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수술실의 원가배부기준 설정연구 (A Study on the cost allocation method of the operating room in the hospital)

  • 김희정;정기선;최성우
    • 한국병원경영학회지
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    • 제8권1호
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    • pp.135-164
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    • 2003
  • The operating room is the major facility that costs the highest investment per unit area in a hospital. It requires commitment of hospital resources such as manpower, equipments and material. The quantity of these resources committed actually differs from one type of operation to another. Because of this, it is not an easy task to allocate the operating cost to individual clinical departments that share the operating room. A practical way to do so may be to collect and add the operating costs incurred by each clinical department and charge the net cost to the account of the corresponding clinical department. It has been customary to allocate the cost of the operating room to the account of each individual department on the basis of the ratio of the number of operations of the department or the total revenue by each operating room. In an attempt to set up more rational cost allocation method than the customary method, this study proposes a new cost allocation method that calls for itemizing the operation cost into its constituent expenses in detail and adding them up for the operating cost incurred by each individual department. For comparison of the new method with the conventional method, the operating room in the main building of hospital A near Seoul is chosen as a study object. It is selected because it is the biggest operating room in hospital A and most of operations in this hospital are conducted in this room. For this study the one-month operation record performed in January 2001 in this operating room is analyzed to allocate the per-month operation cost to six clinical departments that used this operating room; the departments of general surgery, orthopedic surgery, neuro-surgery, dental surgery, urology, and obstetrics & gynecology. In the new method(or method 1), each operation cost is categorized into three major expenses; personnel expense, material expense, and overhead expense and is allocated into the account of the clinical department that used the operating room. The method 1 shows that, among the total one-month operating cost of 814,054 thousand wons in this hospital, 163,714 thousand won is allocated to GS, 335,084 thousand won to as, 202,772 thousand won to NS, 42,265 thousand won to uno, 33,423 thousand won to OB/GY, and 36.796 thousand won to DS. The allocation of the operating cost to six departments by the new method is quite different from that by the conventional method. According to one conventional allocation method based on the ratio of the number of operations of a department to the total number of operations in the operating room(method 2 hereafter), 329,692 thousand won are allocated to GS, 262,125 thousand won to as, 87,104 thousand won to NS, 59,426 thousand won to URO, 51.285 thousand won to OB/GY, and 24,422 thousand won to DS. According to the other conventional allocation method based on the ratio of the revenue of a department(method 3 hereafter), 148,158 thousand won are allocated to GS, 272,708 thousand won to as, 268.638 thousand won to NS, 45,587 thousand won to uno, 51.285 thousand won to OB/GY, and 27.678 thousand won to DS. As can be noted from these results, the cost allocation to six departments by method 1 is strikingly different from those by method 2 and method 3. The operating cost allocated to GS by method 2 is about twice by method 1. Method 3 makes allocations of the operating cost to individual departments very similarly as method 1. However, there are still discrepancies between the two methods. In particular the cost allocations to OB/GY by the two methods have roughly 53.4% discrepancy. The conventional methods 2 and 3 fail to take into account properly the fact that the average time spent for the operation is different and dependent on the clinical department, whether or not to use expensive clinical material dictate the operating cost, and there is difference between the official operating cost and the actual operating cost. This is why the conventional methods turn out to be inappropriate as the operating cost allocation methods. In conclusion, the new method here may be laborious and cause a complexity in bookkeeping because it requires detailed bookkeeping of the operation cost by its constituent expenses and also by individual clinical department, treating each department as an independent accounting unit. But the method is worth adopting because it will allow the concerned hospital to estimate the operating cost as accurately as practicable. The cost data used in this study such as personnel expense, material cost, overhead cost may not be correct ones. Therefore, the operating cost estimated in the main text may not be the same as the actual cost. Also, the study is focused on the case of only hospital A, which is hardly claimed to represent the hospitals across the nation. In spite of these deficiencies, this study is noteworthy from the standpoint that it proposes a practical allocation method of the operating cost to each individual clinical department.

