• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.32-38
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• 2018

The objective of this research was to determine the grain oil most suitable for the production of omega-3 fatty acids (FAs) in China, in order to supply dietary omega-3 FAs. This study focused on the nutritional significance of omega-3 FAs and the wide search of sources of dietary omega-3 FA from oil grains produced in China. Five oil grains produced in the Yanbian region, namely sesame, flax, peanut, soybean, and corn, were selected and analyzed for their fat content and FA composition. Results showed that the lipid content in sesame, flax, and peanut, which was more than 30%, was higher than that in soybean and corn. The polyunsaturated FA content was found to be directly proportional to omega-3 FA content. Flax showed a considerably higher omega-3 FA content (53.43%) than other samples, suggesting its potential as a source of dietary omega-3 FA. The optimal daily intake of flax for males and females was determined to be 2.99 g (over one table spoon) and 2.06 g (nearly one table spoon), respectively. Flax showed the lowest ratio of omega-6 and omega-3 FA (0.32%), which can help reduce this ratio in the human body; the intake of equal amounts of flax and corn could achieve an optimum ratio of 1:1. These results can prove to be valuable in the preparation of various functional dairy foods in the future.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.81-92
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• 1990

Ten college women were treated with either corn oil(CO< as a source of C18:2, $\omega$6) or fish oil concentrates(FO, as a source of C20:5+C22:6, $\omega$3) with experimental diet for 7 days and then returned to normal home made diet. Kinetic changes of plasma and RBC lipids, tocopherol, MDA levels and hemolysis were observed at day-0, -3, -7, -8, -10, -14 and -21 of experimental periods. Plasma and RBC tocopherol contents were significantly increased at day-3 and -7 by tocopherol tocopherol supplement in dietary oil, but there was no significant difference between CO and FO diet with large dose of tocopherol supplement. After stop experimental regimen at day-7, plasma tocopherol content was sustained at high level until day-10 but drastically decreased at day-14 and remained at low level at day-21. However, RBC tocopherol level was not greatly responded to the dietary intake of tocopherol and was varied in the very narrow range. MDa levels of plasma and RBC were not responded in the same way as tocopherol content of plasma. MDa content of RBC was very low compared to that of plasma. RBC hemolysis by incubation in hypotonic solution was negatively correlated to plasma tocopherol level and was not correlated to the level of MDa in either plasma or RBC. There were no significant change in the levels of plasma cholesterol, HDL-chol, triglyceride, phospholipid, and lipoprotein pattern throught experimental periods.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.49 no.3
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• pp.330-337
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• 2011

In this research, the preparation processes for making a series of $\omega$-mercapto alkylamine 1 and $\omega$-mercapto alkanoic acid 2 useful for studying of the self-assembled monolayer(SAM) are described. The preparation methods of the first goal materials, $\omega$-mercapto alkylamines 1 were carried out as follows: First, $\omega$-phthalimide alkanol 3 was synthesized from commercially available potassium phthalimide derivatives and $\omega$-bromoalkanol in DMF at $80{^{\circ}C}$ via substitution reaction. After refluxing $\omega$-phthalimide alkanol 3 with hydrazine hydrate in ethanol followed by treating with c-HCl, $\omega$-aminoalkanol 4 was obtained in 76-98% yield, accompanied with side-product 5. Bromination of hydroxyl moiety of $\omega$-aminoalkanol 4 using aqueous hydrobromic acid furnished $\omega$-bromoamine 6 in 34-97% yields. Substitution reaction 6 with thiourea in 95% ethanol gave $\omega$-aminoalkanthiuronium 7, which was treated with aqueous strong base and aqueous strong sulfuric acid gave desired products, $\omega$-mercapto alkylamines 1 through overall 5 steps. The second target material, $\omega$-mercapto alkanoic acid 2 was prepared via 2 steps. $\omega$-bromo alkanoic acid was reacted with thiourea to give $\omega$-thiourea alkanoic acid 7 in 69-85%, which was treated with aqueous strong base and strong acid to furnish $\omega$-mercapto alkanoic acid 2 in 50-98%. The fabricated long-chain alkylthiol(LCAT) can be used as linkers to immobilize protein, enzyme and various kinds of biomolecules on the surface of metallic materials(Au, Pt, Ti) by SAM, and can be useful chemical tools for the application study on the surface modification of metallic materials.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.265-272
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• 2002

