• Journal of ILASS-Korea
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.49-58
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• 2009

Non-edible vegetable oils instead of edible vegetable oils as a substitute for diesel fuel are getting a renewed attention because of global reduction of green house gases and concerns for long-term food and energy security. Out of various non-edible vegetable oils, karanja, mahua, linseed, rubber seed and cotton seed oils are selected in this study. A brief review of recent works related to the application of the above five vegetable oils and its derivatives in CI engines is presented. The production technologies of biodiesel based on non-edible vegetable oils are introduced. Problems in vegetable oil or biodiesel fuelled CI engine are included. In addition, future works related to spray characteristics of non-edible vegetable oil or biodiesel from it are discussed. The biodiesel fuel, irrespective of the feedstock used, results in a decrease in the emission of hydrocardon (HC), carbon monoxide (CO), particulate matter (PM) and sulphur dioxide ($SO_2$). It is also said to be carbon neutral as it contributes no net carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. Only oxides of nitrogen (NOx) are reported to increase which is due to oxygen content in the biodiesel fuel. The systematic assessment of spray char-acteristics of neat vegetable oils and its blends, neat biodiesel and its blends f3r use as diesel engine fuels is required.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.639-644
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• 2014

Domestic vehicle companies have been selling genuine engine oils with higher price than that of the same grade of regular engine oils. In this study, our group investigated the properties of engine oils for 14 kinds of the genuine and equivalent regular engine oil (KS product) species under a fresh as well as used condition recovered after 10,000 km driving. From analytic results, genuine engine oils had similar physical properties to regular engine oils under the fresh condition. But recovered regular engine oils had better properties in lubricity, kinematic viscosity and acid number change than those of recovered genuine engine oils.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.735-740
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• 1996

This study was carried out to determine the composition of glycolipids and phospholipids in Japonica and Indica rice bran oils. The ratio of glycolipids and phospholipids was 4.1 : 6.5% in Japonica rice bran oils and 2.6 : 3.7% in Indica rice bran oils. Polar lipid content was significantly higher in Japonica rice bran oils. The main components of glycolipids were esterified steryl glycoside, monogalactosyl diglyceride steryl glycoside, cerebroside and digalactosyl diglyceride. The content of esterified steryl glycoside was the highest, resulting in 48.8~52.1% of total glycolipids. Phospholipids in rice bran oils consisted of diphosphatidyl glycerol, phosphatidyl ethanolamines, phosphatidyl inositol, phosphatidyl serines, phosphatidyl choline and lysophosphotidyl choline. Major fatty acids of the glycolipids and phospholipids fractions were oleic, linoleic and palmitic acids in Japonica and Indica rice bran oils.

• Annals of dermatology
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.653-661
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• 2018

Background: Citron is well known for an abundance of antioxidative and anti-inflammatory ingredients such as vitamin C, polyphenol compounds, flavonoids, and limonoids. Objective: In this study, we aimed to evaluate the effects of citron essential oils on rosacea mediators in activated keratinocytes in vitro. Methods: Normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEKs) were stimulated with $1{\alpha}$, 25-dihydroxyvitamin $D_3$ ($VD_3$) and interleukin 33 (IL-33) with LL-37 to induce rosacea mediators such as kallikrein 5 (KLK5), cathelicidin, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1). These mediators were analyzed by performing reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (PCR), quantitative real-time PCR, immunocytofluorescence and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay after NHEKs were treated with citron seed and unripe citron essential oils. Results: The messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein levels of KLK5 and LL-37 induced by $VD_3$ were suppressed by citron seed and unripe citron essential oils. Furthermore, the mRNA and protein levels of VEGF and TRPV1 induced by IL-33 with LL-37 were also suppressed by citron essential oils. Conclusion: These results show that citron essential oils have suppressive effects on rosacea mediators in activated epidermal keratinocytes, which indicates that the citron essential oils may be valuable adjuvant therapeutic agents for rosacea.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.166-177
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• 2018

