• 한국의류학회지
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• 제37권1호
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• pp.113-123
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• 2013

Clothes that retain and emanate body odor feel uncomfortable and unclean; subsequently, the adsorption, desorption and removal amounts of malodorous compounds from fabrics with different polarities were examined. 1-Octen-3-one, octanal and isovaleric acid, which are important malodor compounds from the body, were used as volatile organic compounds (VOC). Samples were prepared with unfinished and ${\beta}$-CD finished cotton, nylon and PET fabrics. The amounts of VOCs retained on the fabrics were measured using headspace GC-MS; in addition, the odor intensity of the samples were evaluated by 10 trained panelists. The amounts adsorbed were estimated by weight gain; however, moisture was found to have a larger effect on the increase in weight than VOCs. The polarity of the VOCs decreased in the order of isovaleric acid, octanal and 1-octen-3-one. Despite the exceptionally large amounts of octanal adsorbed on the nylon sample, the amounts of malodorous compounds adsorbed on fabrics increased with the decreasing VOC molecular weight. The unfinished PET sample adsorbed more VOCs than the unfinished-fabric samples. The odor intensity was mostly weaker in the ${\beta}$-CD finished fabrics than in the unfinished fabrics. The odor intensity of the ${\beta}$-CD finished fabrics was lower than unfinished fabrics. The amount of VOCs that remained on the soiled fabric samples after storing in air for 24 hrs decreased with the increasing VOC vapor pressure. Most VOCs were removed by washing; however, more VOCs were left on the ${\beta}$-CD finished fabrics than unfinished fabrics. The intensity of the odor from the unfinished PET and ${\beta}$-CD finished fabrics was stronger and weaker, respectively, than that of other fabrics, even when the same amounts of VOCs remained.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제66권1호
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• pp.219-231
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• 2024

Feed has a great influence on the composition of swine manure, which is the principal cause of odor. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to simply change the shape of pig feed and control calories to find a suitable feed form for reducing the smell of swine manure. The experiment was conducted on 15 pigs from July to August 2021, and a total of three measurements were done. Three types of feed were evaluated in this study. The analysis items related to odor of swine manure are complex odor, ammonia, sulfur-based odors, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). In the case of complex odor, dilution multiples tended to decrease over time, except for type A feed. The concentration of ammonia in all types of feed decreased over time. Most sulfur-based odorous substances except hydrogen sulfide at the first measurement were not detected. Representatively, Decane, 2,6-Dimethylnonane, and 1-Methyl-3-propylcycolhexane were detected in VOCs generated from swine manure. The major odorous substansces in swine manure have changed from ammonia and sulfur compounds to VOCs. In order to reduce the odor caused by swine manure, it is ad-vantageous to use low-calorie feed consisting of pellet-type.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.262-267
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• 2006

DBPs and T&O(taste-and-odor) compounds in drinking water is one of main source to deteriorate water quality. So, these compounds can cause adverse health effects and result in many consumer complaints aesthetically. This experiments carried out to investigate the effect of boiling water on DBPs and T&O compounds in the tap water. THMs and TCM concentration were reduced by 91.3%, 88.9% after 5 min of boiling, respectively. It is certainly, resulted from volatilization of TCM. TCAA concentration decreased when the water was boiled, too. By contrast, the concentration of DCAA was increased with duration time from boiling-point. The reduction of TCAA from the boiled water can be attributed to chemical transformation like decarboxylation. T&O compounds such as geosmin and 2-MIB was effectively removed by boiling of water, resulting in the removal efficiency of 97.1%, 94.4% after 5 min of boiling, respectively.

