• 음성과학
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.121-132
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• 2006

In Hangeul, the graphemes of syllables are organized in horizontal, vertical and mixed (both horizontal & vertical) orientations, and the graphemic position of consonant(s) and vowel(s) within a each syllable needs to be maintained within a square pattern. We investigated the characteristics of writing errors of 9 stroke patients with right hemisphere (RH) lesions and compared it to the performances of 15 normal subjects. The subjects were asked to write to dictation of 90 Korean syllables. One of the interesting findings was that our patients manifested visuospatial errors which are not commonly observed in other language-speaking (e.g., English) patients due to the unique syllabic organizations of Korean writing system. The prominent errors in the RH group could be explained by the impaired RH which normally controls the visuospatial functions.

• The Journal of the Acoustical Society of Korea
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• 제17권2E호
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• pp.26-30
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• 1998

In this paper, we compose neural network predictive HMM(NNPHMM) to provide the dynamic feature of the speech pattern for the HMM. The NNPHMM is the hybrid network of neura network and the HMM. The NNPHMM trained to predict the future vector, varies each time. It is used instead of the mean vector in the HMM. In the experiment, we compared the recognition abilities of the one hundred Korean syllables according to the variation of hidden layer, state number and prediction orders of the NNPHMM. The hidden layer of NNPHMM increased from 10 dimensions to 30 dimensions, the state number increased from 4 to 6 and the prediction orders increased from 10 dimensions to 30 dimension, the state number increased from 4 to 6 and the prediction orders increased from the second oder to the fourth order. The NNPHMM in the experiment is composed of multi-layer perceptron with one hidden layer and CMHMM. As a result of the experiment, the case of prediction order is the second, the average recognition rate increased 3.5% when the state number is changed from 4 to 5. The case of prediction order is the third, the recognition rate increased 4.0%, and the case of prediction order is fourth, the recognition rate increased 3.2%. But the recognition rate decreased when the state number is changed from 5 to 6.

• 대한음성학회지:말소리
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• 제40호
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• pp.1-12
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• 2000

This paper investigated how $/\int/$ in English and German is perceived and interpreted in the loanwords in Korean. $/\int/$ in these languages does not show one-to-one correspondence in Korean: $/\int/$ in the coda position in English and German is perceived as [swi] in Korean while $/\int/$ in the onset position is perceived as [syu]. This paper examined phonetic characteristics of $/\int/$ in English and German through its acoustic analysis and attempted to figure out which factor could explain this surface distribution of [swi] and [syu]; phonological (onset vs. coda) or phonetic (coarticulation) factor. Two acoustic features of $/\int/$ in English and German were examined: duration and energy Peak frequency of the frication noise. German $/\int/$ Perceived as [swi] in Korean showed higher energy Peak frequency and longer duration than that perceived as [syu] in Korean. English iii perceived as [swi] also showed longer duration than that Perceived as [syu] in Korean but energy Peak frequency showed different behavior. English $/\int/$ showed coarticulation with the preceding vowel rather than being affected by its position in the syllable in English. This paper concludes that 1)Phonetic characteristics used are duration and energy Peak frequency of its frication noise when $/\int/$ in English and German are adopted in Korean, 2)duration is used prior to energy peak frequency, which can be used as an enhancing feature.

• 한국시조학회지:시조학논총
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• 제30집
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• pp.147-164
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• 2009