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서울지하철의 지능형 광고 비즈니스모델 설계 (Designing an Intelligent Advertising Business Model in Seoul's Metro Network)

  • ;임규건
    • 지능정보연구
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    • 제23권4호
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    • pp.1-31
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    • 2017
  • 현대 기업들은 효율성과 생산성을 향상시킬 뿐 아니라 시장 진출을 위해 새로운 기술들을 채택하고 있다. 광고 업계도 전통적인 채널 (라디오, TV 및 인쇄 매체)에서 인터넷, 소셜 미디어, 모바일 기반광고와 같은 새로운 매체로 지속적인 파괴적 혁신을 경험하고 있다. 본 연구는 서울 지하철에 지능형 광고 비즈니스 모델을 제안한 사례이다. 서울은 세계에서 가장 분주 한 지하철 중 하나로서 메트로 네트워크를 통해 마케팅 담당자가 다양한 고객과 잠재 고객 모두와 교류하고 상호 작용할 수 있는 플랫폼이 될 수 있다. 현재의 광고 매체의 대부분은 공간, 조명 등 국부적 한계를 가지고 있으나 본 사례의 지능형 디지털 광고 플랫폼은 데이터로 구동되는 광고를 통해 위치기반 모바일 전자상거래를 제공할 수 있다. 등록된 지하철 카드를 통해 고객 데이터를 분석하고 특정 고객 그룹을 타겟팅하고, 대상 소비자 그룹을 기반으로 광고 사용자를 정의하고, 동영상, 애니메이션, 쿠폰, 문자 등 다양한 광고 형식을 제공 할 수 있다. 위치 정보를 통해 다음역을 탐지하여 지하철 안의 스크린이 다음 정차 할 역의 광고에 우선 순위를 부여하고, 사용자 모바일에서 알림을 수신하도록 선택한 고객은 광고주의 사업장 근처에 접근 할 때 알림을 받게 된다. 또한, 내비게이션 서비스를 통해 지하 쇼핑몰의 고객이 상점, 제품, 시설, 이벤트 등을 검색하고 광고나 추천서비스를 받을 수 있게 한다. 이러한 광고는 고객이 광고를 클릭하면 제품 설명 페이지로 연결되어 전자 상거래로 이어지도록 한다. 이 모델을 통해 개선된 고객 경험뿐만 아니라 지하상가의 중소기업 지원, 새로운 직업 기회, 비즈니스 모델 운영자에 대한 추가 매출 및 광고 유연성 등 새로운 가치 창출이 가능할 것으로 기대된다.

첨단산업발전과 신산업지구 형성 : 이론과 사례 (Hightechnology industrial development and formation of new industrial district : Theory and empirical cases)

  • 박삼옥
    • 대한지리학회지
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    • 제29권2호
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    • pp.117-136
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    • 1994
  • 오늘날 첨단산업의 발전과 더불어 산업의 공간구조 변화가 지역적인 차원은 물론 국제적인 차원에서 일어나고 있으며 신산업지구의 등장은 그 좋은 예라고 볼 수 있다. 신산 업지구는 소기업 중심의 유연적 전문화에 의해서만 형성되는 것이 아니라 생산체계, 생산의 네트워크, 뿌리내림(embeddedness), 기업의 규모 등 4가지 요인과 관련하여 다양한 형태로 형성발전하는 역동성을 가지고 있다. 신산업지구는 기본적으로 네트워크의 유형에 따라 4개 의 기본유형과 5개의 혼합형으로 구분될 수 있는데, 이들은 위의 4가지 요인 외에도 기업간 권한의 계층성, 협력과 경쟁, 제도적 요인, 매몰비용(sunk costs) 등에 의해서 그 특성이 구 분되며 사례를 확인할 수 있다. 9개의 유형은 모두 첨단산업과 관련지을 수 있으나, 첨단산 업의 발전과 더불어 혼합형 산업지구가 형성발전될 가능성이 더 크다. 과거의 산업지구는 역사적 우연성에 의해서 형성되는 경우가 흔하였지만 오늘날 첨단산업과 관련한 산업지구는 정책과 전략이 그 형성과 발전에 중요하다. 따라서 제도적 지원체계의 마련, 매몰비용의 절 감, 국제화에 대한 대응 등의 여러 가지 전략이 추진되어야 신산업지구의 형성과 역동적인 발전이 가능하다.

