• Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.431-445
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• 2000

In general the prevalence of old people is high and frequently have multiple diseases and symtoms requiring treatment. The nature of illness in the elderly has to be faced, and drugs do have an important part in the treatment of that illness. The purpose of this study were to describe health status and medication, and to provide some basic data for elderly's health education, especially for the right medication. Body mass index, self perceived health status, activities of daily living, disease and experience of past operation were surveyed to recognize the 249 elderly's actual health status. The degree of the elderly's understanding the way of medication, experience of side effects, experience of drug combination and incidence of drug adverse reaction along with drug combination were examined for medication. The aged $women(BMI; 10.7\pm13.3\%)$ overweighed the aged $men(BMI; 4.0\pm10.4\%)$. $69.0\%$ of them recognized their health good. Their activities of daily living were diminished following by the age group(p=0.0068) and relationship with self perceived health status were very significant(p=0.0005). They(192 elderly) suffered from multiple disease such as $osteoarthritis(49.5\%)$, $hypertension(32.0\%)$, gastric $disorder(16.1%)$, $diabetes(14.6\%)$, $osteomalacia(10.9\%)$, cardiovascular $disease(9.9\%)$, senile $cataract(5.7\%)$, skin $rash(5.2\%)$, liver $disease(4.2\%)$, kidney $disease(3.6\%)$, spinal cord $problem(3.6\%)$, respiratory $disease(2.1\%)$ $tuberculosis(1.0\%)\;etc(1.0\%).$ $28.3\%$ of them replied that they had an operation for appendictis senile cataract, peptic ulcer, spinal cord problem, pleurisy, hemorrhoid and the rest. Most of $them(87.4\%)$ knew the way very well how to use drugs, and $21.6\%$ of the replied 171 elderly experienced adverse drug reaction. Drug compliance rate were $high(83.6\%)$. In our study 56.9% of the 167 elderly took several medicine together. And $18.9\%$ of the 95 elderly who did drug combination had an experience of drug interaction. One person kept average 5.5 kinds of drugs at home among 243 elderly. They kept $digestives(79.4\%)$, $ointments(68.7\%)$, $vitamins(59.7\%)$, $analgesics(59.7\%)$, cold $medicines(45.3\%)$ antiarthritic $drugs(33.3\%)$, health $foods(27.7\%)$, antihypertensive $drugs(25.1\%)$, anti peptic ulcer $drugs(24.7\%)$, $laxatives(19.8\%)$, $antacids(16.5\%),\;antibiotics(l6.5\%)$, hypoglycemic $agents(10.3\%)$, cardiac $stimulants(7.0\%)$, $diuretics(4.5\%)$, antiarrhythmic $drugs(4.9\%)$, anti anginal $drugs(4.1\%)$, $hypnotics(3.3\%)$, $etc(38.3\%)$. With this result, we ascertain that polypharmacy in the elderly caused by multiple disease is common, which lead to drug interaction. So our task is to educate elderly how to use drugs in order to maximize their efficiency and to minimize their adverse effects.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.641-649
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• 2001

The aim of present study was to assess the thickness of masticatory mucosa on the hard palate and tuberosity as a potential donor site for mucogingival surgery. Thickness measurement was performed in 30 dental college students who are periodontally healthy, with a recently developed, ultrasonic device(SDM). The mean age of study subjects was 23.7(range 21-29) years old and the subjects were composed of 18 males and 12 females. Eighteen standard measurement points were defined on the hard palate, located on 3 lines which ran at different distances parallel to the gingival margin. Six positions were designated on each of these 3 lines between the level of the canine and the second molar. On the tuberosity, 6 standard measurement points were defined, located on 2 lines running parallel to the gingival margin at different distances. Data were analyzed to determine differences in gender, between different positions, and between lines, by an analysis of variance. The results showed that the mucosa of the tuberosity was significantly thicker than that of the hard palate region. Gender did not influence the thickness of masticatory mucosa, either on the hard palate or the tuberosity. On the hard palate, mucosa thickness increased as the distance from the marginal gingiva increased. The mucosa over the palatal root of the maxillary first molar was significantly thinner than that at all other positions on the hard palate. Measurement error at palate was 0.25mm, at tuberosity 0.51mm. No difference in the thickness of masticatory mucosa on palate and tuberosity was found between men and women. On the hard palate, soft tissue thickness progressively increased in sites further from the gingival margin. Therefore, we may harvest more thicker graft on the tuberosity that has more masticatory mucosa thickness than hard palate, however the width may not be sufficient for using.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.52
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• pp.33-61
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• 2003