이 논문에서 밝힌 바를 요약 정리하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 여태 일반적으로 말해온 음수율은 아래와 같이 정리할 수 있다. 각 숫자는 음보율에서는 음보 단위가 되고 있다. 현대시조에 와서는 자수의 넘침이 고시조보다 심한 경우가 있지만 대체로 아래 표로 정리될 수 있겠다. 초장 3(2 - 4) $\leqq$ 4(3 - 5) $\vee$ 3(4 - 5) $\leqq$ 4(3 - 5) 중장 3(2 - 4) $\leqq$ 4(3 - 5) $\vee$ 3(4 - 5) $\leqq$ 4(3 - 5) 종장 3(고정) $\prec$ 5(6 - 7) $\vee$ 4(3 - 5) $\geqq$ 3(4) 둘째, 문장구조의 측면에서 시조 형식을 살펴본 결과는 이렇게 설명된다. 1) 각 장은 수식어를 극도로 배제하여 논리전개를 명확하게 하고 있음을 확인하게 된다. 고시조는 시의 형식을 취하지만 언어로서 논리 정연한 문장이었다. 사고의 배치가 안정되고 전달내용이 정제되어서 의미의 혼란을 야기시키지 않았다. 2) 고시조는 의미와 의미의 연결을 확실히 하여 텍스트로서 단단히 결속되어 있음을 확인하게 된다. 즉 고시조는 어느 것이나 장과 장 사이에는 연결성(응결성, 응집성)이 확실하게 존재하고 있어 의미의 맥락이 정돈되고 마무리된다. 3) 종장의 앞에는 비록 생략되어있지만 의미상 '그래서' '그런데'라는 접속부사가 한정적으로 놓인다는 점이다. '그래서' '그런데' 가 놓여야 종장이 말하는 의미의 마무리가 확보하게 되는데 고시조는 이런 접속부사가 생략되어 나타나고 있다. 4) 시조의 각 후의 문장은 다음 4가지 형태로 짜여 있어서 안정된 기반을 갖추고 있음을 확인하게 된다. 일반적으로 정형시는 시행이 통사적 제약을 받는 경우가 많다. 한시(漢詩)의 칠언시(七言詩)의 경우는 의미맥락이 4와 3으로 나누어지는 것과 마찬가지로 고시조는 다음과 같이 짜여지고 있음을 알 수 있다. ㄱ) 주어구 + 서술어구 ㄴ) 전절 + 후절 ㄷ) 위치어 + 문(文) ㄹ) 목적어구 + 서술어구 이렇게 짜여 있기 때문에 시조를 일러 3장 6구라고 한다. 이것은 시조가 정형시임을 입증하는 요소가 되기도 한다. 이와 같이 볼 때, 시조형식을 음수율, 또는 음보율로 설명한다 해도 음수율을 가미한 음보율로서 설명되어야 하겠고, 문장구조상의 형식을 보충해야만 보다 충실한 시조형식을 설명하게 된다고 할 수 있겠다.

• 말소리와 음성과학
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.73-79
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• 2014

Alveolar fricative sounds /s/ and /s'/ are learned last for normal children in the speech development process for Koreans. These are especially difficult to articulate for hearing-impaired children often causing articulation errors. The acoustic phonetic evaluation uses testing tools to provide indirect and object information. These objective resources can be compared with standardized resources on speech when interpreting the results of a test. However, most previous studies in Korea did not consider acoustic studies that used the spectrum moment values of hearing-impaired children. Therefore, this study was conducted to compare the characteristics of hearing-impaired children's pronunciation of fricative sounds using spectrum moment values. For this purpose, the study selected a total of 10 hearing-impaired children (5 boys and 5 girls) currently in 3rd or 5th grade and attending one of the elementary schools in Seoul or Gyeonggi-do. For the selection process, their age, type of hearing aid, implantation of hearing aid (CI) before two years of age, hearing capacity (dB) before and after wearing the hearing aid, duration of speech rehabilitation, and time of learning alveolar fricative sounds were all considered. Also, 10 normal children (5 boys and 5 girls) were selected among 3rd or 5th grade students attending one of the elementary schools in Seoul or Gyeonggi-do. The subjects were asked to read the carrier sentence, "I say _______," including a list of 12 meaningless syllables composed of CV and VCV syllables, including alveolar fricative sounds /s/ and /s'/ and vowels /a/, /i/, and /u/. The recorded resources were processed through the Time-frequency Analysis Software Program to measure M1 (mean), M2 (variance), M3 (skewness), and M4 (kurtosis) of the fricative noise. No significant differences were found when comparing spectrum threshold values in the acoustic phonetic characteristics of hearing-impaired children and normal children in alveolar fricative sound pronunciation according to vowels /a/, /i/, and /u/, alveolar fricative sounds /s/ and /s'/, and syllable structure (CV, VCV) other than, for M3 in the comparison of groups according to disability. In the comparison of syllable structures, there were statistically significant differences in M1, M2, M3, and M4 with clinical significance. However, there was no significant difference in results when comparing the alveolar fricative sounds according to the vowels.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.491-499
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• 2014

본 연구는 중학교 7학년 국어교과서 4종에 나타나는 어휘들에 대한 통계(음절 개수, 음절 종류, 음절 출현 빈도, 어절 개수, 어절 종류, 어절 평균 길이, 어절 출현 빈도 등)를 조사하였다. 전체 한글 음절 개수는 286,801개, 한글 음절 종류는 1,350개, 음절 평균 출현빈도는 212.4회이다. 어절 개수는 109,393개, 어절 종류는 29,356개, 어절 평균 출현빈도는 3.7회이다. 평균 음절 길이는 2.7음절이며, 한글 어절 중 가장 긴 어절길이는 8이다.