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Prospective Multi-Center Korean Registry of Transcatheter Arterial Chemoembolization with Drug-Eluting Embolics for Nodular Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Two-Year Outcome Analysis

  • Myungsu Lee;Jin Wook Chung;Kwang-Hun Lee;Jong Yun Won;Ho Jong Chun;Han Chu Lee;Jin Hyoung Kim;In Joon Lee;Saebeom Hur;Hyo-Cheol Kim;Yoon Jun Kim;Gyoung Min Kim;Seung-Moon Joo;Jung Suk Oh
    • Korean Journal of Radiology
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    • 제22권10호
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    • pp.1658-1670
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    • 2021
  • Objective: To assess the two-year treatment outcomes of chemoembolization with drug-eluting embolics (DEE) for nodular hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Materials and Methods: This study was a prospective, multicenter, registry-based, single-arm trial conducted at five university hospitals in Korea. Patients were recruited between May 2011 and April 2013, with a target population of 200. A DC Bead loaded with doxorubicin was used as the DEE agent. Patients were followed up for two years. Per-patient and per-lesion tumor response analysis, per-patient overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) analysis, and per-lesion tumor control analysis were performed. Results: The final study population included 152 patients, with 207 target lesions for the per-lesion analysis. At one-month, six-month, one-year, and two-year per-patient assessments, complete response (CR) rates were 40.1%, 43.0%, 33.3%, and 19.6%, respectively. The objective response (OR) rates were 91.4%, 55.4%, 35.1%, and 19.6%, respectively. The cumulative two-year OS rate was 79.7%. The cumulative two-year PFS rate was 22.4% and the median survival was 9.3 months. In multivariable analysis, the Child-Pugh score (p = 0.019) was an independent predictor of OS, and tumor multiplicity (p < 0.001), tumor size (p = 0.020), and Child-Pugh score (p = 0.006) were independent predictors of PFS. In per-lesion analysis, one-month, six-month, one-year and two-year CR rates were 57.5%, 58.5%, 45.2%, and 33.3%, respectively, and the OR rates were 84.1%, 65.2%, 46.6%, and 33.3%, respectively. The cumulative two-year per-lesion tumor control rate was 36.2%, and the median time was 14.1 months. The Child-Pugh score (p < 0.001) was the only independent predictor of tumor control. Serious adverse events were reported in 11 patients (7.2%). Conclusion: DEE chemoembolization for nodular HCCs in the Korean population showed acceptable survival, tumor response, and safety profiles after a two-year follow-up. Good liver function (Child-Pugh score A5) was a key predictor of per-patient OS, PFS, and per-lesion tumor control.

신기술 사용 과정에 관한 비교 사례 연구: 기술 전유 과정의 근거이론적 접근 (A Comparative Case Study on the Adaptation Process of Advanced Information Technology: A Grounded Theory Approach for the Appropriation Process)