Plant essential oils are defined as fragrant volatile oils extracted from leaves, stems, fruits, flowers, and roots of a plant. Such oils are composed of multiple components and multiple functions. By accumulation of inductive information, various plant essential oils have been studied for using in therapeutic medicine for various diseases. Despite of the apparent advantages of essential oils as a source of therapeutic medicines, plant essential oils have many limitations, including cytotoxic side effects. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate the toxicity and the mechanisms of cytotoxicity of such oils. In this study, we evaluated the cytotoxicity to human-derived cell lines of 10 plant essential oils provided by National Institute of Forest Science (i.e., Larix kaempferi; Abies holophylla; Zanthoxylum ailanthoides; Pinus parviflora; Tsuga sieboldti; Chamaecyparis pisifera; Cryptomeria japonica; Pinus densiflora; Illicium anisatum; Pinus thunbergii). Cytotoxicity evaluations were accomplished by using CCK-assays and PCR-based cytotoxicity-related marker gene analyses with A549 cell line, and the Detroit551 cell line which are lung and skin cell line. The genes were analyzed included caspase-3 has a role in cell apoptosis, and the other cyclinA, cyclinB, cyclinD, and cyclinE regulated cell cycling for the cell proliferation. By examining the five cytotoxicity-related marker genes by performing real-time PCR and examined the cytostatic gene regulation associated with the various essential oils. The results of this study showed that the degree of cytotoxicity and the cytostatic gene regulation which could give precious information for using the plant essential oil for the clinical usages.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.301-311
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• 2020

Object : To investigate which diseases the utilization of various vegetable oils were used and how they were used for treatment, and to change and develop vegetable oil combined prescriptions so that the Korean medical treatment effect in clinical practice can be enhanced. Methods : All words containing oil(油) were searched and selected oils used for simple prescription and oil combined prescription. Aii of animal oils such as butter(酥油), Suis oil(猪油), Anceris oil(鴈油), and Actonis caro oil(猯油) were excludIt is suggested to develop a new formulation by succeeding the utilization methods of various effects of sesame oil and other vegetable oils.ed. All selected oils were classified as sesame oil(麻油)(inclusive, 脂麻油, 胡麻油, 香油, 淸油) or other vegetable oils. Result : 1. In 『Donguibogam』(『東醫寶鑑』), 14 other vegetable oils were used to 23 prescriptions. 2. Sesame oil was used to 187 prescriptions over 41 disease categories as of 20 effects described in the 『Zhenghebencao』(『政和本草』). 3. In 28 prescriptions, sesame oil was also used for hygiene and prevention, emetic, preparating herbs and so on. Conclusion : The 101 prescriptions used for medicinal auxiliary materials are due to the efficacy of treatments of malignant furuncles, sores, scabies, promoting regeneration of tissue and flesh, reliving pain, dispersing abscess and swelling and supplementing fissured skin. In 『Donguibogam』(『東醫寶鑑』), the unique efficacy of each vegetable oil and sesame oil was used in various ways and preparation forms to treat various diseases. It is suggested to develop a new formulation by succeeding the utilization methods of various effects of sesame oil and other vegetable oils.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.532-546
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• 1993

This study was done to investigate the effects of different dietary oils on hepatic mitochondrial lipid compositon, adenine nucleotide translocase(AdNT) and ATPase activities in carcinogen treated rats. Sixty male Sprague-Dawley rats, weighing 50∼60g, were fed three different types of dietary oil, beef tallow(BT), corn oil(CO) and sardine oil(SO) at 15% by weight for 14 weeks. Three weeks after feeding rats were intraperitoneally injected with a single dose of diethylnitrosamine(200mg/Kg BW). After five weeks rate fed 0.02% acetylaminofluorene contating diet for 6 weeks, and after seven weeks 0.05% phenobarbital containing diet for 7 weeks. At 14th week, rats were sacrificed and hepatic mitochondrial lipid composition, AdNT and ATPase activities were determined. Percent liver weight per body weight was significantly by carcinogen treatment. Analysis of mitochondrial lipid composition showed that body cholesterol and phospholipid contents were not affected by dietary oils but significantly increased by carcinogen treatment. Individual phospholipid composition as well as phosphatidyl ethanolamine/phosphatidyl choline ratio were altered by either dietary oils or carcinogen treatment. Fatty acid composition was changed by dietary oils but not much by carcinogen treatment. AdNT activity was affected by dietary oils in only carcinogen treated groups. ATPase activity was affected by dietary oils in only carcinogen nontreated groups. These data indicate that both dietary oils and caricinogen treatment can change mitochondrial lipid composition and thereby change AdNT and ATPase activities. Particularly effects of carcinogen treatment on cholesterol/phopholipid ratio, phospholipid compositon and ATPase activity were different among dietary oil groups. Therefore it is suggested that different dietary oils can somewhat modulate the changes of mitochnodrial lipid composition and membrane bound enzyme activites during hepatocarcinogenesis.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.1-6
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• 1977