In this study, we examined the effects of dietary fatty acids on the fatty acid composition of phospholipid fractions in regions of the brain and on behavioral development in rats. The Sprague Dawley rats were fed the experimental diets 3~4 wks prior to the conception. Experimental diets consisted of 10% fat(wt/wt) which were from either safflower oil (SO, poor in $\omega$3 fatty acids), mixed oil MO, P/M/S ratio : 1:1.4:1, $\omega$6/$\omega$3 ratio = 6.3), or mixed oil supplemented with vitamin E (+500 mg/kg diet). At 3 and 9 weeks of age, frontal cortex (FC), corpus striatum (CS), hippocampus (H), and cerebellum (CB) were dissected from the whole brain. The fatty acid content was determined in the different phospholipid fractions: phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidyl-serine (PS), and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) in the rat brain regions. In the visual discrimination test, the order of the cumulative errors made in Y-water maze test were SO > MO > ME. This suggested that the balanced diet supplemented with vitamin I had the most beneficial effect on learning ability. The overall characteristics of correlation between fatty acids and behavior development were that the frequency of cumulative errors were negatively correlated significantly with monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs), ie., 18:1 $\omega$9 and 22:1 $\omega$9. Docosa-hexaenoic acid (22:6 $\omega$3) of PS in frontal cortex (FC) was negatively correlated with the number of errors made in the Y-water maze test.22:5 $\omega$6 PS in hippocampus (H), PC and PE in corpus striatum (CS), PC in cerebellum (CB) were positively correlated with cumulative errors. And these errors were negatively correlated with 20:4 $\omega$ 6 of PE in corpus striatum (CS) and PC in cerebellum (CB). Especially, O1eic acid (18:1 u 9) in all phospholipid fractions (PC, PS, PE) of hippocampus was negatively correlated with the number of errors. These findings demonstrate that the MUFAs were might be essential for proper brain development, especially in hippocampus which is generally thought to be the regions of memory and learning.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.307-315
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• 1989

This research was intended to know the influence of ${\omega}3\;and\;{\omega}6$ polyunsaturated fatty acids on rat's brain, kidney, testis tissues and composition of serum lipoprotein. Different kinds of diets containing perilla oil (PO) and red pepper oil (RPO) were administered to the rats: group 1, 10% PO; group 2, 7.5% PO and 2.5% RPO ; group 3, 5% PO and 5% RPO ; group 4, 2.5% PO and 7.5% RPO ; group 5, 10% RPO. The following are the results. 1. No significance of cholesterol concentration in brain was noticed among the groups, but group 5 was the highest and other groups tended to decrease. 2. As for concentration of triglyceride and phospholipid, the groups with more percentage of RPO increased gradually while those with more PO decreased by degrees. 3. No significance of cholesterol level in kidney was found among the groups. About triglyceride level, group 5 was the highest and it was relatively low in groups2, 3 and 4. group 5, however, was the lowest in phospholipid level. 4. As to cholesterol concentration in testis, groups 1 to 4 were low. About triglyceride level, group 1 increased while groups 2 to 4 decreased. 5. Concerning lipoprotein pattern in serum, HDL increased in groups 1 to 3, while LDL decreased gradually with the increase of perilla oil.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.661-671
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• 1993

