• Economic and Environmental Geology
• /
• v.47 no.3
• /
• pp.291-302
• /
• 2014

The Chinese government and its agencies were trying in order to solve the unstability of resource supply and demand. Ministry of Land and Resources of China(MLR) carried out a lot of national-level policy and planning for estimating the domestic mineral and energy resources potential and recoverable reserves, as the Chinese land and resources survey plan(1999~2010), the Chinese mineral resource survey and exploration plan(2008~2020), announcement for shale gas industry policies of China, the Chinese shale gas resources evaluation and selection project for its development priority areas(2012), and the plan for Chinese shale gas development(2011~2015). The two large sedimentary basins of Chinese shale gas reserves are Sichuan and Tarim basins with excellent potential, accounting for majority of the estimated national reserves. Recoverable gas-bearing shale of China was surveyed to be widespread. The volume of recoverable shale gas reservoirs in China has been estimated to be around 31 trillion cubic meters(1,115 trillion cubic feet). China is one of only three countries with the US and Canada to produce shale gas in commercial quantities. China is concentrating on technology development to enhance commercial production of shale gas, and on survey and exploration activities to increase its recoverable reserves. The trends related to shale gas development and R&D activities in China to respond to changes in international oil market should be actively monitored based on analysis of Chinese policies and technology.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
• /
• v.15 no.4
• /
• pp.123-130
• /
• 2000

2-Bromopropane, important industrial chemical, specially in electronic industry at Yangsan in Korea has been reported to cause amenorrhea for female and azoospermia, oligozoospermia or reduced sperm motility for male. 2-BP was investigated through 21 days of repeated dose in male Sprague-Dawley rats. The dose levels per body weight were 0 (control), 250,500 and 1,000 mg/kg. 2-BP dissolved in vehicle olive oil was injected into the intraperitoneum 6 times per week for 3 weeks, but 1,000 mg/kg dose group was 2 weeks because of serious illness. Male rats showed significant decreases in body weight and right and left testis showed typical weight losses depending on the 2-BP. The number of white blood cell and red blood cell , percentage of monocytes, and hemoglobin decreased significantly in high dose (P< 0.05). Red cell volume distribution width increased significantly in the high dose (P< 0.05). Histopathological findings of testes showed a decrease of spermatogenic cells, exfoliation of spermatid and spermatocyte, vacuolization of Sertoli cells and hyperplasia of Leydig cells. Protein band density between 113,000 dalton ($\beta$-galactosidase) and 53,900 dalton (ovalbumin) has decreased in 250 mg/kg dose group, but it has gradually increased to the higher density in 1,000 mg/kg dose group than in control group.

• 한국무역상무학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 2006.06a
• /
• pp.45-72
• /
• 2006

