• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.313-332
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• 1996

This study was conducted to grasp the condition of freshman's knowledge and attitudes on abortion and to offer the basic materials to prevent abortion in family planning and health promotion. The objects were comprised of 290 who volunteered from 3 Junior colleges. The material of this study was by questionaire(chronbach a=.8589, .8959) suited to the purpose of this research which has been made through studying references. All the questionaires were collected immediately without explanation. The data was collected from the 29th of April to the 17th of May in 1996. Analysis of the data was done utilizing SPSS program for percentage, $mean{\pm}$ standard deviation and ANOVA. The results are as follows: 1. General features of the objects of study. Mean age was 20.47, mean of brothers and sisters was 2.93. Those who had no experience in abortion with her mother was 59.0%, and the middle social level was the highest (95.5%). 2. The conditions of attitudes about abortion. 5 points were given to 'very affirming' and, 1 point was given to 'strong denial' the total average was 4.00, and the range was $4.83\sim2.99$. 3. The condition of knowledge about abortion. 5 point were given to 'very affirming' and, 1 point was given to 'strong denial', the total average was 2.75, the range was $3.65\sim2.18$. Also knowledge of abortion was 6.2 points. Knowledge of medical and therapeutic abortion was 9.4 points. Knowledge of the physical complications of abortion was 3.4 points. 4. Correlation between general features and attitude variables. Age groups may have a higher affirmative attitude score in abortion(F=8.097, p<.000). The having 2 sisters group may have a low attitude towards abortion(F=10.34l, p<.000). Experience in abortion with mother group may have a lower affirmative score concerning abortion (t=8.925, p<.000). 5. Correlation between general features and knowledge variables. Age groups may have a higher knowledge score in abortion (F=10.829, p<.000). The having brothers group may have more high knowledge in abortion(F=2.534, p<.050). The $22\sim23$ years group may have higher knowledge in abortion (F=3.075, p<.028). The having more than 2 sisters group have more higher knowledge in abortion(F=5.605, p<.004). The having more the 3 brothers group may have higher knowledge the physical complications in abortion(F=4.022, p<.019). 6. Correlation between regions of the major variables and knowledge, attitude variables. There was no significance in the statistics.

• Journal of the Korean School Mathematics Society
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.535-563
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• 2012

This study was conducted to confirm the necessity of analogical thinking and to empirically verify the effectiveness of analogical reasoning through the visual representation by analyzing the factors of problem solving depending on analogical conditions. Four conditions (a visual representation mapping condition, a conceptual mapping condition, a retrieval hint condition and no hint condition) were set up for the above purpose and 80 twelfth-grade students from C high-School in Cheong-Ju, Chung-Buk participated in the present study as subjects. They solved the same mathematical problem about sequence of complex numbers in their differed process requirements for analogical transfer. The problem solving rates for each condition were analyzed by Chi-square analysis using SPSS 12.0 program. The results of this study indicate that retrieval of base knowledge is restricted when participants do not use analogy intentionally in problem solving and the mapping of the base and target concepts through the visual representation would be closely related to successful analogical transfer. As the results of this study offer, analogical thinking is necessary while solving mathematical problems and it supports empirically the conclusion that recognition of the relational similarity between base and target concepts by the aid of visual representation is closely associated with successful problem solving.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.155-160
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• 2005