The change in fatty acid composition in brain tissue of the second generation rats(Sprague-Dawley strain) was studied using four different fat diets(Corn oil=CO, Soybean oil=SO, Perilla oil=PO, Fish oil=FO, 10% by Wt). The experimental diets were started from pregnancy in four different groups, each consisting of 9 rats. The seound generation rats were fed the same diet as their mothers. Animals were anesthetized with ether at 0, 3, 9 & 16 weeks of age. Whole brains were dissected out, brain tissues were, then, homogenized and lipids were extracted from brain tissues. The fatty acid compositions were measured after methylation by gas-liquid chromatography at 0, 3, 9 and 16 weeks of age of offspring. The changes in the relative concentrations of polyunsaturated fatty acids(PUFA) or more specifically docosahexaenoic acid(22 : 6, $\omega$3, DHA), the major $\omega$3 fatty acid component in rat brain at different age were similar to changes in the amount of DNA in brain tissue showing the maximum value during the lactation. The changes in saturated fatty acid(SFA) content showed a contrasting patten to those of PUFA, while monounsaturated fatty acid(MUFA) increased steadily throughout the experimental period. At birth, the relative concentrations of $\omega$3 series fatty acids the relative concentrations of PUFA, MUFA and SFA converged to very similar values respectively regardless of the dietary fatty acid compositions. In brain tissue, it is of value to note that while changes in relative concentrations of linoleic acid (18 : 2, $\omega$6, LA) and arachidonic acid(20 : 4, $\omega$6, AA) showed a precursor-product-like relationship, $\alpha$-linolenic acid(18 : 3, $\omega$3, $\alpha$-LnA) and DHA showed a different pattern. Even when the $\omega$3 fatty acid content in very low in maternal diet(CO), the second generation rat brain tissues appeared to secure DHA content, suggesting an essential role of this fatty acid in the brain. The fact that a large amount of $\alpha$-LnA in the maternal diet did not have a significant effect on the second generation rat brain $\alpha$-LnA content, indicated that DHA seemed essential component for the brain development in our experimental condition. In all groups, the relative content of $\alpha$-LnA in the brain tissues remained relatively constant throughout the experimental period at the very low level. The study of the specific concentrations and essential role(s) of DHA in each parts of brain tissue is needed in more details.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.57-70
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• 1994

The present study was carried out in normal and atherosclerotic New Zealand white(NZW) rabbits, to evaluate the effect of dietary supplementation with Korean pinenut oil, on the total fatty acid composition of red blood cell membranes. Erythrocyte fatty acids of chain lengths ranging fro 12 : 0 to 22 : 6$\omega$3 were identified. In study I, palmitic acid(16 : 0) was found to be the main erythrocyte membranes fatty acid, followed in turn by stearic(18 : 0), oleic(18 : 1), and linoleic acids(18 : 2$\omega$6). There was a large increase in the proportion of 20 : 4$\omega$6 in 10% pinenut oil group on days 40 and 80(compared with control), although the increase was not statistically significant. Most erythrocyte fatty acids were less affected by the types or levels of oils supplemented for periods fo 40 and 80days. In study II,at the end of the dietary treatment, the levels of 12 : 0, 14 : 0, 15 : 0 and 18 : 0 were significantly decreased in the 5% soybean oil/cholesterol group, whereas those of 12 : 0, 14 : 0 and 18 : 0 were significantly decreased, but that of 18 : 2$\omega$6 was significantly increased in the 10% soybean oil/cholesterol group, compared to the cholesterol group. No significant differences in fatty acid composition were seen between the pinenut oil/cholesterol group, whereas the 10% soybean oil/cholesterol group had significantly elevated 18 : 2$\omega$6, compared to the cholesterol group. The proportion of 18 : 4$\omega$6 was significantly raised in the 5% soybean oil/cholesterol and 5% pinenut oil/cholesterol group, and the content of 16 : 1$\omega$7 was significantly lowered in the 5% and 10% soybean/cholesterol groups, compared to the cholesterol group at 10 weeks supplementation. In studies I,II and III, the total proportions of saturated fatty acids were not significantly affected by the types of levels of oils supplemented throughout the study period.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.1897-1907
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• 1991