Flow properties of heated edible oils, such as soybean, rapeseed, rice bran, corn and perilla oils, were measured with Maron-Belner type capillary viscometer. These oils were heated at $180{\pm}5^{\circ}C$ (general cooking temperature) for $5{\sim}20$ hours except soybean oils ($5{\sim}40$ hours). Fluidities of these heated oils except rice bran oil were decreased according to heating time and decreasing ratio of fluidity was outstanding after 15 hour heating in corn oil and 20 hours heating in soybean and perilla oils. All the oils examined in this experiments except rice bran oil showed non-Newtonian motion after 15 hour hinting at high shear stress and Newtonian motion at less than 10 hour heating. In the soybean oil non-Newtonian flow property was outstanding after 30 hour heating at $180{\pm}5^{\circ}C$. Rice bran oil exhibit characteristic flow property, that is, non heated rice bran oil has lowest fluidity but heated one has highest fluidity compared to other oils examined in this experiment. Change of fluidity with extension of heating time was not detected and non heated rice bran oil showed non-Newtonian motion.

• Journal of Veterinary Science
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.5.1-5.10
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• 2024

Background: External parasites, particularly ticks and fleas, are among the most common problems affecting dogs. Chemical medicines are commonly used to prevent and eliminate such external parasites, but their improper use can cause adverse reactions, and the toxins they contain may remain in the environment. Objectives: The objective of this study was to investigate the in vitro efficacy of Zanthoxylum limonella, citronella, clove, peppermint, and ginger essential oils against dog ticks and fleas and to test the sensitivity of dogs' skin to these essential oils. Methods: The five essential oils were tested for in vitro efficacy against ticks and fleas, and the two most effective essential oils were then tested on the dogs' skin. Results: The results revealed that these five essential oils at 16% concentrations effectively inhibited the spawning of female engorged ticks. In addition, all five essential oils had a strong ability to kill tick larvae at concentrations of 2% upward. Furthermore, 4% concentrations of the five essential oils quickly eliminated fleas, especially clove oil, which killed 100% of fleas within 1 h. A 50%, 90%, and 99% lethal concentration (LC₅₀, LC₉₀, and LC₉₉) for the essential oils on tick larvae in 24 h were found to be low values. LC₅₀, LC₉₀, and LC₉₉ for the essential oils on flea in 1 h was lowest values. Clove oil at 16% concentration was the most satisfactory essential oil for application on dogs' skin, with a low percentage of adverse effects. Conclusions: This study confirmed the effectiveness of essential oils for practical use as tick and flea repellents and eliminators. Essential-oil-based pharmaceutical can replace chemical pesticides and provide benefits for both consumers and the environment.

• KSTLE International Journal
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.120-126
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• 2001

Performance requirements for automatic transmission fluids have been changed reflecting the design changes of automatic transmissions. The major purpose of these design changes is concentrated upon improvements of both fuel economy and drivability. In order to formulate such high performance ATFs as satisfy those requirements, it is necessary to use high quality base oils like VHVI base oils and PAOs. In this study, the effect of base oils characteristics on ATF performance is investigated, mainly regarding differences in frictional characteristics with deterioration. Frictional characteristics are determined using the SAE No. 2 machine and ATFs are deteriorated under various controlled conditions. Moreover low-temperature fluidity, oxidation stability, and seal compatibility are also compared for four different ATFs. From the investigation, it was found that the use of Group III and IV base oils in ATFs gives several benefits with respect to low temperature viscosity, oxidation stability and SAE No.2 friction characteristics.