• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.120-131
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• 1995

To analyze mobility patterns, this study used three Constraint (Capability Constraint, Coupling Constraint, Authority Constraint) models which were proposed in Dr. Hagerstrand's Time-space theory. This paper shows that three constraint models have some effects upon mobility by age. In this study, Capability Constraint means a certain special constraint that is what we can't do during proceeding basic natural urges like sleep, fare, etc. Coupling constraint is a physical one. Each person limits the action range for staying on a special place in special time. For instance, students have to stay in school so that they have mobility constraints. Authority Constraint is a social one. When we use urban facilities or traffic, we may be controlled by mobility sphere by an agreement or a social position. It is social agreement that the opening hour of a store, the time table of mass-transportation and a social positional control that the personal income, the standard of education. In this study it has been in a process of determination of the cluster number that degree of influences a social constraint to mobility. Considering the mobility constraint of characteristics of space divides urban and rural, people in urban area have higher mobility rate than in rural area. Resuets of determination of the cluster, show similar mobility pattern. People in urban area are connected verity of mobility which related to urban space structures with determination of cluste-number. That is to say, mobility patterns can be changed by space charactcristics. Constraints by sex and age are also social constraints and they are influenced by mobility patterns. For instance, females at the age of twenties have similar mobility pattern to the same age male but they have sudden changes after thirty's age. Male entertains a similar pattern without restriction of age. That is to say, management by sex as a social constraint affects mobility. To establish more realistic traffie policy, mobility formation should be reflected to the space in a view of social-behavioral science. To embody this, some problems should be investigated as follows. 1. As a problem of methodology, if sufficient samples ensured, we could subdivide clusters and could open up a new method of analyzing the mobility clusters by using the neuro-network. 2. Extracting actions connected with mobility and finding life cycle which is classified by daily cluste-characteristics, suitable counterproposal could be presented to the traific policy.

• Journal of Korean Home Economics Education Association
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.37-51
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• 2011

The contents of 'Nutrition and Diet for Adolescents' in the 12 technology and home economics middle school 1st grade textbooks are analyzed based on the elaboration theory. The elaboration theory is the lecture strategy with 7 essential elements, proposed by Reigeluth. The elaboration strategies shown in 'Nutrition of Adolescents' and 'Diet for Adolescents' are all the same in 12 books, the conceptual elaboration, and the process elaboration, respectively. On the other hand, the elaboration strategies shown in 'Diet and Dietary Habit for Adolescents Nutrition Issues' and 'Proper Eating Habit and Nutrition Issues' are different depend upon the textbooks, all 3 conceptual, theoretical, and process elaborations strategies are shown. The element of pro study is presented by study objective, opening the thinking, and looking back. The summarizer is presented in all 11 but 1 textbooks by various activities and data. On the other hand, the element of analogy has the lowest implementation rate, only 3 among the 12 textbooks implement the analogy. The cognitive-strategy activator and learner control are shown in all 12 textbooks, mostly by data. Implementation of more activities and more analogies might be helpful to the students' participation and understanding the contents of 'Nutrition and Diet for Adolescents'.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.847-851
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• 2008

The handling and processing of agricultural products in Korea is done manually. Small plastic boxes, nets, and corrugated cardboard boxes are used as containers during harvesting, sorting and other product handling operations. However, these practices are labor-intensive, time-consuming, require various kinds of packing materials, and are expensive because of high operating costs. To overcome these problems, the use of pallet bins with pre-cooling and storage features for handling and processing bulk farm products was investigated. The airflow resistances through bulk potato, onion and mandarin stocks were measured, and the pallet bins and a pressure pre-cooling device were manufactured. The opening ratio, bed depth and airflow rate through bulk potato, onion and mandarin in the pallet bin were defined with regression equations. The cooling rates of bulk potato, onion and mandarin were 0.8C/h ($21.7{\rightarrow}0C$, 14.5 h), 0.4C/h ($15.4{\rightarrow}.0C$, 32.2 h) and 0.7C/h ($13.7{\rightarrow}C$, 18.8 h), respectively, with the pressure pre-cooling system. Temperature deviances for storage of bulk potato, onion and mandarin were 0.12C, 0.12C and 0.17C, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.39 no.1 s.115
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• pp.93-99
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• 2006