The aim of this study is to establish anatomical dimension of the lip in young population in Korean, using specially designed soft ware with photographic image. We measure 13 anatomical dimensions of lips in 2,229 young people. (917 male, 1312 female, Aged from 18-33 years. Average age 19.7). Statistical analysis of these measurements of large population could offer useful information in facial plastic surgery. The mean measurements are as follows 1. Lengths (male/female) Widths of philtrum: $1.11{\pm}0.19cm/1.02{\pm}0.21cm$ Heights of philtrum: $1.6{\pm}0.24cm/1.47{\pm}0.21cm$ Heights of cupid bow: $0.88{\pm}0.16cm/0.83{\pm}0.16cm$ Height of upper vermilion: $0.74{\pm}0.16cm/0.70{\pm}0.15cm$ Height of lower vermilion: $1.08{\pm}0.17cm/1.02{\pm}0.15cm$ Height of upper lip(Rt.): $1.24{\pm}0.2cm/1.23{\pm}0.2cm$ Height of upper lip(Lt.): $1.24{\pm}0.2cm/1.17{\pm}0.19cm$ Half horizontal length of lip: $2.2{\pm}0.26cm/2.11{\pm}0.2cm$ Horizontal length of lip: $4.41{\pm}0.4cm/4.25{\pm}0.36cm$ Height of lower face: $7.1{\pm}0.58cm/6.52{\pm}0.6cm$ 2. Angles Nasolabial angle: $97.77{\pm}11.97^{\circ}/95.5{\pm}11.34^{\circ}$ Mentolabial angle: $133.88{\pm}14.65^{\circ}/129.27{\pm}13.67^{\circ}$ Angle of Cupid's bow: $111.65{\pm}13.99^{\circ}/116.75{\pm}16.2^{\circ}$ Previous reported photogrammetric measurements was difficult to implement to surgical practice. Because these were printed photographies of the same size. Therefore, in this study, we can measure a lot of objects and items more conveniently and correctly by using proportional program on computer after taking a digital photograph. Consequently, proportional measurements with photogrammetry of lip could be useful and corrective substitute for anthropometrical measuring. These data could be useful reference for preoperative consultation, surgical planning and learning anatomical measurement of lips and adjacent structures.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.12 no.6
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• pp.2691-2697
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• 2011

The purpose of the dissertation is to offer basic data available for being conducive to application of a training program by comparatively analyzing the players' physical strength, the knee joint, a hip joint, power of the trunk joint and muscle power in order to study isokinetic strength and muscle power between short distance athletes and Taekwondo players. This study measured peak power, %Body weight peak power, always power, and %Body weight peak power targeting 8 male athletes and 8 male Taekwondo players who warmed up 10 minutes before from the test to reduce repulsion and unfamiliarity at the instrument. The power of the knee joint($60^{\circ}$/sec), muscle power($180^{\circ}$/sec), were measured by using HUNOM(U.S.A). As a result of the physical strength, statistically, short distance athletes were indicated to be better in muscle strength, muscular endurance than Taekwondo players, and there was no significant difference between flexibility, power, and muscular endurance. Although the short distance athletes were indicated to be better in right and left muscle strength of knee joint than Taekwondo player, there was no significant difference and Taekwonde players were indicated to be higher at the right and left muscle power than short distance athletes.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.1220-1228
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• 2012

This study was carried out in order to offer medical service in good quality by enhancing dental hygienists' job satisfaction and to arrange basic data necessary for individual development and health promotion in dental hygienists through grasping the job stress level and job satisfaction of being experienced by dental hygienists, and the correlation. The self-administered questionnaire was surveyed and collected from August 1-12 of 2011 targeting 210 dental hygienists of general hospitals, dental hospitals, and dental clinics nationwide(Seoul, Gyeonggi, Daegu, Pohang).The analysis was made on 205 people. The collected data was analyzed by using SPSS WIN 15.0 program. As a result, out of job stress, the average was indicated to be the highest with 2.71 in 'job demand.' As a result of examining about sphere-based relationship between health perception level and job stress related to building in dental hygienists, the central nervous system manifestation showed statistically significant positive correlation with physical environment(r=.281, p<.001), job demand(r=.281, p<.001), relational conflict(r=.163, p<.05), organizational system(r=.166, p<.05), compensation inappropriateness(r=.267, p<.001), and job stress(r=.311, p<.001). Overall, the building-related health perception level showed statistically significant correlation with physical environment(r=.259, p<.001), job demand(r=.311, p<.001), relational conflict(r=.172, p<.05), organizational system(r=.158, p<.05), compensation inappropriateness(r=.197, p<.01), and job stress(r=.275, p<.001). They need to improve their quality of life and life and mental health by developing proper air conditioning system and using one in their work place. if so, they could contribute to better quality of oral cavity service for everyone.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.14 no.6
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• pp.200-210
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• 2014