The Equator Principles are a set of voluntary environmental and social guidelines for ethical project finance. These principles commit banks and other signatories to not finance projects that fail to meet these guidelines. The principles were conceived in 2002 on an initiative of the International Finance Corporation and launched in 2003. Since then, dozens of major banks have adopted the Principles, and with these banks among them accounting for more than three quarters of all project loan market volume the Principles have become the de facto standard for all banks and investors on how to deal with potential social and environmental effects of projects to be financed. While regarding the Principles an important initiative, NGOs have criticised the Principles for not producing real changes in financing activities and for allowing projects to go through that should have been screened out by the Principles, such as the Sakhalin-II oil and gas project in Russia. In early 2006, a process of revision of the principles was begun. The Equator Principles state that endorsing banks will only provide loans directly to projects under the following circumstances: - The risk of the project is categorized in accordance with internal guidelines based upon the environmental and social screening criteria of the International Finance Corporation (IFC). - For all medium or high risk projects (Category A and B projects), sponsors complete an Environmental Assessment, the preparation of which must meet certain requirements and satisfactorily address key environmental and social issues. - The Environmental Assessment report addresses baseline environmental and social conditions, requirements under host country laws and regulations, applicable international treaties and agreements, sustainable development and use of renewable natural resources, protection of human health, cultural properties, and biodiversity, including endangered species and sensitive ecosystems, use of dangerous substances, major hazards, occupational health and safety, fire prevention and life safety, socio-economic impacts, land acquisition and land use, involuntary resettlement, impacts on indigenous peoples and communities, cumulative impacts of existing projects, the proposed project, and anticipated future projects, participation of affected parties in the design, review and implementation of the project, consideration of feasible environmentally and socially preferable alternatives, efficient production, delivery and use of energy, pollution prevention and waste minimization, pollution controls (liquid effluents and air emissions) and solid and chemical waste management. - Based on the Environmental Assessment, Equator banks then make agreements with their clients on how they mitigate, monitor and manage those risks through an 'Environmental Management Plan'. Compliance with the plan is required in the covenant. If the borrower doesn't comply with the agreed terms, the bank will take corrective action, which if unsuccessful, could ultimately result in the bank canceling the loan and demanding immediate repayment. - For risky projects, the borrower consults with stakeholders (NGO's and project affected groups) and provides them with information on the risks of the project. - If necessary, an expert is consulted. The Principles only apply to projects over 50 million US dollars, which, according to the Equator Principles website, represent 97% of the total market. In early 2006, the financial institutions behind the Principles launched stakeholder consultations and negotiations aimed at revising the principles. The draft revised principles were met with criticism from NGO stakeholders, who in a joint position paper argued that the draft fails by ignoring the most serious critiques of the principles: a lack of consistent and rigorous implementation.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
• /
• v.24 no.4
• /
• pp.439-454
• /
• 2008

The purpose of this study was to extensively identify $PM_{10}$ sources and to estimate their contributions to the study area, based on the analysis of the $PM_{10}$ mass concentration and the associated inorganic elements, ions, and total carbon. The contribution of $PM_{10}$ sources was estimated by applying a receptor method because identifying air emission sources were effective way to control the ambient air quality. $PM_{10}$ particles were collected from May to November 2007 in the Yongin-Suwon bordering area. $PM_{10}$ samples were collected on quartz filters by a $PM_{10}$ high-volume air sampler. The inorganic elements (Al, Mn, V, Cr, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb, Si, Ba, Ti and Ag) were analyzed by an ICP-AES after proper pre-treatments of each sample. The ionic components of these $PM_{10}$ samples ($Cl^_$, $NO_3^-$, $SO_4^{2-}$, $Na^+$, $NH_4^+$, $K^+$, $Ca^{2+}$, and $Mg^{2+}$) were analyzed by an IC. The carbon components (OC1, OC2, OC3, OC4, OP, EC1, EC2 and EC3) were also analyzed by DRI/OGC analyzer. Source apportionment of $PM_{10}$ was performed using a positive matrix factorization (PMF) model. After performing PMF modeling, a total of 8 sources were identified and their contribution were estimated. Contributions from each emission source were as follows: 13.8% from oil combustion and industrial related source, 25.4% from soil source, 22.1% from secondary sulfate, 12.3% from secondary nitrate, 17.7% from auto emission including diesel (12.1%) and gasoline (5.6%), 3.1% from waste incineration and 5.6% from Na-rich source. This study provides information on the major sources affecting air quality in the receptor site, and therefore it will help us maintain and manage the ambient air quality in the Yongin-Suwon bordering area by establishing reliable control strategies for the related sources.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
• /
• v.2 no.2
• /
• pp.113-118
• /
• 1998