  • 최희재;이준기
    • Asia pacific journal of information systems
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    • 제19권3호
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    • pp.99-124
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    • 2009
  • Many firms in Korea have adopted and used advanced information technology in an effort to boost efficiency. The process of adapting to the new technology, at the same time, can vary from one firm to another. As such, this research focuses on several relevant factors, especially the roles of social interaction as a key variable that influences the technology adaptation process and the outcomes. Thus far, how a firm goes through the adaptation process to the new technology has not been yet fully explored. Previous studies on changes undergone by a firm or an organization due to information technology have been pursued from various theoretical points of views, evolved from technological and institutional views to an integrated social technology views. The technology adaptation process has been understood to be something that evolves over time and has been regarded as cycles between misalignments and alignments, gradually approaching the stable aligned state. The adaptation process of the new technology was defined as "appropriation" process according to Poole and DeSanctis (1994). They suggested that this process is not automatically determined by the technology design itself. Rather, people actively select how technology structures should be used; accordingly, adoption practices vary. But concepts of the appropriation process in these studies are not accurate while suggested propositions are not clear enough to apply in practice. Furthermore, these studies do not substantially suggest which factors are changed during the appropriation process and what should be done to bring about effective outcomes. Therefore, research objectives of this study lie in finding causes for the difference in ways in which advanced information technology has been used and adopted among organizations. The study also aims to explore how a firm's interaction with social as well as technological factors affects differently in resulting organizational changes. Detail objectives of this study are as follows. First, this paper primarily focuses on the appropriation process of advanced information technology in the long run, and we look into reasons for the diverse types of the usage. Second, this study is to categorize each phases in the appropriation process and make clear what changes occur and how they are evolved during each phase. Third, this study is to suggest the guidelines to determine which strategies are needed in an individual, group and organizational level. For this, a substantially grounded theory that can be applied to organizational practice has been developed from a longitudinal comparative case study. For these objectives, the technology appropriation process was explored based on Structuration Theory by Giddens (1984), Orlikoski and Robey (1991) and Adaptive Structuration Theory by Poole and DeSanctis (1994), which are examples of social technology views on organizational change by technology. Data have been obtained from interviews, observations of medical treatment task, and questionnaires administered to group members who use the technology. Data coding was executed in three steps following the grounded theory approach. First of all, concepts and categories were developed from interviews and observation data in open coding. Next, in axial coding, we related categories to subcategorize along the lines of their properties and dimensions through the paradigm model. Finally, the grounded theory about the appropriation process was developed through the conditional/consequential matrix in selective coding. In this study eight hypotheses about the adaptation process have been clearly articulated. Also, we found that the appropriation process involves through three phases, namely, "direct appropriation," "cooperate with related structures," and "interpret and make judgments." The higher phases of appropriation move, the more users represent various types of instrumental use and attitude. Moreover, the previous structures like "knowledge and experience," "belief that other members know and accept the use of technology," "horizontal communication," and "embodiment of opinion collection process" are evolved to higher degrees in their dimensions of property. Furthermore, users continuously create new spirits and structures, while removing some of the previous ones at the same time. Thus, from longitudinal view, faithful and unfaithful appropriation methods appear recursively, but gradually faithful appropriation takes over the other. In other words, the concept of spirits and structures has been changed in the adaptation process over time for the purpose of alignment between the task and other structures. These findings call for a revised or extended model of structural adaptation in IS (Information Systems) literature now that the vague adaptation process in previous studies has been clarified through the in-depth qualitative study, identifying each phrase with accuracy. In addition, based on these results some guidelines can be set up to help determine which strategies are needed in an individual, group, and organizational level for the purpose of effective technology appropriation. In practice, managers can focus on the changes of spirits and elevation of the structural dimension to achieve effective technology use.

기관지 천식 환아에서의 점액섬모 청소율(Mucociliary Clearance) (Mucociliary Clearance in the Children with Bronchial Asthma)

  • 이명현;선용한;남승곤;고영률;정준기
    • Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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    • 제43권2호
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    • pp.173-181
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    • 1996
  • 연구배경 : 점액섬모 청소율의 저하가 천식의 병태생리에 있어서 중요한 역할을 하리라고 생각되어 왔다. 실제로 직접적인 기관지 내시경 검사 또는 핵의학적 검사를 이용하여 시행한 연구에의 성인의 기관지 천식에서 점액성모 청소율의 저하가 있으며 천식 증상의 정도와 임상 상태에 따라 점액섬모 청소율이 변화한다는 것이 알려져 있다. 본 연구는 소아 천식 환자에서 점액섬모 청소율의 저하가 있는지 알아보고, 이의 저하가 어느 정도인지를 평가하고자 경증의 안정된 천식 환아군, 대표적 섬모 운동 이상질환인 비운동성 섬모 증후군 환이군 그리고 정상 대조군에서 점액섬모 청소율 스캔을 시행하였다. 아울러 천식 환아에서 기도과민성의 지표인 $PC_{20}$과 점액성모 청소율의 연관성을 알아보고자 하였다. 방법 : 13명의 경증의 안정된 천식환아와 8명의 비운동성 섬모증후군 환아를 대상으로 하였고 10명의 정상 대조군과 비교하였다. 점액섬모 청소율은 방사능 분무술을 사용하여 측정하였다 연무제로는 $^{99m}Tc$으로 표지된 Tin colloid를 사용하였고 nebulizer를 통해 생성하였고 흡인은 자발 호흡을 이용하여 mouthpiece를 통하였고 흡입한 후 gamma camera로 흡입직후; 30분, 60분, 90분, 120분에 각각 잔류 방사능을 측정하였다. 점액섬모 청소율은 각 시간에 따른 잔류 방사능량을 기저 방사능량에 대한 백분율로 계산하여 나타내었다. 천식 환아의 $PC_{20}$은 methacholine Chai등에 의한 방법으로 시행하여 구하였다. 결과 : 1) 모든 대상군에서 잔류 방사능 비율은 시간에 따라 저하되었다. 2) 30분, 60분 90분의 잔류 방사능 비율은 비운동성 성모 증후군 환아군, 천식 환아군, 정상 대조군 순이었으나 통계상으로는 비운동성 섬모 증환아군과 정상 대조군에서만 유의한 차이가 있었다. 3) 2시간 잔류 방사능 비율을 비교하였는데 천식환아에서 정상군에 비하여 유의하게 높았고 비운동성 섬모 증후군에 비하여 유의하게 낮았다. 4) 천식 환아에서 $PC_{20}$을 잔류 방사능 비율과 비교하였는데 $PC_{20}$과 잔류 방사능 비율과는 상관 관계가 없었다. 결론 : 점액섬모 청소율은 소아 천식 환아에서도 정상보다 저하되어 있었다. 이런 소견에서 정액섬모 청소율의 저하가 소아 천식에서도 성인에서와 마찬가지로 병태생리에 중요한 인자로 관여할 것으로 생각된다. 그러나 소아 천식 환아에서의 점액섬모 청소율의 저하의 정도는 비운동성 섬모 증후군 환아에 비하여 심하지 않았다.