Purpose: The purpose of this study was done to investigate the relationship between self esteem, impulsive behavior and mental health among adolescents who were cellular phone addiction and those who were not. Methods: The data were collected using questionnaire from the sample of 239 middle school students. The data were collected from April 8 to 19, 2013. Data were analyzed using frequencies, means, ${\chi}^2$-test, Fisher's exact test, t-test and logistic regression analysis with SPSS 20.0. Results: Firstly, Significant differences were found for grade, sex, period, buying motives, the number of the messages/day, use, phone bill, callers between students who were cellular phone addiction and those who were not. Secondly, Self esteem for the cellular phone addiction were lower than for those in the non-addiction group, and impulsive behavior and mental health were higher. Thirdly, The logistic regression analysis revealed that self esteem, non-planning impulsiveness, mental health total, grade, sex, period, and the number of the messages/day significantly associated with being a cellular phone addiction. Conclusions: The result of this study offer basic data for the development of intervention programs to prevent adolescents cellular phone addiction.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.13 no.11
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• pp.47-58
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• 2015

Purpose - This study aims to seek determinants of department store sales commission rates under consignment contracts based on transaction cost theory, the power-dependence view, and the resource-based view. A consignment contract is a unique contract where the retailer, over a given period, takes possession of goods owned by a supplier, promotes the sales of these goods, and receives a profit share from their sales. Under this contract, the supplier owns the goods until they are sold. In department stores in South Korea, over 70% of overall sales comes through consignment contracts. In other words, this is the most popular contract agreement between large retailers and vendors in South Korea. Consignment contracts yield high profits to department stores with minimal sales uncertainty, stock cost, and marketing investment. Many suppliers believe the consignment contract commission rates are too high. However, department stores disagree. They state that the commissions are not high as they generate new value for the suppliers by accumulating up-to-date merchandise and supporting various marketing programs on their behalf. Recently, consignment contracts have been critically examined and scrutinized by politicians, mass media, and the public of Korea. This study further intends to derive implications reflecting both buyer and seller perspectives as well as offer insights to policy makers in making appropriate decisions. Research design, data, and methodology - To verify the proposed research model and test hypotheses, the authors selected 164 suppliers, which currently have relationships with department stores. This study carefully investigated the reliability, content validity, convergent validity, and discriminant validity of the proposed model. The data were analyzed using SPSS 18.0 and AMOS structural equation modeling program Results - For the transaction cost theory and the power-dependence view, the results indicated that product diversity and demand volatility had a positive impact on the sales dependence on a department store. Dependence in turn had a positive effect on the sales commission under the consignment contract. Based on the resource-based view, the department store's marketing capability, the supplier's perception toward merchandising, and supporting activities could enhance the department store's channel leadership in the buyer-seller relationship. Subsequently, the channel leadership had a positive effect on the sales commission. However, product complexity had no relationship with department store dependence. Conclusions - This is the first empirical research that investigates the determinants of sales commissions under consignment contracts in the domestic retail industry. This study reveals several theoretical and practical implications for both marketing scholars and marketers. In terms of theoretical implication, this study integrated and enlarged certain theoretical background, such as transaction cost theory, the power-dependence view, and the resource-based view, to explain the determinants of sales commissions under consignment contracts that include sales revenue. From a business management viewpoint, this research offers useful insights for policy makers by applying two different perspectives, both the manufacturer and the retailer, in terms of the sales commission issue under a consignment contract.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.316-329
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• 2015