Primary productivity was determined by using $^{13}C$ tracer according to different cell size of phytoplank-ton through in situ incubation experiments in upper stream of the Lake Shihwa. The average concentration of chlorophyll a was 14 ${\mu}g\;L^{-1}$ demonstrating an eutrophic water. The ratio of POC/Chl-a was lower than 30, reflecting that the origin of organic matter might be mainly phytoplankton. The primary productivity was 93.9 mgC m^{-2}\;d^{-1}$ at St. 1, which was about 40-fold lower than the average value of the lake (3,972 mgC m^{-2}\;d^{-1}$) determined by Choi et al. (1997) before opening of gate but it was higher than the average primary productivity (3.98 mgC m^{-2}\;d^{-1}$) reported by KOWACO in 1993 before constructing dam. The fractionated size (20 ${\sim}$ 53 ${\mu}m$) of phytoplankton community account for 51% of total primary productivity, indicating the highest assimilation rate. This study suggest that $^{13}C$ tracer methodology should be applied as a useful approach for the water ecological research in the future.

• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.289-315
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• 2008

In Korea-China shipping route, the level of freight rate has been maintained very low for last two decades not only because supply of shipping capacity is higher than its demand but also because the route was regulated by the two governments. An examination is made of the effects of openness of Korea-China Liner Shipping Route on competitiveness of Korean-flag Liner Shipping companies. This task is undertaken by detailing the development of the cargo sharing respectively by shipping companies of each country. Then it is suggested the ways to cope with the new environmental changes in Korea-China liner shipping route for the future by examining the future strategies for Korean-flag companies by in-depth interviews with major shipping companies.

• The Journal of the Society of Korean Medicine Diagnostics
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.205-216
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• 2014

Objectives The purpose of this study is to help improve the management of traditional Korean medical(TKM) clinics and the policies for supporting them, by conducting a survey of the practitioners of TKM. Methods Stratified sampling was conducted based on regional location, and 700 samples were selected in a random manner from the membership list. The questionnaire was delivered and returned by mail. The survey was conducted between 20 July and 31 August 2010. A total of 177 questionnaires (recovery rate: 25.28%) were recovered and analyzed for the study. Results 1. The the survey indicate that the overall size of TKM clinics has fallen compared with previous survey, while the average number of beds per clinic has remained unchanged at 7.9. The sale of medicine as a proportion of total monthly sales has increased. 2. There has been no change in the composition of clinical staff as there are three nursing assistants. Although the average daily number of patients to clinics has remained at around 33.90 compared with ten years ago, the number of patients requiring seeking acupuncture treatment has increased while the number of those treated with medication has decreased. 3. Clinicians in TKM have indicated their preference for a binary system that separates TKM from western medicine (57.4%). The respondents do not favor the separation of dispensary from medical practice (81.5%), marks of origin for medicinal herbs (68.9%), disclosure of the prescriptions (67.2%), and the overseas expansion of Korean medical services (70.4%). However, they indicated that they are very much in favor of being granted the authority to employ and give orders to medical technicians (96.0%). 4. The respondents selected Korea as the country that maintains a proper academic system for traditional medicine (45.5%), and are not in favor of opening Korea's traditional medicine market under an Free Trade Agreement(FTA) with China (72.7%). Conclusion The overall status of the management of TKM clinics has declined compared with the preceding decade. There has been only a slight change in clinicians' opinion of the related policies and regulatory issues.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.1-16
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• 2011