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IPTV환경에서 온톨로지와 k-medoids기법을 이용한 개인화 시스템 (Personalized Recommendation System for IPTV using Ontology and K-medoids)

  • 윤병대;김종우;조용석;강상길
    • 지능정보연구
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    • 제16권3호
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    • pp.147-161
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    • 2010
  • 최근 방송과 통신의 융합으로 TV에 통신이라는 기술이 접목되면서, TV 시청 형태에 많은 변화를 가져왔다. 이러한 형태의 TV 시청 변화는 서비스 선택의 폭을 넓혀주지만 프로그램을 선택을 위해 많은 시간을 투자해야 한다. 이러한 단점을 개선하기 위해서 본 논문에서는 IPTV환경에서 사용자의 다양한 콘텐츠를 제공하는 방송 환경에서 고객의 시청 정보를 바탕으로 고객 사용정보 온톨로지를 구축하고 그에 따라 고객을 k-medoids 방법을 이용해서 클러스터링 한다. 이를 바탕으로 고객이 선호하는 콘텐츠를 추천 하는 방법을 제안하였다. 실험부분에서 본 제안방법의 우수성을 기존의 방법과 비교하여 보여준다.

중국 하북성 마을제 연구 - 하북성조현범장이월이룡패회중룡신적여인(河北省趙縣范庄二月二龍牌會中龍神的與人) - (A Study of Local Festival for the China Hebeisheng)

  • 박광준
    • 헤리티지:역사와 과학
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    • 제36권
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    • pp.347-377
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    • 2003
  • China is a country with large agricultural areas and subject to frequent calamities. Drought is the top of them. It has been a key problem for development of agriculture in the country. In the long struggle against drought, Chinese have accumulated many rational and irrational experiences. The Dragon Kings Belief, which is popular in North China and discussed in a thesis, is one of their irrational experiences. The belief was passed together with Buddhism from India to China in the Tang Dynasty. After it settled down, it was incorporated with the local five dragons belief and a set of beliefs in dragon kings came into existence. The emergence of the dragon kings belief ended the history that the title of rain got was not clear in China and Dragon kings finally got the status. Irrigation is the lifeblood of agriculture in China. In a Chinese mind, Dragon kings are the most important gods who take charge of rain and thus offer the lifeblood. In understanding the nature and characteristics of Chinese traditional culture, it is important for us to make clear the origin and evolution of the belief, find out its nature, function and operation. In the every year beginning of February of the Fanzhuang calendar in the people of Hebeisheng Zhaoxian, would all hold a festival to offer sacrifices to the $^{{\circ}TM}^{\prime}longpai$. Longpai was regarded as the core of the temple fair, thus the native sons came to call this festival; "longpaihui". In this region the'Fanzhuang longpaihui'developed into a well knownand grand temple fair. It was able to attract numerous pilgrims with its special magic power, occupying a place in $China^{{\circ}TM}$ 'eryueer'festival with festive dragon activities. The dragon is a common totem among Chinese nationals. The belief worship of the dragon dates from the start time of primitive societies. Dragon oneself the ancients worship's thunder lightning. In the worship of the great universe, at first afterwards this belief with the tribe's totem worships to combine to become the animal spirit. In ancient myths legends, along with folk religion and beliefs all hold a very important position. The longpaihui is a temple fair without a temple; this characteristic is a distinction between longpaihui and other temple fairs. As for longpaihui must of the early historical records are unclear. The originator of a huitou system has a kind of organized form of the special features rather, originator of a huitou not fix constant, everything follows voluntarily principle, can become member with the freedom, also can back at any time the meeting. There is a longpaihui for 'dangjiaren', is total representative director in the originator of a huitou will. 'banghui' scope particularly for extensive, come apparently every kind of buildup that help can return into the banghui, where is the person of this village or outside village of, the general cent in banghui work is clear and definite, for longpaihui would various businesses open smoothly the exhibition provides to guarantees powerfully. Fanzhuang longpaihui from the beginning of February to beginning six proceed six days totally. The longpai is used as the ancestry absolute being to exsits with the community absolute being at the same time in fanzhuang first took civil faith, in reality is a kind of method to support social machine in native folks realize together that local community that important function, it provided a space, a kind of a view to take with a relation, rising contact, communication, solidify the community contents small village, formation with fanzhuang. The fanzhuang is used as supplies for gathering town, by luck too is this local community trade exchanges center at the same time therefore can say the faith of the longpai, in addition to its people's custom, religious meaning, still have got the important and social function. Moreover matter worthy of mentioning, Longpai would in organize process, from prepare and plan the producing of meeting every kind of meeting a longpeng of the matter do, all letting person feeling is to adjust the popular support of, get the mass approbation with positive participate. Apart from the originator of a huitou excluding, those although not originator of a huitou, however enthusiasm participate the banghui of its business, also is too much for the number.