An analysis is presented for the primary resonance of a clamped-hinged beam, which occurs when the frequency of excitation is near one of the natural frequencies, .omega.$_{n}$. Three mode interactions, .omega.$_{2}$=3.omega.$_{1}$, and .omega.$_{3}$=.omega.$_{1}$+2.omega.$_{2}$, are considered and their influence on the response is studied. The case of two mode interaction, .omega.$_{2}$=3.omega.$_{1}$, is also considered in order to compare it with the case of three mode interactions. The straight beam experiencing mid-plane stretching is governed by a nonlinear partial differential equation. By using Galerkin's method the governing equation is reduced to a system of nonautonomous nonlinear ordinary differential equations. The method of multiple scales is applied to obtain steady-state responses of the system. Results of numerical investions show that there exists no significant difference between both modal interactions.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.289-299
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• 2003

Effects of various combinations of corn oil (CO) and perilla oil (PO) as respective dietary sources of ${\omega}$-6 and ${\omega}$-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on fatty acid profiles of immune organs were studied in young chicks. Seventy-five 1-day-old male (ISA Brown) chicks were assigned to five treatments with three replications. Semi-purified-type diets containing glucose and soybean meal as major ingredients were added with 8% CO, 6% CO+2% PO, 4% CO+4% PO, 2% CO+6% PO and 8% PO and fed for 7 weeks. There were no significant differences in body weight gain, feed intake and relative weights of liver and immune organs (g/100g weight) among dietary groups. Dietary fatty acid patterns were generally reflected in the fatty acid compositions of all immune organs such as spleen, thymus and bursa of Fabricius. The levels of a-linolenic acid(LNA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid in various immune organs increased with increasing levels of perilla oil in the diets, whilet the levels of linoleic acid (LA) and arachidonic acid (AA) decreased. Thymus appeared to have capacity to retain remarkably higher (P<0.05) levels of LA and LNA up to 37 and 22%, respectively, compared to the other organs. Thymic tissue contained ${\omega}$-3 fatty acid and ${\omega}$-6 fatty acid 10~36 times and 3~5 times higher than the other organs, respectively. Spleen tissue was specifically higher (P<0.05) in the levels of AA and EPA and the ratios of AA/LA and EPA/LNA, compared to the other organs, suggesting that the tissue might have high desaturase activity to convert LA or LNA to AA or EPA, respectively. BSA antibody production tended to increase by 18 ~ 32% with higher levels of perilla oil in diet, although the increase was not statistically significant. In conclusion, fatty acid compositions of immune organs very depending on the lipid composition of the diets and each organ appears to respond differently for its fatty acid profile to dietary lipids. Considering AA and EPA are precursors of many important eicosanoids, further studies are required to clarify the responses of the immune organs to the dietary fatty acids.

• Journal of Ocean Engineering and Technology
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• v.13 no.2 s.32
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• pp.108-115
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• 1999

To study measurement of coated steel corrosion in mortar, a transient electro-magnetic(TEM) method was adapted. The sensors were made of enamelled wire with diameter of 0.25mm(transmitter), 0.1mm(receiver) and the secondary electro motive force(EMF) was measured with SIROTEMIII. The sensors configuration was used as in loop configuration. After coated steels were corroded by the salt spray during 3, 7, 15, 25days, they were embedded in mortar which were made from sand : cement : water ratio of 2 : 1 :0.5. To investigate coated steel corrosion in mortar, the sensors were used. ( sensorl - $T_x$ : $4{\Omega}$, $R_x$ : $10{\Omega}$, $3{times}3cm$, sensor2 - $T_x$ : $8{\Omega}$, $R_x$ : $10{\Omega}$, $3{times}3cm$, sensor3 - $T_x$ : $4{\Omega}$, $R_x$ : $10{\Omega}$, $6{times}6cm$, sensor4 - $T_x$ : $8{\Omega}$, $R_x$ : $10{\Omega}$, $6{times}6cm$). The obtained results showed that the secondary EMF was decreased with specimens of 3, 7days corroded coationg steel in mortar and then increased with specccimens of 15, 25days corroded one. And it was confirmed that measurement of coated steel corrosion in mortar by a transient electro-magnetic(TEM) method is possible.