This study aims to identify early retirement and the subsequent career ending patterns and explain the phenomena in terms of social security policies and labor market perspectives. Although many older workers retire early, there are very few studies to examine how the retirees end their careers after quitting the long-time jobs. The paper investigates individual work experiences 55 through 61, identifies the career ending patterns, constitutes the micro and macro analytical models to estimate the impacts of labor market and work-related variables. The findings show that many older workers have diverse career ending patterns after long-time career jobs, that is, still working at age-55 job, exiting and reentering, sporadic work, retired permanently from age-55 job, a repeat of labor force entry. Also the estimation results indicate that pension, social security, labor market condition, work structure variables better explain the career ending behaviors than social psychological factors of health, education, attitudes toward retirement and job, ethnicity. Finally, this paper discusses theoretical importances of labor market perspectives and policy implications at the end of thesis.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.43 no.6
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• pp.1035-1041
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• 1996

Klinefelter's syndrome is characterized by small testes, azoospermia, gynecomastia, and elevated levels of plasma gonadotropins in men with two or more X chromosomes. Previous investigators reponed that patients with Klinefelter's syndrome are predisposed to the development of a non-seminomatous germ cell tumor in the mediastinum. It is suggested that this linkage may be due to the hormonal imbalance in Klinefelter's syndrome and consequently, the formation of dysgenetic germ cell and/or abnomal migration of germ cell We report here a case of Klinefelter's syndrome in a 24-years-old man who was presented with anterior mediastinal mass. The clinical and laborarotory fmdings were compatible with Klinefelter's syndrome and he was found to have 47 XXY karyotype. Pathological findings for mediastinal mass revealed mixed germ cell tumor composed of mature cystic teraloma and endodermal sinus rumor. He was treated with cis platin containing chemotherapy and followed up in partial remission.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2002.11a
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• pp.96-97
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• 2002

Bottle gourd, Lagenaria siceraria, is one of the oldest cultivated plants. To bigin with, its fruit was used as a complete liquid bottle or container. It was a very widespread cultivated plant in prehistoric times, for example (there) is a report from Peru as early as between 13,000 B.C and 11,000 B.C. The dug-out finds in Japan proved to be about 95,000 years old according to the /sup 14/C analysis. The bottle grourd was the most important plant before the invention of pottery in many areas of Asia, New Guinea, Polynesia, America, and Africa. I would like to suggest that there should be "The Bottle Gourd Age" prior to the Pottery Age. Bottle gourds are also used for various purposes such as food, masks, pipes, musical instruments, medicine, symbols, artistic products and also as penis-sheaths of men's attire. Their purposes number more than 220 including 70 varienties of containers or bottles. I consider that its utilization should be called a culture, as it were, "The gourd culture." The shape and the size of the fruit of bottle gourd have a larger variety than those of any other plant. As for the size, it is reported that they range from those that are shorter than 3cm to those that are ovoid and longer than 60cm in diameter. With regard to the shape of its fruit, the bottle gourd can be classified into 7 groups and even more than 30 races, considering the difference of the size. The seeds are so variable without two horn-like projections, with smooth surface or longitudinalines, white or brown, with smooth corky margin. Generally, it seems that there is no correlation between seem shape and fruit shape. My study shows that the seeds of gourd. My study shows that the seeds of gourd in Asia are so simple in shape and in color except for the size. But the seeds of those in Africa are various and seem to be beyond the confines. Explaining the great diversity of the seeds of those in Africa therefore, they appear to have no correlation among the types of fruit of the bottle gourd with African origin. It might be supposed that another 4 wild Lagenaria spp. distribute only in Africa. The intraspecies hybrid is confirmed between the bottle gourd, Lagenaria siceraria, and wild L. spehaerica. And Fl hybrid is sterile: it has no fertility. However, even though the shapes of the fruit and the seeds are different, they can cross with each other. Moreover, their hybrids grow up to be extremely vigorous and have normal fertility. Fruit shapes of Fl plants are similar to those of their parents, if they have the same character. Whereas, the fruit shape often became different from each other when the cross occurs between those with different fruit shapes. It is shown that dumbbell shapes, HYOTAN in Japanese, is recessive while its bitterness is dominant. Thus the character of F2 hybrids Is segregative. I'll give further particulars of the heredity of the groud in my lecture.

