• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.42-48
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• 1998

Physicochemical properties of waxy maize starch and oxidized waxy maize starch with sodium hypochlorite $(0{\sim}60\;mg\;CL_2/g\;starch,40^{\circ}C,\;pH\;10,\;3.0\;hr)$ were studied. As sodium hypochlorite concentration was increased, the content of crude lipid and crude protein of the oxidized starch were decreased. And crude protein content and whiteness was considered to show negative regression. However, the crude ash content of the oxidized starch increased significantly with oxidation and bore a positive regression to the chlorine content. There was a progressive increase in the carboxyl content with increasing oxidant level. After pasting in hot water and cooling, viscosity of the oxidized starches were drastically lower than that of native starch . As carboxyl contents of the oxidized starch increased, the solubility and swelling power was increased. When waxy maize starch treated with 0, 1.5, 3.0 and 6.0% sodium hypochlorite, temperature of initial gelatinization of oxidized starch was shown to 65, 65, 60 and $50^{\circ}C$, respectively. The oxidized waxy maize starches also form clearer pastes. Water binding capacity of the oxidized starch decreased as the degree of carboxyl group substitution increased. Waxy maize starch has polygonal and some round granules which range from about 3.7 to $20\;{\mu}m$ in diameter. Surface appearance of the waxy maize starch became rough when oxidized with sodium hypochlorite. When homogenate of the oxidized waxy maize starch solution and corn germ oil was stored under room temperature for 24 hours, the emulsion stability was considered to depend on starch concentration and degree of substitution.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.227-231
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• 2010

Among various make-up products, foundations are widely used to express clear and flawless skin. Foundations can be classified by its formula to 3 types, liquid foundation, powder foundation, and oil dispersion foundation. Powder foundations are easy to carry and use, so it is commonly possessed. In the R&D point of view, the developing method of powder foundations can be classified again to 3 types. Dry-process, baked-process, and the wet slurry-process. The fact that the wet slurry-process goes through either the back injection method or the front injection method is previously known. The front injection process is used as the main method in this study. We observed the quality dependence on the kind of solvent and the powder coating system. In brief, when water was used as the main solvent, the hardness increased than when volatile silicones or hydrocarbons were used. And the sensory results were shown to prefer volatile solvents (silicones or hydrocarbons) over water. Similarly, when the amino acid-coating system was applied, the hardness was shown to increase, when silicone-coating system shown no specific change. By these results, tailor-made powder foundations targeting specific customer grades can be easily produced.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.260-266
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• 2016

We determined the morphologic characteristics (body weight and abdomen inflation degree) of the mother fish of sevenband grouper, Epinephelus septemfasciatus producing the healthy eggs. Experimental fish were chosen from the reared fish in the sea cage for 6 years. The fish were divided into four size groups by body weight: 4.0~5.0, 5.0~6.0, and 6.0~7.0 kg and four stages (I~IV) by the abdomen inflation degree. After hormone treatment, we observed the ovulation amount of induced eggs, rate of buoyant, fertilization, embryonic survival, and hatching. Egg and oil globule diameter was measured. In order to observe gonadal development, we calculated gonadosomatic index (GSI) and conducted its historical analysis. The ovulation occurred from all experimental fishes over 5.0 kg. The rate of buoyant, fertilization, and embryonic survival was the highest in 6.0~7.0 kg. Hatching rate was the highest in 5.0~6.0 kg. Stage I and II did not induce ovulation. GSI was $0.31{\pm}0.10%$ in stage I, $0.74{\pm}0.25%$ in stage II, $4.68{\pm}0.40%$ in stage III and $6.86{\pm}0.12%$ in stage IV. The rate of buoyant, fertilization, embryonic survival and hatching was the highest in stage III.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.807-813
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• 2010