• 통합자연과학논문집
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.128-134
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• 2015

This paper focuses on the applicability of a continuous monitoring method on trace sulfur compounds in the ambient air by TD and GC/PFPD. The target compounds for monitoring include H2S(hydrogen sulfide), Methyl mercaptan, Dimethyl Sulfide, and Dimethyl disulfide. The result of QA/QC on monitoring instruments satisfies all the standards of Odor Measurement and Analysis Method, showing that the reproductivity of the compounds by concentration is within 10%, linearity is above 0.98 of a correlation efficient, method detection limit is 0.16 ppb by MM standard, and recovery rate is over 70%. Monitoring was conducted for two years from March 2006 to February 2008. As a result of the monitoring, the average concentration of H2S was 0.08 ppb, with the maximum concentration at 16.15 ppb. The result indicates that it is reasonable to do continuous monitoring as there appears a spontaneous event of high concentration by the condition of the site during monitoring odor-causing substances. Therefore, it is suggested that the continuous monitoring method used in this paper is appropriate to identify the characteristics of sudden occurrence and concentration variations of sulfur compounds.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.227-232
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• 2008

The masking effect of chlorine on algae-related taste and odor(T&O) compounds has long been an important issue for water suppliers. In this study, masking experiments with chlorine were performed on two kinds of treated water and one of raw water. After adding chlorine(0 to 0.8 mg/L) to water samples, odor intensity was evaluated by a newly developed sensory method(2-out-of-5 odor test) for three days along with the measurement of residual chlorine concentration. Even though the relationship between the residual chlorine concentration and odor reported by the sensory analysts was not always coincident, it was proved that residual chlorine more than a certain concentration could completely mask both added geosmin and naturally occurring T&O compounds. For the sand-filtered water spiked with 10 ng/L of geosmin, 0.12-0.18 mg/L of residual chlorine was necessary to achieve complete masking. In the case of GAC-filtered water, 10 ng/L of spiked geosmin was completely masked by 0.15-0.1 mg/L of residual chlorine. Combined ozone and GAC was not enough to treat raw water spiked with 300 ng/L of geosmin. In this experiment, sensory analysts were able to detect earthy or musty odors from the treated water. From a masking experiment with raw water taken from the Daechung Reservoir, it was found that fishy odor was more difficult to mask with chlorine than earthy odor. As the chlorine residual declined, the analysts began to notice the original odor and the fishy odor was noticed earlier than the earthy odor.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제34권7호
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• pp.439-444
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• 2012

실제운영 중인 40여개 양돈시설을 대상으로 사육밀도, 경영방식, 돈사환기방식, 돈분뇨 처리방식 및 악취저감제 적용특성 등의 관리현황을 파악하고 관능평가 및 악취물질 분석을 통하여 양돈시설에서 발생하는 주요 악취유발물질과 악취발생 특성을 파악하고자 하였다. 양돈시설 악취발생원 중 악취농도(복합악취)는 액비화시설(포기 상태)(평균 4,055배) > 분뇨집수조(평균 913배) > 비육사(평균 506배) > 퇴비화시설(평균 201배) 순으로 조사되었다. 비육사의 경우 슬러리 피트 내부의 돈분뇨 적체높이가 높아질수록, 사육밀도가 높을수록 발생하는 악취수준이 높은 것으로 조사되었으나, 사료첨가 유무에 따른 악취는 큰 차이를 보이지 않았다. TMA를 제외한 9종의 악취물질($NH_3$와 $H_2S$, MM, DMS, DMDS, PA, n-BA, n-VA, i-VA)이 돈사와 분뇨저장조 및 퇴비화시설에서 검출되었으며, 악취기여도가 높은 물질은 $H_2S$, MM 등의 황화계열물질과 n-BA, n-VA, i-VA 등의 휘발성 지방산류이었다. 조사 대상 양돈시설의 97.5%가 주거지역과 300 m 이내에 위치하고 있어 악취민원 발생에 취약한 것으로 조사되었다.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.399-403
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• 2002

This study was designed to analyse the odor from Nam river. The characteristic odor in the water occurred from geosmin and phenol, p-cresol and indol were detected from sediment/water samples. The others were detected as alcohols and fat acid compounds. Algae causing odor and taste were identified as Oscillatoria sp. and Synedra acus. 15 species of phytoplankton, a zooplankton, an eelworm and chironomus were identified in water/sediment sample.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제20권8호
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• pp.953-962
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• 2011