• Journal of Agricultural Extension & Community Development
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.591-629
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• 2011

The purpose of this research is to examine how the village community centers are being used and find how to improve leisure activities of elders in rural areas by using them. In order to achieve the purpose of this research, we did convenience sampling from elders using 92 village community centers in one of the counties in Gyeong-gi province, and did field survey to 343 persons. The collected data was analyzed by SPSS 18 program, and the results are as follows: The survey on population sociological peculiarity of elders using village community centers shows that most of elders are over 70 years old. As for health conditions, there are more elders who are physically weaker than healthy elders. And the survey shows that most of the elders are suffering from illness such as hypertension, arthritis, neuralgia, and indigestion so such programs related to health are critically required. First, the survey on using village community centers by elders in rural areas shows that they think the village community centers are important for them and use them often. Most of respondents said that they use the village community center so as to meet friends, to enjoy leisure, and to spend time in rural areas where they have difficulty enjoying cultural facilities. Meanwhile, some people dislike to use the village community centers mainly because there is few programs for leisure or each one has a different personality or they don't have enough money to pay for the membership fee. Second, according to the survey on leisure for the elders in village community centers, there are few leisure programs. For men, they spend time by playing Baduk, Janggi, Hwatu and drinking. Meanwhile, women spend time by meeting with friends, listening to radio and TV watching. There are almost nothing to improve leisure activities such as hobby, recreation and health etc. Male elders using centers are suffering from health problems, economic difficulty, and lack of leisure activities, meanwhile, female elders are suffering from loneliness, health problems, and economic difficulty. Third, according to the survey on improving the leisure program of village community center, elders preferred health related programs to improve leisure activities. The most necessary leisure activities in village community center are hobby classrooms, health programs and group travelling. They preferred health related programs for leisure in village community center. Based upon the reality described above, improving the village community centers as leisure facilities is considered to be important for the welfare well of elders in rural areas.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.145-152
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• 2009

Novel influenza A virus, subtype H1N1 of swine-lineage, has been transmitted rapidly to many regions of the world. Rapid detection of the virus is essential to instigate appropriate patient care and public health management and for disease surveillance. The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of novel influenza A (H1N1) virus in Korea using reverse-transcription real time polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR). Novel H1N1 virus was detected in a total of 8,948 nasopharyngeal samples from patients with influenza-like illness throughout Korea from August to September 2009. RNA was extracted from $300{\mu}l$of sample using an RNA extraction kit (Zymo Research, CA, USA). In the present study, Genekam kit (Genekam, Duisburg, Germany) was used to detect novel H1N1 virus. Novel H1N1 virus was found in 1,130 samples from a total of 8,948 samples (12.6%). The highest frequency was found in 10- to 19-year-olds (M: 29.3% vs. F: 16.4%), followed by 20- to 29-year-olds (M: 17.9% vs. F: 15.4%), 40- to 49-year-olds (M: 6.5% vs. F: 8.1%), 50- to 59-year-olds (M: 6.0% vs. F: 5.5%), and 30- to 39-year-olds (M: 4.6% vs. F: 3.8%). The mean positive rate was higher in men than in women (M: 14.7% vs. F: 7.4%). Novel H1N1 virus showed the lowest prevalence in patients over 60 years old. The positive rate increased daily and showed a significant high peak in mid-September 2009. In 19 provinces of Korea, Cheonan (41.1%), Busan (37.3%), Gangneung (33.3%), Jinju (32.1%), Ulsan (24.6%), Deajeon (23.7%) areas showed high frequencies and other provinces were found less than 10% of novel H1N1 virus. Since reverse-transcription real time PCR assay is rapid, accurate, and convenient, it may assist public health laboratories in detecting novel H1N1 virus. Moreover, these data could be useful for the management of patients with influenza-like illness.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2001

