• Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.229-234
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• 2008

Purpose: A urea breath test (UBT) using C-14 or C-13 has been developed for identifying Helicobacter (H) pylori infection on the basis of urease production with release of labeled $CO_2$. We investigated if the C-14 and C-13 UBT have the difference to reflect the presence and degree of H. pylori infection detected by gastro-duodenoscopic biopsies (CBx) in the same patients. Materials and methods: Thirty eight patients (M:F = 28:10, age $53.4{\pm}13.0$ yrs) with upper gastrointestinal symptoms such as indigestion, gastric fullness or pain consecutively underwent C-14 UBT, GBx and C-13 UBT within one week before medications. For the C-14 UBT, a single breath sample was collected at 10 minutes after ingestion of C-14 urea (37 KBq) capsule and counting was done in a liquid scintillation counter for 1 minute, and the results were classified as positive (${\ge}$ 200 dpm), intermediate (50-199 dpm) or negative (50 dpm). For the C-13 UBT, the results were classified as positive (${\ge}2.5\%_{\circ}$) or negative ($<2.5\%_{\circ}$). The results of GBx with Giemsa stain were graded 0 (normal) to 4 (diffuse) according to the distribution of H. pylori by the Wyatt method. We compared C-14 UBT and C-13 UBT results with GBx grade as a gold standard. Results: The prevalence of H. pylori infection by GBx with Giemsa stain was 25/38 (65.8%). In the assessment of the presence of H. pylori infection, the C-14 UBT global performance yielded sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV) and accuracy of 92.0%, 92.3%, 95.8%, 91.7% and 92.1%, respectively. However, the C-13 UBT had sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV and accuracy of 96.0%, 84.6%, 92.3%, 91.7% and 92.1%, respectively. The more significant correlation in C-14 than C-13 UBT (r=0.948 vs r=0.819, p <0.001) was found between the value of UBT and the grade of distribution of H. pylori infection. Conclusion: We conclude that the diagnostic performance between C-14 and C-13 UBT to detect H. pylori infection is not significantly different, but the value of C-14 UBT more significantly reflects the degree of bacterial distribution.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.65 no.3
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• pp.172-181
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• 2020

Koshihikari has been one of the most popular rice cultivars with good eating quality since the 1960s despite its susceptibility to blast disease and lodging. To map the genes controlling blast resistance and to develop promising blast-resistant breeding lines inheriting Koshihikari's high eating quality, a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population was developed from a cross between Koshihikari and a blast resistance donor with early maturity, Baegilmi. A total of 394 Koshihikari × Baegilmi RILs (KBRIL), and the two parents, were evaluated for blast resistance and major agronomic traits including heading date, culm length, panicle length, and tiller number. A linkage map encompassing 1,272.7 cM was constructed from a subset of the KBRIL (n = 142) using 130 single nucleotide polymorphisms. Two quantitative trait loci (QTL) for blast resistance, qBL1.1 harboring Pish/Pi35 and qBL2.1 harboring Pib, were mapped onto chromosomes 1 and 2, respectively. qBL1.1 was detected in both of the experimental sites, Namwon and Jeonju, while qBL2.1 was only detected in Namwon. qBL1.1 and qBL2.1 did not affect agronomic traits, including heading date, culm length, panicle length, and tiller number. From the 394 KBRILs, lines that were phenotypically similar to Koshihikari were selected according to heading date and culm length and were further divided into the following two groups based on blast resistance: Koshishikari-type blast resistant lines (KR, n = 15) and Koshishikari-type blast susceptible lines (KS, n = 15). Although no significant differences were observed in the major agronomic traits between the two groups, the KR group produced a greater mean head rice ratio than the KS group. The present study provides useful materials for developing blast-resistant cultivars that inherit both Koshihikari's high eating quality and Baegilmi's blast resistance.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.106-110
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• 2016