Muscat Bailey A grapes, one of the major grape varieties in Korea, contain 18-20% (w/w) sugars, which is less than the amount required to make red wine. In the present study, fermentation of freeze-concentrated Muscat Bailey A grape juice to $24^{\circ}Brix$ was performed using several industrial wine yeasts, including Saccharomyces cerevisiae $OC_2$, S. cerevisiae Fermivin and S. cerevisiae W-3. During fermentation, changes in the levels of soluble solids, alcohols, and yeast viable counts were monitored. Wine quality parameters including organic acid, minor alcohol, sensory score, etc. were also analyzed. Alcohol contents reached maximal levels after 9 days of fermentation, and were 12.6% (v/v) when Fermivin was used and 13% (v/v) when strains $OC_2$ and W-3 were used. No major difference between strains was apparent, except that Fermivin fermentation was somewhat slower in terms of both alcohol production and sugar consumption. Similar levels of soluble solids and total phenols were measured in wines fermented by each of the three strains. The total acid level of W-3 wine was high, whereas the alcohol content of Fermivin wine was low. Although the wines were variable in terms of acetaldehyde and minor alcohol contents, the levels of these materials were much lower than the limits set by the Korean National Tax Service. Upon sensory evaluation, $OC_2$ wine obtained the highest scores in terms of color, flavor, and overall acceptance. However, the best taste score was awarded to the Fermivin wine, which had the same flavor score as $OC_2$ wine but a slightly lower overall acceptance score.

• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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• v.20 no.2 s.52
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• pp.71-81
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• 2007

The marble-type dolomite from the Jasung Mine, which was farmed by duplicated affects of contact metamorphism and subsequent hydrothermal alteration, corresponds to a high-purity dolomite ranging up to above 98wt.% in dolomite contents. The dolomite contain minor impurities such as quartz, muscovite, and pyrite. It is characteristic that the dolomite is fairy Fe-rich corresponding to 0.4 wt.% due to the presence of pyrite of possible hydrothermal origin. The dolomite is nearly white-colored and constituting with subhedral crystals ranging $0.35{\sim}0.46mm$M in size, forming equigranular texture. Compared to the typical high-Ca limestone from the Pungchon Formation, the powder characteristics of dolomite is rather superior in milling efficiency, yields of fine particles, and size distribution. In addition, except for iron contents, the dolomite powder is no less superior than the limestone in quality and characteristics as fillers with respects to not only whiteness, oil absorption, and specific surface area but also shape characters such as elongation ratio, aspect ratio, and sphericity. This good characteristics of dolomite powder seem to be originated basically from comparatively higher grade and crystallinity of dolomite. Higher iron contents and the presence of sulfides prevents the dolomite from application for uses by thermal treatment, except for metallic manufacture. However, if proper ore separation procedure is available, the dolomite can be sufficiently utilized as substitutes for high-Ca limestone in most fields of filler industries.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.31-39
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• 2009

To recognize the species composition and community of chironomid midge in agroecosystem and evaluate removal capacity of organic matter using the dominant species among them. Chironomid midge and invertebrate cohabitants were quantitatively collected at 78 representative stations of five habitat types (in arable land during 2004$\sim$2006) A, paddy fields of the large scale arable land; B, paddy fields of the environmental friendly arable land; C, influent of domestic waste water; D, influent of waste water by livestock; E, the irrigation ditch of paddy area. The total sixteen species of chironomid midges at arable land were presented. And also chironomid midges were recognized by five habitat types: eleven species in D, eight in A, seven in E, six in B, and two in C. We confirmed dominant species in each habitat types as followings: Chironomus nipponensis in A, C, and D; Cricotopus sylvestris in E; Tanytarsus seosanensis in B. Water quality and community index were high in E, but low in A, B, C, and D. Comparing with non-treatment, removal activities of organic matter in bottom by C. nipponensis were increased 18% in 90 individuals treatment.

• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.219-224
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• 2013

Muscular satellite cell (SC), which is stem cell of postnatal pig, is an important for study of differentiation into adipogenesis, myogenesis, and osteoblastogenesis. In this study, we isolated and examined from pig muscle tissue to determine capacity in proliferate, differentiate, and expression of various genes. Porcine satellite cells (PSC) were isolated from semimembranosus (SM) muscles of 90~100 days old pigs according to standard conditions. The cell proliferation increased in multi-potent cell by Masson's, oil red O, and Alizarin red staining respectively. We performed the expression levels of differentiation related genes using real-time PCR. We found that the differentiation into adipocyte increased expression levels of both fatty acid binding protein 4 (FABP4) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma ($PPAR{\gamma}$) genes (p<0.01). Myocyte increased the expression levels of the myosin heavy chain (MHC), myogenic factor 5 (Myf5), myogenic regulatory factor (MyoD), and Myogenic factor 4 (myogenin) (p<0.01). Osteoblast increased the expression levels of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) (p<0.01). Finally, porcine satellite cells were induced to differentiate towards adipogenic, myogenic, and osteoblastogenic lineages. Our results suggest that muscle satellite cell in porcine may influence cell fate. Understanding the progression of PSC may lead to improved strategies for augmenting meat quality.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Building Construction
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.97-104
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• 2010

