• Environmental Engineering Research
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.212-221
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• 2020

This work discusses the palm oil mill processing carried out at Jugra Palm Oil Mill Sdn Bhd, situated at Selangor, Malaysia with the capacity of 45-t fresh fruit bunch (FFB)/h. Typically, oil palm residues and palm oil mill effluent (POME) from FFB are generated while processing. Prior to discharge, POME should be treated to remove pollutants in the effluent. As such, the performances of anaerobic and aerobic ponds were assessed in this study to determine temperature, pH, biological oxygen demand (BOD), sludge volume index (SVI), and dissolved oxygen (DO). From the experiments, mesophilic temperature due to better process stability was applied in anaerobic ponds. The pH results displayed a fluctuating trend between lower control limit and upper control limit, and, the pH value increased from one pond to another. The final discharge BOD and SVI appeared to be lower than 100 mg/L and 10 mL/L indicating low degree of pollution and good settling ability for biomass/solid. DO was close to normal, mostly below 2 mg/L. The experimental outcomes revealed the effective treatability of POME in adherence to the standard regulation, which is the priority for environmental sustainability within this industry domain.

• Carbon letters
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.210-217
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• 2013

The synthesis of carbon nanomaterials (CNMs) by a chemical vapor deposition method using three different plant oils as precursors is presented. Because there are four parameters involved in the synthesis of CNM (i.e., the precursor, reaction temperature of the furnace, catalysts, and the carrier gas), each having three variables, it was decided to use the Taguchi optimization method with the 'the larger the better' concept. The best parameter regarding the yield of carbon varied for each type of precursor oil. It was a temperature of $900^{\circ}C$ + Ni as a catalyst for neem oil; $700^{\circ}C$ + Co for karanja oil and $500^{\circ}C$ + Zn as a catalyst for castor oil. The morphology of the nanocarbon produced was also impacted by different parameters. Neem oil and castor oil produced carbon nanotube (CNT) at $900^{\circ}C$; at lower temperatures, sphere-like structures developed. In contrast, karanja oil produced CNTs at all the assessed temperatures. X-ray diffraction and Raman diffraction analyses confirmed that the nanocarbon (both carbon nano beads and CNTs) produced were graphitic in nature.

• Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.1107-1113
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• 2015

Test temperature is an important factor affecting the measurement results of dielectric response of field power transformers. In order to better apply the polarization and depolarization current (PDC) to the condition monitoring of oil-paper insulation system in power transformers, the influences and elimination method of test temperature on PDC characteristic spectroscopy (PDC-CS) were investigated. Firstly, the experimental winding sample was measured by PDC method at different test temperatures, then the PDC-CS was obtained from the measurement results and its changing rules were discussed, which show that the PDC-CS appears a horizontal mobility with the rise of temperature. Based on the rules, the “time temperature shift technique” was introduced to eliminate the influence of test temperature. It is shown that the PDC-CS at different test temperatures can be converted to the same reference temperature coincident with each other.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.158-163
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• 1988

합성항산화제인 BHA와 천연항산화제인 ${\alpha}-tocopherol$ 과 sesamol을 첨가한 가열유지를 실온방치의 순으로 높았으며, 특히 저온밀폐로 저장한 ${\alpha}-tocopherol$ 처리구의 산가, 과산화물가, carbonyl가는 실온방치로 저장한 BHA 처리구와 거의 동일하였다. 실온차광밀폐, 저온밀폐 $(4^{\circ}C)$로 4주간 동안 두면서 항산력을 측정하였다. 산화억제효과는 저온밀폐, 실온차광밀폐 실온방치점도와 비중의 상승은 저온밀폐, 실온차광밀폐, 실온방치의 순으로 억제되었다. 대부분의 가열처리유지의 linoleic acid와 linolenic acid의 함량은 감소하였고 oleic acid와 palmitic acid의 상대적 함량은 증가하였으나 특히 저온밀폐 ${\alpha}-tocopherol$ 처리구의 linoleic acid의 상대함량은 $53.61{\sim}50.29%$, BHA 처리구는 $53.78{\sim}50.68%$로 대조구의 $52.09{\sim}43.96%$에 비하여 매우 높았다.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.28-32
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• 1993