In this study, a planting density-growth-harvest (PGH) chart was developed to easily read the growth and harvest factors such as crop growth rate, relative growth rate, shoot fresh weight, shoot dry weight, harvesting time, marketable rate, and marketable yield of common ice plant (Mesembryanthemum crystallinum L.). The plants were grown in a nutrient film technique (NFT) system in a closed-type plant factory using fluorescent lamps with three-band radiation under a light intensity of $140{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$ and a photoperiod of 12 h. Growth and yield were analyzed under four planting densities ($15{\times}10cm$, $15{\times}15cm$, $15{\times}20cm$, and $15{\times}25cm$). Shoot fresh and dry weights per plant increased at a higher planting density until reached an upper limit and yield per area was also same tendency. Crop growth rate, relative growth rate and lost time were described using quadratic equation. A linear relationship between shoot dry weight and fresh weights was observed. PGH chart was constructed based on the growth data and making equations. For instance, with within row spacing (= 20 cm) and fresh weight per plant at harvest (= 100 g), we can estimate all the growth and harvest factors of common ice plant. The planting density, crop growth rate, relative growth rate, lost time, shoot dry weight per plant, harvesting time, and yield were $33plants/m^2$, $20g{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}d^{-1}$, $0.27g{\cdot}g^{-1}{\cdot}d^{-1}$, 22 days, 2.5 g/plant, 26 days after transplanting, and $3.2kg{\cdot}m^{-2}$, respectively. With this chart, we could easily obtain the growth factors such as planting density, crop growth rate, relative growth rate, lost time and the harvest factors such as shoot fresh and dry weights, harvesting time, marketable rate, and marketable yield with at least two parameters, for instance, planting distance and one of harvest factors of plant. PGH charts will be useful tools to estimate the growth and yield of crops and to practical design of a closed-type plant production system.

• 한국해양학회지
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.550-564
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• 1995

The temporal and spatial characteristics of wind fields over the neighbouring seas of the Korean peninsula are investigated using 10-years daily wind data during 1978${\sim}$1987 which have been spatially smoothed and low-pass filtered. Long term annual and monthly means are examined for synoptic patterns and spectral analyses are made for temporal variability and spatial coherence. Spatial patterns of the annual mean wind stress and curl have a strong resemblance with those of monthly means during the winter season. Two outstanding periodicities are observed at 1 and 2 cycles per year. The synoptic winds over the study area are highly coherent at both the annual and semi-annual periodicities. However, each basin has its own characteristic spatial pattern. For instance, the prevailing wind during the winter season is northerIy over the northern East Sea (ES), Yellow Sea (YS), and northern East China Sea (ECS), while it is northwesterly over the southern ES and northesterly over the northern ES and southern ECS. At the same time, the wind stress curl is positive over the northern ES and southern ECS, while it is negative over the southern ES, YS and northern ECS. On the other hand, the wind field during the summer season, with its strength being much reduced, is completely different from that during the winter season, and frequent passage of tropical storms provokes large temporal variability over ECS. One remarkable point is that the annual cycle, dominated by the Siberian High, tends to propagate from northeast to southwest, i.e., from northern 25 toward southern ES, YS and ECS, while the semi-annual cycle propagates in the opposite direction, from southwest to northeast. The semi-annual periodicity may reflect development of extratropical cyclones in spring and fall which frequently cross the Korean peninsula. In higher frequencies, there are no dominant periodicities, but local winds over YS and ES are highly correlated for frequencies larger than 0.1 cycles per day and phase difference increases linearly with frequency. This linear increase of phase corresponds to phase speed of 550 and 730 km/d at 0.1 and 0.3 cpd, respectively, The phase speed is apparently coincident with moving speed of extratropical cyclones across the Korean peninsula in the west-east direction.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.28-37
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• 1993

The low seed propagation is one of the problem needed a lot of seed tuber for the propagation in yam. Therefore this experiment was carried out to understand the possiblility of seed tuber propagation by tissue culture of yam. In-vitro stem node of yam was cultured by concentration treatments of 1/2, 1/4 and 1/8 with MS medium additted with each concentration levels of IAA, NAA, IBA, kinetin and BA. Acorrding to the Iower concentration than MS medium, length of shoots was promoted, leaf emergence shoots and rooting shoots were increased at 1/8 MS medium during the culturing period of stem node in yam. Fixed IBA and kinetin under the concentration of MS mdeium was inhibited severely by the heigh concentration additted with lAA $1mg\;/\;{\ell}\;and\;NAA\;4mg\;/\;{\ell}$. But fixed IBA $5mg\;/\;{\el}l\;and\;kinetin\;2mg\;/\;{\ell}$ with concentration of 1/8MS medium was remarkably promoted leaf emergence shoots and rooting shoots by $1mg\;/\;{\ell}$ of additted lAA and NAA. Percentage of induced shoots was increased by combination treatments of lAA. $1.5mg\;/\;{\ell}\;and\;kinetin\;2mg\;/\;{\ell}$, also leaf emergence shoots and rooting shoots were promoted by combination treatments of lAA $1.5mg\;/\;{\ell}\;and\;kinetin\;2mg\;/\;{\ell}$.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.57-67
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• 2011