• 대한의용생체공학회:의공학회지
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• 제31권5호
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• pp.385-394
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• 2010

Automatic gain control(AGC) is used in hearing aids to compensate for the hearing level as to reduced dynamic range. AGC is consisted of the main 4 factors which are compression threshold, compression ratio, attack time, and release time. This study especially focus on each individual need for optimum release time parameters that can be changed within 7 certain range such as 12, 64, 128, 512, 2094, and 4096ms. To estimate the effect of various release time in AGC, twelve normal hearing and twelve hearing impaired listeners are participated. The stimuli are used by one syllable and sentence which have the same acoustic energy respectively. Then, each of score of the word recognition score is checked in quiet and noise conditions. As a result, it is verified that most people have the different best recognition score on specific release time. Also, if hearing aids is set by the optimum release time in each person, it is helpful in speech recognition and discrimination.

• 정보관리학회지
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.213-232
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• 2005

본 고의 목적은 초등학생용 독서자료의 텍스트수준에 영향을 미치는 요인들을 규명하여 텍스트수준 측정 공식을 구성함으로써 텍스트의 수준 평가를 자동화하는 데에 있다. 컴퓨터로 계량화할 수 있는 언어적 요인들을 대상으로 표본집단에 부여된 텍스트수준 점수와의 상관관계를 검토한 결과 글자수, 어절수, 이형어절수, 문장수, 단락수 요인이 텍스트수준을 결정하는 요인으로 드러났다. 단순회귀분석을 통해 도출된 회귀방정식들 중에서 이형어절수 모형이 최적의 공식으로 드러났으나, 중회귀분석을 한 결과 이형어절수요인과 새 어절출현비율요인을 결합한 모형은 설명력이 더욱 향상된 공식으로 밝혀졌다. 공식에 따라 측정된 텍스트수준 점수는 학년 내에서 매우 세분된 단계까지 나타내고 있으므로 각 학생별로 그들의 독서능력에 적합한 자료를 추천할 수 있다.

• 음성과학
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.103-116
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• 2008

Cerebral palsy children represent abnormal vocalization pattern caused by respiration problem and paralyzed oral motor muscle that are the basics of speech production. Thus, this study examined the effect of respiration and articulator training programs on the basic ability of speech production in CP children. The subjects of this study were 4 children with 3 of spastic CP and 1 of ataxia CP. The respiration and articulator program was conducted in 30 sessions for 30 minutes each. Pre-test was administered twice before the program, ongoing test was administered every 5 session during the period of experiment, and post-test was administered twice. The program included speech production such as respiration training, lips, jaw, cheek, and tongue exercise, and velopharyngeal training, and related articulator training. The following results were obtained. First, all subject children were less than 5 seconds in maximum phonation time before the experiment and 2 were improved by more than 4$\sim$5 seconds during the experiment, but 2 had relatively low rising width. Second, while children with less than 30dB before the experiment became bigger in strength during the experiment, children with more than 35dB before the experiment showed a minor change. Subject child 4 had lower vocal strength in the post-test period. Finally, although each subject had individual difference in syllable diadochokinetic ability, the function was improved and the number of repetition in one respiration was also increased.

• 음성과학
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.187-201
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• 2000

This study was done to investigate the English vowels in relation to the foreign accent. In this study, I also tried to find out the foreign accent of the English diphthong /o/ and front low vowel /${\ae}$/ when Koreans speak English. The reason why I chose these vowels is that these vowels, /o/ and /${\ae}$/, are difficult for Koreans to discern and pronounce. Koreans show a foreign accent in their pronunciation. In order to find out the reason for a Korean foreign accent, experiments were carried out with the help of acoustic instruments. According to the results of the experiment, Koreans showed a foreign accent in their English pronunciation of vowels in relation to their utterance positions. Americans showed a final lengthening effect but Koreans showed a final shortening effect. This means that Koreans showed a foreign accent in the final stressed syllable of a sentence. In addition to this, the duration of two English vowels, /o/ and /${\ae}$/, showed considerably different features between Koreans and Americans. In fact, in the pronunciation of the diphthong /o/, the tongue moves from one position to another. The two articulations of a diphthong can be described as the nucleus plus a glide. However, most Koreans have no idea of this phenomenon and pronounce the diphthongs like two separate monophthongs. This causes a great difference in the lengths of English diphthong /o/ between Koreans and Americans.