and strategy to prepare for the increase in non-face-to-face transactions post Covid-19. Online transactions also require economies of scale, so non-face-to-face transaction capabilities must be reinforced by adding a separate organization and experts in charge of online transaction functions within the integrated marketing organization. In the future, online sales are highly likely to expand not only to transactions between producers and individual consumers (C to C), but also to mass consumer (B to B) transactions. It will be an opportunity. In addition, it is necessary to efficiently use production area distribution facilities such as sorting and packaging. Since the non-contact transaction method will increase after Corona 19, it is necessary to strengthen marketing capabilities such as expansion of utilization rate, order placement, settlement, and customer management, and reorganization of specialized organizations.

• 산업경영시스템학회지
• /
• 제38권4호
• /
• pp.80-87
• /
• 2015

The proliferation of the Internet and communication technologies and applications, besides the conventional retailers, has led to a new form of distribution channel, namely home sopping through the telephone, TV, catalog or the Internet. The conventional and new distribution channels have different transaction costs perceived by the consumers in the following perspectives: the accessibility to the product information, the traffic cost and the opportunity cost for the time to visit the store, the possibility of 'touch and feel' to test the quality of the product, the delivery time and the concern for the security for the personal information. Difference in the transaction costs between the distribution channels results in the different selling prices even for the same product. Moreover, distribution channels with different selling prices necessarily result in different business surpluses. In this paper, we study the multilateral bargaining strategy of a manufacturer who sells a product through multiple distribution channels with different transaction costs. We first derive the Nash equilibrium solutions for both simultaneous and sequential bargaining games. The numerical analyses for the Nash equilibrium solutions show that the optimal bargaining strategy of the manufacturer heavily depends not only on the degree of competition between the distribution channels but on the difference of the business surpluses of the distribution channels. First, it is shown that there can be four types of locally optimal bargaining strategies if we assume the market powers of the manufacturer over the distribution channels can be different. It is also shown that, among the four local optimal bargaining strategies, simultaneous bargaining with the distribution channels is the most preferred bargaining strategy for the manufacturer.

• 무역상무연구
• /
• 제37권
• /
• pp.187-216
• /
• 2008

Risk regarding the possibility of loss can be especially problematic. If a loss is certain to occur, it may be planned for in advance and treated as a definite, known expense. It is when there is uncertainty about the occurrence of a loss that risk becomes an important problem. The word risk is often used in connection with insurance. No one generally accepted definition of risk exists, however. Of the many definitions, two distinctive ones are commonly used. One defines risk as the variation in possible outcomes of an event based on chance. That is, the greater the number of different outcomes that may occur, the greater the risk. Another way of expressing this concept is to state: The greater the variation around an average expected loss, the greater the risk. The second definition of risk is the uncertainty concerning a possible loss. The definition of risk as a useful one because it focuses attention on the degree of risk in given situations. The degree of risk is a measure of the accuracy with which the outcome of an event based on chance can be predicted. For now, it will serve our purpose to note the more accurate the prediction of the outcome of an event based on chance, the lower the degree of risk. After sources of risks are identified and measured, a decision can be made as to how the risk should be handled. A pure risk that is not identified does not disappear, the business merely loses the opportunity to consciously decide on the best technique for dealing with that risk. The process used to systematically manage risk exposures is known as risk management. Some persons use the term risk management only in connection with businesses, and often the term refers only to the management of pure risks. In this sense, the traditional risk management goal has been to minimize the cost of pure risk to the company. But as firms broaden the ways that they view and manage many different types of risk, the need for new terminology has become apparent. The terms integrated risk management and enterprise risk management reflect the intent to manage all forms of risk, regardless of type. International trade transaction is called between countries has features of globalism, cultural gap, long distance and long terms for the transaction. It is riskier than domestic transaction has its specific risks, such as foreign exchange risk and political risk, and requires various active risk management skills. Risks in relation to the international trade transaction are the contract risk, transit risk and payment risk, etc. The risk management in relation to the international trade transaction is to identify and measure these risks. The purpose of this study is to analyse the practical problems and its solution plan by analyzing various cases related to the risk management of bill of lading in the international trade transaction.