들깨종자의 압착착유에 미치는 온도와 압력의 영향을 살펴보기 위해 생들깨와 볶은들깨의 기름의 추출율 및 압착케이크의 부피변형율을 각각의 온도, 압력 및 압착시간에서 관찰하였다. 본 실험을 위해 들깨종자의 수분함량은 2.5%로 조절하였고 온도는 30, 40, 50 및 $60^{\circ}C$가 사용되었고 압력은 10, 30, 50 및 70 MPa을 적용하였으며 압착시간은 5, 7, 9 및 11분을 적용하였다. 온도, 압력 그리고 압착시간이 증가할수록 기름의 추출율 및 압착케이크의 부피변형율은 증가를 하였다. 생들깨와 볶은들깨의 최대 추출율은 $60^{\circ}C$, 70 MPa, 11분에서 각각 85.59% 및 85.30%이었다. 추출된 기름의 점도는 지수함수적인 온도의존성을 보여주었으며, 점도가 낮을수록 즉, 온도가 높을수록 기름의 추출율은 증가하였다. 압착요인과 기름의 추출율 및 압착케이크의 부피변형율과의 상관관계 분석에서 압착요인의 효과는 압력, 온도, 온도${\times}$압력 그리고 압착시간 순으로 감소하였다. 온도(T), 압력(P) 그리고 압착시간(D)과 기름의 추출율(Y)과의 관계는 생들깨는 $Y=7.95+36.85P+1.12T^2-0.55TP-5.08P^2(r^2=0.97\;p<0.01)$였으며, 볶은들깨는 $Y=4.50T+39.23P+0.83T^2-1.71P-5.07P^2(r^2=0.99,\;p<0.01)$이었다.

• 한국CDE학회논문집
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.45-53
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• 2012

In this paper, oil spreading simulation model is proposed for analyzing the oil spreading phenomenon rapidly when the ocean is polluted by the oil from a stranded ship. The space occupied by the ocean is converted into the latticed cell, and the each cell contains the information, such as the quantity of the oil, the temperature of the ocean, and the direction of current and wind. Two states, such as "clean" and "polluted" are defined in the each cell, and the oil in the cell spreads to the neighbor cells by the spreading rules. There are three spreading rules. First, the oil in the certain cell only spreads to the neighbor cells that contain larger oil than the certain cell. Second, the oil evaporates in proportion to the temperature of the ocean at the every time step. Third, the oil spreading property is affected by the direction and the speed of the current and the wind. The oil spreading simulation model of the each cell is defined by using the combined discrete event and discrete time simulation model architecture with the information and the spreading rules in the cell. The oil spreading simulation is performed when the oil of 10,000 kL is polluted in the ocean environment of 300 m by 300 m with various current and wind.

• Tribology and Lubricants
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.119-124
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• 2004

Engine bearing system is generally affected by aeration. In this paper, the aeration effects on the engine crankshaft bearing system were studied. To do this, unsteady oil flow analysis on the engine crankshaft oil circuit system was carried out. And aeration effects on the bearing system were simulated to figure out lubrication characteristics of the each bearing such as oil flow rate, minimum oil film thickness, friction loss and increase of oil temperature.

• 한국정밀공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국정밀공학회 2011년도 춘계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.1229-1230
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• 2011

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제21권7호
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• pp.25.1-25.6
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• 2018

The main objective of this study was to provide anesthetic criteria of clove oil for an effective manipulation and transportation of red spotted grouper, Epinephelus akaara. When anesthesia temperature (20, 24, and $28^{\circ}C$) and concentration of clove oil (25, 50, and 75 ppm) were increased, the anesthesia and recovery time decreased and tended to be similar to each other between juvenile and adult. Also, as the temperature and concentration increased, the ratio of exposure time and recovery time between juvenile and adult were decreased. When plasma cortisol concentrations were compared for 48 h after anesthesia with 50 ppm of clove oil, both the juvenile and adult fish grew up to 12 h; however, thereafter decreased and there was no significant difference from control at 48 h.

• 한국생물공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국생물공학회 2003년도 생물공학의 동향(XII)
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• pp.164-168
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• 2003

유채유를 사용하여 바이오디젤 생산을 위한 1단 전이에스테르화 공정에 있어서 반응온도 $60^{\circ}C$, 유지에 대한 메탄올 몰비 1:10 이상, 1.0 % (w/w) 포타슘 하이드록시드의 조건에서 98.5% 이상의 전화율을 얻을 수 있었다.