불량환경하(不良環境下)에서의 제초제(除草劑) 약해(藥害)와 경감기술(輕減技術) (Herbicidal Phytotoxicity under Adverse Environments and Countermeasures)

  • 권용웅;황형식;강병화
    • 한국잡초학회지
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    • 제13권4호
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    • pp.210-233
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    • 1993
  • The herbicide has become indispensable as much as nitrogen fertilizer in Korean agriculture from 1970 onwards. It is estimated that in 1991 more than 40 herbicides were registered for rice crop and treated to an area 1.41 times the rice acreage ; more than 30 herbicides were registered for field crops and treated to 89% of the crop area ; the treatment acreage of 3 non-selective foliar-applied herbicides reached 2,555 thousand hectares. During the last 25 years herbicides have benefited the Korean farmers substantially in labor, cost and time of farming. Any herbicide which causes crop injury in ordinary uses is not allowed to register in most country. Herbicides, however, can cause crop injury more or less when they are misused, abused or used under adverse environments. The herbicide use more than 100% of crop acreage means an increased probability of which herbicides are used wrong or under adverse situation. This is true as evidenced by that about 25% of farmers have experienced the herbicide caused crop injury more than once during last 10 years on authors' nationwide surveys in 1992 and 1993 ; one-half of the injury incidences were with crop yield loss greater than 10%. Crop injury caused by herbicide had not occurred to a serious extent in the 1960s when the herbicides fewer than 5 were used by farmers to the field less than 12% of total acreage. Farmers ascribed about 53% of the herbicidal injury incidences at their fields to their misuses such as overdose, careless or improper application, off-time application or wrong choice of the herbicide, etc. While 47% of the incidences were mainly due to adverse natural conditions. Such misuses can be reduced to a minimum through enhanced education/extension services for right uses and, although undesirable, increased farmers' experiences of phytotoxicity. The most difficult primary problem arises from lack of countermeasures for farmers to cope with various adverse environmental conditions. At present almost all the herbicides have"Do not use!" instructions on label to avoid crop injury under adverse environments. These "Do not use!" situations Include sandy, highly percolating, or infertile soils, cool water gushing paddy, poorly draining paddy, terraced paddy, too wet or dry soils, days of abnormally cool or high air temperature, etc. Meanwhile, the cultivated lands are under poor conditions : the average organic matter content ranges 2.5 to 2.8% in paddy soil and 2.0 to 2.6% in upland soil ; the canon exchange capacity ranges 8 to 12 m.e. ; approximately 43% of paddy and 56% of upland are of sandy to sandy gravel soil ; only 42% of paddy and 16% of upland fields are on flat land. The present situation would mean that about 40 to 50% of soil applied herbicides are used on the field where the label instructs "Do not use!". Yet no positive effort has been made for 25 years long by government or companies to develop countermeasures. It is a really sophisticated social problem. In the 1960s and 1970s a subside program to incoporate hillside red clayish soil into sandy paddy as well as campaign for increased application of compost to the field had been operating. Yet majority of the sandy soils remains sandy and the program and campaign had been stopped. With regard to this sandy soil problem the authors have developed a method of "split application of a herbicide onto sandy soil field". A model case study has been carried out with success and is introduced with key procedure in this paper. Climate is variable in its nature. Among the climatic components sudden fall or rise in temperature is hardly avoidable for a crop plant. Our spring air temperature fluctuates so much ; for example, the daily mean air temperature of Inchon city varied from 6.31 to $16.81^{\circ}C$ on April 20, early seeding time of crops, within${\times}$2Sd range of 30 year records. Seeding early in season means an increased liability to phytotoxicity, and this will be more evident in direct water-seeding of rice. About 20% of farmers depend on the cold underground-water pumped for rice irrigation. If the well is deep over 70m, the fresh water may be about $10^{\circ}C$ cold. The water should be warmed to about $20^{\circ}C$ before irrigation. This is not so practiced well by farmers. In addition to the forementioned adverse conditions there exist many other aspects to be amended. Among them the worst for liquid spray type herbicides is almost total lacking in proper knowledge of nozzle types and concern with even spray by the administrative, rural extension officers, company and farmers. Even not available in the market are the nozzles and sprayers appropriate for herbicides spray. Most people perceive all the pesticide sprayers same and concern much with the speed and easiness of spray, not with correct spray. There exist many points to be improved to minimize herbicidal phytotoxicity in Korea and many ways to achieve the goal. First of all it is suggested that 1) the present evaluation of a new herbicide at standard and double doses in registration trials is to be an evaluation for standard, double and triple doses to exploit the response slope in making decision for approval and recommendation of different dose for different situation on label, 2) the government is to recognize the facts and nature of the present problem to correct the present misperceptions and to develop an appropriate national program for improvement of soil conditions, spray equipment, extention manpower and services, 3) the researchers are to enhance researches on the countermeasures and 4) the herbicide makers/dealers are to correct their misperceptions and policy for sales, to develop database on the detailed use conditions of consumer one by one and to serve the consumers with direct counsel based on the database.