Today, the name of Changjiang (Yangtze) Delta Region is used to designate an economic region which consists of sixteen cities including Shanghai City. The region has achieved the highest rate of economic growth in the world as well as in China since China its opened its toward the world market. The aim of this study is to examine the modern transition of spatial structure in the region after the opening (1978) and the membership of WTO (2000). In the examination, the study divides the spatial structure into three aspects: industrialization, urbanization and economic integration. The outcome of examination suggests that spatial division of industry, horizontally and vertically, has not reached a satisfactory level even if it is still in progress. The study proposes that the intervention of government in the market and company activity has hindered the spatial division of industry including service sector between the cities, and thus the economic integration. It further suggests that the specialization of urban function has not entered into the maturing stage, with the shortage of mid-size cities that would mediate spatial-economically between the large-size cities and the small-size cities in the urban hierarchy.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.69-76
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• 2010

As the tangible evidence, documentary art records are permanent records to reflect the historical, symbolical, cultural and artistic value. Also, documentary art records are related with mission fulfillment of public institution and it is documentary with administrative, cultural and artistic values as the works of documentary production and application of the administrative image. "The public records management law" was the first time that administration documents were incorporated and in the act No. 3 of administrative records management, the preservation and management system of documentary art records became legislated. The management of documentary art records are difficult to categorize only by the reflect of characteristics or materials. Because documentary art records are collected in many ways and made with materials. It needs to be collected with many informations on basic materials and with the appropriate conservation and management category. Documentary art records do not have lots of demands but the level of consciousness is improving and the possibility of opening to public is increasing for improvement with the right to know. In near future, the documentary art records will be used for the interpretation of historical and cultural preservation and modern cultural heritage could have the value as it is expected. Primarily to prevent deterioration on documentary art records the standard survey card should be made to categorize the damage rate and to check the status on each documentary art records. In addition, establishing a systematic management plan for various documentary art records are needed with the training of professionals for the conservation of documentary art records.

• The Journal of Korea Institute of Information, Electronics, and Communication Technology
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• v.10 no.5
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• pp.442-454
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• 2017

As the demand for meat products has steadily increased in Korea, so the livestock industry has full grown. However, the opening of import meat products is taking a toll on the local industry. Cost reduction on livestock feed, which comprises the majority of costs involved in the industry is urgent to gain a competitive edge. As Internet of Things (IoT) technologies are being applied across a multiple of industries, so are the cases of applied Smart Farm technology for efficient production. The following research aims to utilize IoT technologies to measure, in real time, the rate of depletion of feed and remaining amount and to propose an effective automated reorder & delivery system. First, a method of utilization of ultrasonic and temperature/humidity sensors to obtain corresponding data of remaining feed in the Feedbin is proposed. In addition, a method of sending the obtained data via on-the-farm gateway to Supply Chain Management (SCM) servers is proposed. Finally, utilization of the stored data to construct an automated reorder & delivery service system is proposed. It is in the researcher's intention to contribute to and enable the local livestock industry with the application of various IoT services.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.19 no.8
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• pp.8-13
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• 2018

Nitrogen oxides (NOx) have recently been very influential in the generation of ultrafine dust, which is of great social interest in terms of improving the atmospheric environment. Nitrogen oxides are generated mainly by the reaction of nitrogen and oxygen in air in a combustion gas atmosphere of high temperature in a combustion apparatus such as thermal power generation. Recently, research has been conducted on the combustion that recirculates the exhaust gas to the cylindrical burner by using a piping using a Coanda nozzle. In this study, three types of burners were carried out through computational fluid analysis. Case 1 burner with the outlet of the combustion gas to the right, Case 2 burner with both sides as gas exit, Case 3 burner with left side gas exit. The pressure, flow, temperature, combustion reaction rate and distribution characteristics of nitrogen oxides were compared and analyzed. The combustion reaction occurred in Case 1 and Case 2 burner in the right direction with combustion gas recirculation inlet and Case 3 burner in the vicinity of mixed gas inlet. The temperature at the outlet was about $100^{\circ}C$ lower than that of the other burners as the Case 2 burner was exhausted to both sides. The NOx concentration of Case 1 burner at the exit was about 20 times larger than that of the other burners. From the present study, it could be seen that it is effective for the NOx reduction to exhaust the exhaust gas to both side gas exits or to exhaust the exhaust gas to the opposite direction of inlet of recirculation gas.