• 유통과학연구
• /
• 제7권2호
• /
• pp.45-61
• /
• 2009

서비스 기업에서 이루어지는 서비스는 그 특성상 대기가 발생할 수밖에 없다. 그리고 이러한 대기는 고객의 서비스 품질이나 고객만족에 부정적 요인으로 작용하고 기업의 경쟁력을 약화시키는 원인이 된다. 이를 위해 고객의 서비스 대기 영향요인을 병원서비스 이용목적 고객별로 분류하여 그 차이를 분석하고, 고객의 지각된 서비스 대기에 영향을 미치는 요인으로 새롭게 고객만족을 추가하여 분석하였다. 분석결과 질병치료의 고객과 질병예방을 위한 건강검진을 목적으로 병원을 방문하는 고객 간에는 서비스 이용에 대한 대기비용과 거래의 중요도에서 유의한 차이를 보이고 있었다. 또한 대기시간에 유의한 영향을 미치는 변수는 대기비용, 지속성, 거래중요도 등도 확인할 수 있었지만, 본 연구에서 도출한 고객만족이 대기시간에 영향을 미치는 주요한 변수라는 사실은 기존 연구에서 다루지 않은 내용으로 실질적인 고객의 지각된 대기시간을 관리하는데 시사하는 바가 있다고 판단한다.

• 인터넷정보학회논문지
• /
• 제12권5호
• /
• pp.159-170
• /
• 2011

구매 물량이 많고 구매 시점이 분산되어 있는 기업간 구매경매에서 경매빈도와 한번 경매 시 거래되는 거래규모에 대한 결정은 구매경매 성과에 중요한 영향을 미치는 것으로 조사되었다. 하지만 이제까지 구매경매 연구에서는 새로운 시스템을 만들거나, 참여자들의 행위 분석 위주의 연구가 이루어지고, 경매빈도와 거래규모의 영향에 대한 실증적 연구는 없었다. 본 연구에서는 MRO 구매대행 업체의 실제 경매 데이터를 이용하여 경매빈도와 거래규모가 경매의 성과에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. 분석결과 같은 대하여 경매빈도가 낮을수록 입찰자들이 경매시장에 대한 사전 정보가 부족하고, 상대적으로 적은 판매기회를 잡기 위해 낮은 가격으로 입찰하여 낙찰가격이 낮아지는 것으로 분석되었다. 거래규모는 가설과 달리 거래규모가 증가하여도 낙찰가격이 낮아지지 않았다. 대상 제품인 MRO 제품이 표준화되어 대량 생산되는 제품이므로 규모의 경제에 의한 가격 할인이 이미 반영된 것으로 파악되고, 특정 경매에서 거래규모의 크기가 추가적인 가격인하에 미치는 영향이 없고 오히려 거래규모가 적을 때, 상대적 낙찰가격이 더 낮아지는 것으로 분석되었다.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
• /
• 제18권2호
• /
• pp.188-199
• /
• 2018

본 연구의 목적은 네트워크 이론에 근거하여 기업인 네트워크 활동과 기업역량의 유형을 파악하고 이들 특성과 경영성과 사이의 영향 관계를 비교 분석하는 데 있다. 연구결과 기업인의 네트워크 빈도, 중요도, 신뢰도가 경영성과에 유의한 정(+)의 영향을 미쳤으며, 이때 기업역량(산업정보역량, 기회포착역량, 전략적 유연성, 거래비용절감)의 매개효과가 나타났다. 본 연구는 기업역량을 기업인 네트워크 활동의 직접적인 성과변수로 포함하여 경영성과의 측정을 시도하였으며, 기업인 네트워크 활동의 성과를 높이기 위해 네트워크 범위를 넓히기보다는 가장 중요한 네트워크 원천과의 교류에 집중하는 것이 바람직하며, 네트워크 활동의 질적 특성을 강화하기 위한 노력이 필요하다는 결론을 도출한 데 연구의 시사점이 있다.