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지식경영전략이 기업성과에 미치는 영향 분석: 상호보완이론을 기반으로 (Assessing the Effects of Knowledge Management Strategies on Firms' Performance: Based on Complementarity Theory)

  • 최병구;이재남
    • 경영정보학연구
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    • 제12권1호
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    • pp.107-130
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    • 2010
  • 지식경영 전략과 기업성과 간의 실증연구는 연구자에 따라 그 결과가 매우 다르게 나타나고 있다. 이러한 연구결과의 불일치는 실제 비지니스 환경하에서 대다수의 기업은 다양한 지식경영 전략들을 동시에 활용하고 있음에도 불구하고 대다수의 기존의 연구는 개별 지식경영 전략과 기업성과간의 관계에만 초점을 두고 있었기 때문이다. 본 연구는 이와 같은 문제점을 해결하기 위해 경제학이론 가운데 하나인 상호보완이론(complementarity theory)을 기반으로 지식경영 전략들 간의 상호보완관계를 파악하고 이러한 상호보완관계가 기업성과에 미치는 영향을 전체적인 관점(holistic perspective)으로 분석하고자 한다. 이를 위해, 기존 연구를 바탕으로 지식경영 전략을 도출하였으며 국내 139개의 대기업을 기반으로 실증연구를 수행하였으며 이를 통해 지식경영 전략 간의 상호보완관계가 기업성과에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. 학문적 측면에서 보면 본 연구는 경제학으로부터 새로운 이론과 분석방법론을 도입함으로써 기존 연구의 한계를 극복할 수 있는 새로운 연구 프레임웍과 방법론을 제시하였으며 이를 통해 지식경영 연구의 지평을 넓힐 수 있을 것으로 기대된다. 실무적 관점에서 보면 기업성과를 향상시킬 수 있는 다양한 지식경영 전략들 간의 상호보완관계를 제시함으로써 경영자에게 효과적인 지식경영 전략을 구축할 수 있는 가이드라인의 역할을 할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.