Agaricus brasiliensis, one of edible mushroom belonging to Basidiomycota, has been used for curing gastric ulcer and stomach cancer of human beings and also known to have good inhibitory effects on sarcoma 180 and Ehrlich carcinoma of mice. Neutral saline soluble (0.9% NaCl), hot water soluble and methanol soluble substances (hereinafter referred to Fr. NaCl, Fr. HW and Fr. MeOH, respectively) were prepared from fruiting body of the mushroom. ${\beta}$-glucan and total protein contents were identify from fractions of edible mushrooms extract. The ${\beta}$-glucan and protein contents of all fractions of the mushrooms ranged from 21.54~32.31% and 0.16~9.34%, respectively. In vitro cytotoxicity tests, crude polysaccharides were not cytotoxic against cancer cell lines such as Sarcoma 180, HT-29, NIH3T3 and RAW 264.7 at the concentration of 10~2000 ${\mu}g/ml$. Intraperitoneal injection with crude polysaccharides exhibited life prolongation effect of 18.8~50.6% in mice previously inoculated with Sarcoma 180. Fr. HW increased the numbers of spleen cell by 1.2 fold at the concentration of 200 ${\mu}g/ml$ compared with control. Fr. MeOH and Na improved the immuno-potentiating activity of B lymphocyte by increasing the alkaline phosphatase activity by 1.6 fold compared with control at the concentration of 50~500 ${\mu}g/ml$. Fr. Na generated 15.9 ${\mu}M$ of nitric oxide (NO) when cultured with RAW 264.7 at the concentration of 200 ${\mu}g/ml$, while lipopolysaccharide, a positive control, produced 3.7 ${\mu}M$. The Fr. NaCl, Fr. HW and Fr. MeOH increased the secretion of TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-$1{\beta}$, Il-2 and IL-6 by 2.2 times compared with the control group. Fr. Na increased the numbers of peritoneal exudate cells by 4 folds at the concentration of 50mg/kg compared with control. Circulating leukocytes increased by 2.7 folds when Fr. HW from A. brasiliensis was inoculated at the concentration of 50 mg/kg body weight. The hematological and blood chemical analysis of the 3 fractions did not show any difference in blood compositions and enzyme activities compared with the control group (p<0.05). Therefore, the experimental results suggested that crude polysaccharides extracted from A. brasiliensis contain antitumor and immuno-potentiating activities against Sarcoma 180 in ICR mice.

• Geophysics and Geophysical Exploration
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.243-248
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• 2010

Two suspicious events, which were claimed as underground nuclear tests by North Korea, were detected in the northern Korean Peninsula on October 9, 2006 and May 25, 2009. The KIGAM and Korea-China Joint seismic stations are distributed uniformly along the boundaries between North Korea and adjacent countries. In this study, the data from broadband stations with the distance of 200 to 550 km from the test site are used to analyze and compare two nuclear tests of North Korea. By comparing the time differences of the Pn-wave arrival times of 1st and 2nd tests at multiple stations, the relative locations of two test sites could be calculated precisely. From the geometrical calculation with the velocity of Pn wave $V_{Pn}$ = 8 km/s, the 2nd test site is estimated to move in the WNW direction from 1st one with the distance of 2 km. Body wave magnitude, mb of the 2nd test, which was announced officially as the network average of 4.5, varies widely with the directional location of stations from 4.1 to 5.2. The magnitude obtained from Lg wave, $m_b$(Lg), shows less variation between 4.3 to 4.7 with the average of 4.6. The moving-window spectra of time traces of 1st and 2nd tests show very similar pattern with different scale level. In addition, the corner frequencies of P wave of 1st and 2nd tests at each station show no or negligible difference. This indicates the burial depths of two tests might be very similar. The relative yield amount of the 2nd test is estimated 8 times larger than that of the 1st from the weighted average of ground-velocity amplitude ratios.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.427-432
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• 2010