Objectives : To gather information about the factors which influence the interest and intention of admission into charging nursing hones for the elderly(CNH), as these homes represent an important method for resolving the problems related to the rapid population aging occurring in Korea. Methods : A face-to-face interview survey was carried out with 320(men 159, women 165) patients over 60 years old who were admitted at 2 university hospitals and 5 general hospitals in the Busan area between December 1998 and March 1999. Data were analyzed through t-test, ANOVA, correlation and multiple regression analysis. Results : The mean age and years of education of the study population was 67.0 and 7.7 years, and the types of chronic degenerative disease included musculoskeletal disorders(20.1%), cerebrovascular disease(17.1%), and diabetes(14.3%). The major forms of household living arrangement prior to admission were elderly alone(22.6%), and elderly couple(33.5%), while about half of them(55.5%) didn't want to live with their children id the future. Almost half were paying medication fees by themselves(46.6%). The level of actual intention of admission$(3.07{\pm}1.39)$ into a CNH was lower than that of interest$(3.22{\pm}1.33)$(p<0.01). Multiple analysis revealed that the intention of admission increased with decreasing number of future supportive persons$(\beta=-0.107)$, lower level of activity in daily life$(\beta=-0.447)$, and longer years of education$(\beta=-0.447)$ with 32.7% of $R^2$. As for the factors which determined the admission into a CNH, the fee and facilities were considered to be most important, and professional nursing and physician's care were the most desired services. In nomenclature, they preferred 'elderly hospital' or 'elderly health center' to CNH. Conclusions : Interest in CNH is increasing recently, but existing studies about patient experiences in CHN are still limited. This study may form a basis for future examinations of the needs and uses for CNH. Active financial support and public information are considered by the authors to be important factors for the induction of welfare services for the elderly, though CNH.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.42 no.5
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• pp.705-712
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• 2013

Epidemiologic research has suggested that frequent eating out may be associated with poor dietary habits, including high-calorie and inadequate nutrient intakes. Limited studies, however, have evaluated dietary behaviors with patterns of eating out in South Korea. The aims of this study were to examine the associations between nutrient intakes, adherence to dietary guidelines, and frequencies of eating out among Korean adults. Data were analyzed from adult (30 to 64 years old) participants of the 2007~2009 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (n=10,223). Nutrient intake levels were assessed by the 24-hour recall method. The dietary score (DS-ADGK) was calculated based on the adherence to dietary guidelines for Koreans. Subjects who frequently consumed meals outside the home tended to be younger, male, urban-dwelling, highly educated, and receiving a higher income. The frequency of eating out was positively associated with the higher intake of most nutrients, except carbohydrates and crude fiber. Regular breakfast habits seem to be associated with the frequency of meals outside the home for women; younger women who frequently eat out tended to have irregular breakfast eating habits, but this association is attenuated with increasing age. The mean DS-ADGK differed by sex, age, and the frequency of eating out; older participants scored higher than the younger ones, women had higher scores than men, and those who frequently eat out had lower scores than their counterparts. In addition, the adherence score for each component of the dietary guidelines was also significantly different by age and sex. The consideration of demographic characteristics related to frequent eating out and other barriers to healthful eating, as well as essential and practical interventions, are needed to promote positive dietary behavioral changes in Korea.

• Journal of Family Resource Management and Policy Review
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.131-148
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• 2006

The purpose of this study is to examine the allocation of time between work and leisure by the rural elderly in Korea. The data used for this study are collected from fm households during the peak ($17^{th}\;to\;30^{th}$ June) and off-peak ($28^{th}$ November to $10^{th}$ December) farming seasons of 2005 using time diary. The sample for this study consists of 120 elderly over 65 years old living in rural area in eight provinces. The major findings are as follows. (1) The time spent of farm work by rural elderly in much longer than average work hours of elderly in general regardless of farming season. The indicates that the elderly farmers are the sustaining forces of agriculture as the urban industrial sector absorbs the younger labor force rural area. (2) There are significant differences in the work time(including form work, housework, and farm work plus house work) by gender, age, education, marital status, living arrangements. (3) The rural elderly spends less time in leisure compared to the elderly in general even during the off-peak season. (4) Especially during the peak season, time allocation between work and leisure by the rural elderly is heavily skewed, resulting in an inadequate amount of time for reproduction of labor. (5) There is only significant age difference in the amount leisure time regardless of farming season. (6) Male elderly farmers work approximately 30 minutes to 1 hour longer on farm than the females do, but the total work time (farm work plus housework) of female elderly is longer than that of the male elderly. There is no significant gender difference in the amount of leisure time during the peak season, whereas the men have more leisure than the women during the off-peak season. To conclude, the gender differences in time allocation among the rural elderly are minimal. However, the rural elderly of both genders suffers from excessive work hours and heavy workload compared to the urban counterpart.