This study evaluated the energy efficiency of a windows system using built-in blinds, with regard to their insulation performance and their blocking of solar radiation. The study took advantage of the "Physibel Voltra" program as a physical simulation of heat transfer. To simulate the "Physibel Voltra" program, I practiced a mock-up test to determine heating quality and translation condition. I analyzed the propensity to annual energy consumption, the annual quantity of heat transfer, and the annual cooling and heating cost through a computer simulation for one general household in an apartment building. In the test, it was found that compared to a general windows system, a windows system with built-in blinds reduced the annual heat transfer by 10% in cooling states and by 11% in heating states when the blind was up. When the blind was down, the windows system with built-in blinds reduced the annual heat transfer by 25% in cooling states and 30% in heating states. When a windows system with built-in blinds is compared with a general windows system, the quantity of cooling and heating loads is reduced by 283.3kw in cooling states and 76.3kw in heating states. This leads to a reduction in the required cooling and heating energy of 359.6kw per house. It is thus judged that the use of a windows system with built-in blinds is advantageous in terms of reducing greenhouse gas emissions, because the annual TOE (tons of oil equivalent) per house is reduced by 0.078TOE, while $tCO_2$ is reduced by $0.16tCO_2$. In addition, compared with a general windows system, the cost of cooling and heating loads in the system reduces the annual cooling cost by 100,000won, and the annual heating cost by 50,000won. Ultimately, this means that cooling and heating loads are cut by 150,000won per year.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Groundwater Environment
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.152-157
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• 1999

Oil leaked from underwound storage tanks and leachate from sanitary landfills have been known as contaminant sources of the high-quality groundwater resources. The mobility of contaminants in the aquifer largely depends on the groundwater flow and the determination of associated hydraulic parameters is essential for a proper remediation of contaminated grnundwater. This study aimed at determining an optimum set of hydraulic parameters for an unconfined sandy aquifer of a laboratory scale through comparison of various methods. Results showed that the specific yield obtained from gravity drainage experiment was an average of 0.20 with minor variations in aquifer depths. and the permeabilities obtained from Dupuit approximation and slug test gave similar values of 5.33 cm/min and 5.85 cm/min but the constant head method gave 0.17 cm/min, which is much ion than the other methods. This experimental evidence reveals that the permeability of the unconfined sandy aquifer could be accurately determined by Dupuit assumption or slug tut rather than by constant head method conducted for a disturbed separate soil column.

• Journal of Ocean Engineering and Technology
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.334-340
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• 2016

The combustion chamber of a diesel engine is often exposed to a more serious wear and corrosion environment than other parts of the engine because its temperature increases as a result of using heavy oil of low quality. Therefore, repair and built-up welding methods must be performed on worn or corroded parts of the piston crown, exhaust valve, etc. from an economical point of view. In this study, Inconel 718 filler metal was used in repair welding on the groove of a forged steel specimen for a piston crown, along with built-up welding on the surface of another forged steel specimen. Then, the corrosion characteristics of the weld metal zone for the repair welding and the deposited metal zone for the built-up welding were investigated using electrochemical methods in a 35% H₂SO₄ solution. The deposited metal zone indicated better corrosion resistance than the weld metal zone, showing a nobler corrosion potential, higher impedance, and smaller corrosion current density. It is considered that metal elements with good corrosion resistance were generally included in the filler metal, and these elements were also greatly involved in the deposited meta by built-up welding, whereas the weld metal consisted of metal elements mixed with both the filler metal and base metal elements because of the molten pool produced by the repair welding. Finally, it is considered that the hardness of the weld metal was increased by the repair welding, whereas the built-up welding improved the corrosion resistance of the deposited metal.