The efficacy of conidia of Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin strain CS-1 that showed high mortality in laboratory and net house was examined against diamondback moth larvae in the field. Conidia ($4{\times}10^{7}$ conidia/ml) were applied to larvae on chinese cabbage in a 1.5% emulsifiable oil-emulsion amended with 4% clay at a volume of 0.55 L/3.3 $m^{2}$. There were no significant differences among plants and replicates in the deposition of spray droplets on water-sensitive papers or of conidia on leaves and larvae. Weather conditions were rainy and cool during first few days, and then hot and dry. Persistence of conidia was equally short on both leaves and larvae. Nevertheless, treatment of B. bassiana potentially reduced larval populations. But the field efficacy was lower than the laboratory efficacy. This reduced efficacy was ascribed to unfavorable environmental conditions.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Intelligent Systems
• /
• v.26 no.3
• /
• pp.239-245
• /
• 2016

In the midst of continuing international recession, the rate of maritime traffic and marine leisure markets are consistently growing. The Republic of Korea controls the marine traffic volume through vessel traffic centers and various other management facilities. Nevertheless, the continuous growth and complexity of marine traffic is resulting in repeated occurrences of marine accidents. Recovery is very difficult in cases of human injuries or deaths caused by marine accidents due to its nature, and the scale of marine accidents is also becoming greater with advanced ship building technologies. Passenger ships, oil tankers, and other such vessels used for specific purposes requires a more detailed navigational status surveillance and analysis, and numerous research has been conducted with an objective for monitoring such special purpose vessels. However, the data elements transmitted from the ocean to the shore station are limited to AIS and ARPA. We are implementing IoT ship sensor collection and a syncing system capable of transmitting various ship sensing data to the shore station, and also proposing a Safe Navigation Status Analysis System utilizing the collected data.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
• /
• v.25 no.6
• /
• pp.769-774
• /
• 1993

Defatted rice bran was microparticulated using fluidized bed opposed jet mill and air-classified at different air classifying wheel speed (ACWS) in Turboplex classifier. The median particle size and the standard deviation decreased, and concomitantly the specific surface area increased generally with increasing ACWS. The protein, fat and ash contents of the recovered rice bran increased with ACWS. The contents of minerals; magnesium, zinc, iron and manganese; increased positively with ACWS. The phytic acid content, however, was slightly higher at middle ACWS. The dietary fiber content was highest in the ACWS 15,000 rpm fraction showing 31.47%. Higher ACWS resulted in lighter colored powder. The water holding capacity (WHC) showed the maximum value at ACWS 12,000 rpm and decreased with increasing ACWS, while the oil holding capacity (OHC) increased with ACWS. The rheological property of the microparticulated rice bran/water suspension fitted to the linear model. The yield stress and viscosity of the suspension increased with ACWS. The shape of microparticulated rice bran at ACWS 21,000 rpm was spherical, and the median particle size was $3.7{\mu}m$. When cake was prepared with substitution of microparticulated rice bran at 5%, the cake height and volume increased remarkably.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.15 no.7
• /
• pp.1066-1070
• /
• 2002

10 male piglets at 5-6 weeks old with similar body weight (BW) were randomly assigned into the experimental (EXP) and control (CON) groups. The animals in EXP received intro-muscular injection with daidzein (DA) at the dose of 0.5 mg DA per kg start BW on day 1. The same procedures were repeated once every 3 days for eight times. The animals in CON received the injection only with same volume of control peanut oil. The animals were weighted on day 14 and 28 and the blood samples were obtained at different stages of the treatment for determining IGF-I levels and blood parameters. At the end of the experiment, the thymus and spleen from all the animals were surgically taken out and weighted. The results showed that BW and average daily gain (ADG) were not significantly different between the groups in term of the whole period, but ADG between days 14-28 was higher in EXP than in CON (p<0.05). On days 18, 21 and 25, IGF-I levels in EXP group were 20.53% (p<0.05), 15.92% (p>0.05) and 23.46% (p<0.05), respectively, higher than those in CON. The weights of thymus and spleen, the ratios of their weights to BW and red blood count (RBC) did not significantly differ between the groups at all stages. White blood count (WBC) in EXP steadily increased from day 22, reached its apex on day 24, which was higher than in CON (p<0.05) and its own levels on day 20 and 22 (p<0.01 or p<0.05), and remained higher on the later time (p=0.058). The results of percentage of T-Lymphocytes also demonstrated similar trend to WBC, but TLymphocyte transformation rate (%) appeared no significant change between the groups. In conclusion, Daidzein could stimulate male piglet growth and elevate serum IGF-I levels at certain stages of the treatment. It could also increase WBC and T-Lymphocyte rates, but had no significant impacts on RBC and T-Lymphocyte transformation rate.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.19 no.10
• /
• pp.1437-1449
• /
• 2006