Rice bakanae disease caused by Fusarium fujikuroi is one of the most serious rice diseases in Korea. From 2006 to 2009, 118 F. fujikuroi isolates were collected from various regions of rice fields in Korea. Resistance assay of 118 F. fujikuroi isolates to prochloraz, tebuconazole, and benomyl, were performed using agar dilution method. To investigate inhibitory effects of the fungicides, minimum inhibitory concentration of mycelial growth (MIC) and effective concentration inhibiting mycelial growth by 50% ($EC_{50}$) for 118 isolates were calculated using Sigmaplot 8.02 (Antro, SPSS UK, Ltd). Based on the means of $EC_{50}$ values, baseline resistance values were determined as $0.5{\mu}g{\cdot}mL^{-1}$ for prochloraz, $5.0{\mu}g{\cdot}mL^{-1}$ for tebuconazole and $2.5{\mu}g{\cdot}mL^{-1}$ for benomyl. Number of resistant isolates to each fungicide was 17, 19 and 43 for prochloraz, tebuconazole and benomyl, respectively. Furthermore, 4 isolates showed the double resistance to both prochloraz and tebuconazole, 6 isolates to prochloraz and benomyl, and 11 isolates to tebuconazole and benomyl. Isolates CF366 and LF335 isolated from Gyeongbuk province were resistant to the three fungicides tested, prochloraz, tebuconazole and benomyl.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.109-117
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• 1986

For the purpose of obtaining basic data which can be applied to processing of retort pouched shellfishes, retort pouched seasoned ark shell, Anadara broughtonii, was prepared. The frozen ark shell was thawed and seasoned with a mixed seasoning powder prepared with $10.0\%$ of sorbitol, $2.0\%$ of table salt and $0.5\%$ of monosodium glutamate at $5^{\circ}C$ for 10 hours, and then dried at $45^{\circ}C$ for 4 hours. The dried seasoned ark shell was coated with $1.0\%$ sodium alginate solution, dried with cola air blast for 2 hours and then vacuum-packed in the laminated plastic film bag (polyester/casted polypropylene= $12{\mu}m/70{\mu}m,\;15{\times}16cm$), and finally sterilized up to Fo=6.0 in hot water circulating retort at $121^{\circ}C$ for 10 minutes. The major fatty acids of raw ark shell and retort pouched seasoned ark shell products were 16:0, 20:5, 22:6, 18:0 and 18:3, and predominant free amino acids of those were lysine, arginine, glycine, alanine, glutamic acid and leucine. In nucleotides and its related compounds of raw ark shell and retort pouched seasoned ark shell products, the most abundant one was AMP, and total extract-N of those was chiefly consisted of free amino acids, betaine and nucleotide and its related compounds. During the processing procedure such as drying and sterilization, unsaturated fatty acids slightly decreased while saturated fatty acids increased, and total extract-N content decreased about a half. From the results of chemical and microbial experiments during storage, it was concluded that the products could be preserved in a good condition for 100 days at room temperature, and their duality could be improved by the coating treatment of sodium alginate solution.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.48 no.11
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• pp.1179-1186
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• 2005

Purpose : A universal standard of the birth weight for gestational age cannot be made since girth weight distribution varies with race and other sociodemographic factors. This report aims to establish the birth weight distribution curve by gestational age, specific for Korean live births. Methods : We used the national birth certificate data of all live births in Korea from January 2001 to December 2003; for live births with gestational ages 24 weeks to 44 weeks(n=1,509,763), we obtained mean birth weigh, standard deviation and 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th and 90th percentile values for each gestational age group by one week increment. Then, we investigated the birth weight distribution of each gestational age group by the normal Gaussian model. To establish final standard values of Korean birth weight distribution by gestational age, we used the finite mixture model to eliminate erroneous birth slights for respective gestational ages. Results : For gestational ages 28 weeks 32 weeks, birth weight distribution showed a biologically implausible skewed tail or bimodal distribution. Following correction of the erroneous distribution by using the finite mixture model, the constructed curve of birth weight distribution was compared to those of other studies. The Korean birth weight percentile values were generally lower than those for Norwegians and North Americans, particularly after 37 weeks of gestation. The Korean curve was similar to that of Lubchenco both 50th and 90th percentiles, but generally the Korean curve had higher 10th percentile values. Conclusion : This birth weight distribution curve by gestational age is based on the most recent and the national population data compared to previous studies in Korea. We hope that for Korean infants, this curve will help clinicians in defining and managing the large for gestational age infants and also for infants with intrauterine growth retardation.