The purpose of this study was to investigate the actual situation of nursing students' exposure to blood and body fluids, and their knowledge, awareness and performance of standard precautions in an attempt to offer basic data for education of nursing students concerning infection control. The participants of this study were 309 juniors and seniors enrolled in the nursing colleges in J province. Of the participants, 71.5% turned out to have experienced exposure to the blood and body fluids of patients. The mean score of the knowledge about standard precautions was $20.59{\pm}2.05$, whereas grade, infection control education were statistically significant. The average awareness of standard precautions scored $4.67{\pm}.36$, and age, no follow-up measures were statistically significant. The mean sore for the performance of standard precautions was $4.25{\pm}.70$, while exposure to blood and body fluids was found to be statistically significant. There was positive correlation between the participants' knowledge, awareness and performance. The awareness(${\beta}=.274$) of standard precautions only stood out significantly among the factors affecting the performance of standard precautions, accounting for 8.6% in the performance variance of standard precautions. The study found it necessary to develop the infection control program in diverse ways by complementing especially the areas which used to show low awareness and performance of standard precautions. It is thus suggested to intensify education for students about infection control prior to starting clinical training.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.258-268
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• 2013

Wood-based products market is new growth engine industry of "Green growth policy". Korean government established a law, sustainable use of wood, for expanding wood and wood-based products market in 2012. This study was conducted to seek sustainable measures for conservation and management of valuable natural resources, offer expanding quality assurance services for wood-based products, and explore measures for expanding wood-based products labeling system. Through discussed domestic and overseas trends and literatures that concern wood-based products labeling system and investigated case studies that were presently operational. For expanding quality assurance services of wood-based products, Korea Forest Service operates a wood-based products labeling system in integrated management through variety awareness and specialist assessment for each product. This process will make enhanced wood-based products labeling system expanded gradually. To evolve into $3^{rd}$ party quality assurance services on maturity age of labeling system, public communication will help improve awareness of producer and consumer. appropriate incentive program will attract voluntary participation from woodbased product industry. Producers consider environmental ethics in their business and consumer should exercise their right to know.

• The Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing Education
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.97-105
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• 1999

Based on literature, status and role of the NP in America was reviewed. The process of developing NP program in America suggests us many things. In America, nurse practitioners have sustained a mutually beneficial status with their patients for over thirty years. Excel fence in academic education and clinical training will enable nurse practitioners to continue to provide quality health care. The magnitude changes in the health care system of the United States, the challange of providing real access of health care continues. Lack of access to adequate primary care was the driving force in the initial 1965 Federal Involvement in developing the NP role. In 1993 President Bill Clinton's health care reform initiative provided policy support for NPs as primary care providers. The Institute of Medicine explicitly recognized NPs as an integral part of the primary care team. In addition, several national reports recognized NPs as affordable, accessible, high-quality care providers. The recent passage of direct Medicare reimbursement for NPs reflected public policy statements coincided with and likely contributed to a growth spurt in the NP workforce. From 1965 to 1977 NP programs offered traditional primary care clinical tracks(adult, family, woman's health, and pediatrics) for relatively small clusters of students in a variety of institutional settings. From 1978 to 1990 these educational programs were incorporated into graduate schools of nursing. By 1990 the majority of NPs received educational preparation in master's-level nursing programs. A new emphases was placed on postmaster's NP programs designed for master's prepared clinical nurse specialists and nurse managers. he the health care system shifted hospital nursing resources toward community-based care, these master's -level nurses sought additional NP preparation. NP educational programs are defined as the educational structure in which one or more NP clinical tracks are offered. NP clinical tracks, in turn, offer curriculum and supervised clinical experiences that match standards in specific practice areas such as family(FNP), adult(AUP), geriatrics(GNP), pediatrics(PNP), women's health (WHNP), neonatal (NNP), and acute care(ACNP). There were indications that NP practice was expanding into new clinical areas as evidenced by new types of tracks, particularly in acute care and psychiatry. The increase in acute care NP students likely reflects the increased demand from hospitals and other acute care settings. In Korea, change of nurse's role into nurse practitioner's role may have many difficulties. The need of health consumer, policy support of government, approval of medical care team are all essential component. Every nursing personnel make effort to planning the new health care delivery system.