Thirty six pre-weaned Barbari kids at 4 months age were reared on four rations computed using coarse cereal grains and by-products of pulses and oil seeds with Crude Protein (CP) and Total Digestible Nutrients (TDN) of 12 and 55% (Low protein Low energy); 12 and 60% (Low protein High energy); 14 and 55% (High protein Low energy); and 14 and 60% (High protein High energy), respectively. After 180 days on feed, male animals ($4{\times}5=20$) were slaughtered to study the effect of diet on carcass characteristics and meat quality. To asses the effect, if any, of such diet on product quality, meat balls were prepared and evaluated for quality changes when fresh as well as during storage ($-20{\pm}1^{\circ}C$). Feeding a ration with CP12 and TDN 60% (LH) to kids produced animals with highest slaughter weight (20.3 kg) yielding higher carcass weight and dressing percentage, lean (65.6%) and fat (6.6%) contents with low bone and trim losses. Although total variety meat yield was markedly higher in HL, the non-carcass fat deposition was relatively higher in LH carcasses. The water activity ($a_w$) of fresh goat meat ranged from 0.994-0.995 and total cholesterol 72.8-90.5 mg/100 g meat. The pH was high in HL and HH meat resulting in decreased ($p{\leq}0.05$) extract release volume (ERV). Meat balls were prepared using meat obtained from goats fed different rations (treatments) and stored at $-20{\pm}1^{\circ}C$. They were evaluated on day 0 and months 1, 2, 3, 4 for physicochemical, microbiological and organoleptic changes. Overall moisture (%), $a_w$, TBA number and pH value were 67.9, 0.987, 0.17, 6.6 respectively and were not affected by treatments except pH that was significantly ($p{\leq}0.01$) lower on LH. As the storage period advanced moisture, pH, $a_w$ and TBA number increased irrespective of treatments. Feeding various diets had no marked effect on microbial load of meat balls but with increasing storage period Standard Plate Count (SPC) and psychrotrophs declined ($p{\leq}0.01$). Treatment LL and LH produced meat balls with better flavour.

• Journal of Korea Soil Environment Society
• /
• v.1 no.1
• /
• pp.89-102
• /
• 1996

An integrated model is presented to describe underground flow and mass transport, using a multicomponent multiphase approach. The comprehensive governing equation is derived considering mass and force balances of chemical species over four phases(water, oil, air, and soil) in a schematic elementary volume. Compact and systemati notations of relevant variables and equations are introduced to facilitate the inclusion of complex migration and transformation processes, and variable spatial dimensions. The resulting nonlinear system is solved by a multidimensional finite element code. The developed code with dynamic array allocation, is sufficiently flexible to work across a wide spectrum of computers, including an IBM ES 9000/900 vector facility, SP2 cluster machine, Unix workstations and PCs, for one-, two and three-dimensional problems. To reduce the computation time and storage requirements, the system equations are decoupled and solved using a banded global matrix solver, with the vector and parallel processing on the IBM 9000. To avoide the numerical oscillations of the nonlinear problems in the case of convective dominant transport, the techniques of upstream weighting, mass lumping, and elementary-wise parameter evaluation are applied. The instability and convergence criteria of the nonlinear problems are studied for the one-dimensional analogue of FEM and FDM. Modeling capacity is presented in the simulation of three dimensional composite multiphase TCE migration. Comprehesive simulation feature of the code is presented in a companion paper of this issue for the specific groundwater or flow and contamination problems.