The covered stream of cities are considered an odor source. Also, the public do not want a wastewater treatment plant(WWTP) near their properties due to the emission of odor emanating from such sources, although they play an important role in urban development. The purpose of this study is to analyze the pattern distribution of the odorous compounds from the Nambu WWTP and Youngho stream in Busan. odor sampled four times were analyzed by instrumental analysis method and indirect olfactory method. The kinds of offensive odorous compounds examined are acetaldehyde, propion aldehyde, hydrogen sulfide, methyl mercaptan, dimethyl sulfide and ammonia. Also, Concentration of air pollutants has been calculated by ISCST3 models. At the result of this study, The Nambu WWTP releases sulfur compounds. And the major odorous were hydrogen sulfide (1,475 ppb) and acetaldehyde (95 ppb) at Youngho stream. The stink which residents feel will point out the Nambu WWTP mainly if the odor is removed with the improvement of a Youngho stream. Accordingly, we should pay more attention to appropriate components to processes in odor reducing plan at Nambu WWTP.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제50권3호
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• pp.391-400
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• 2008

악취는　이웃주민들로　하여금　민원을　유발시키는　주요　원인이기　때문에　악취관리는　지속가능한 축산과　매우 밀접한 관계가 있다. 본 연구는 메탄발효와 퇴비화 공정이 연계된 가축분뇨 처리시설에서 각 공정별로 기기분석과 직접 관능법을 병행하여 악취 물질의 농도, 악취 강도 및 악취 불쾌도를 측정하고자 수행하였으며, 하계와 동계로 구분하여 처리 공정과 부지경계선에서 각각 암모니아, 황화합물 및 휘발성 저급지방산의 농도를 분석하였다. 높은 외기온에 기인하여 하계의 악취농도가 동계보다 높은 것으로 나타났다. 공정별로는 혼합된 분뇨를 교반하는 퇴비화 공정에서 악취 농도가 가장 높게 검출되었으며, 분뇨 투입조, 퇴비 후숙조, 분뇨 유출조 및 퇴비 선별과 포장 공정의 순으로 악취 농도가 낮았다. 검출된 악취 물질 중 가장 높은 농도는 암모니아로 3.4에서 224.7 ppm의 농도 범위로 분석되었다. 황화합물 중에서는 황화수소가 가장 높은 농도인 2.3 ppm인 것으로 분석되었으며, 대부분의 황화합물 농도가 기존에 보고된 최소감지한계농도를 초과하는 것으로 측정되었다. 또한 아세트산은 휘발성 저급지방산 가운데 51에서 89%로 가장 놓은 비율을 차지하고 있으며, 다음으로는 프로피온산과 부트르산이 각각 1.9에서 35% 및 1.8에서 15%의 비율을 보이는 것으로 나타났다. 처리공정에서 발생되는 주요 악취원인 물질을 예측하고자 각각의 공정에서 측정된 악취물질의 농도를 최소감지한계농도로 나누어 악취농도지수를 계산하였다. 그 결과 퇴비화 공정에서는 황화수소, 암모니아, 황화메틸 및 메틸머캅탄이 악취원인 물질로 밀접한 연관이 있는 것으로 나타났으며, 분뇨 투입조에서는 황화수소, 메틸머캅탄 및 부트르산이 주요 악취물질인 것으로 나타났다.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• 제39권2호
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• pp.76-86
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• 2014

Purpose: The objective of this study was to measure emissions of gases (ammonia ($NH_3$), hydrogen sulfide ($H_2S$) and carbon dioxide ($CO_2$)), volatile organic compounds (VOC) and odor from two shallow pit pig nursery rooms. Gas and odor reduction practices for swine operations based on the literature were also discussed. Methods: This study was conducted for 60 days at a commercial swine nursery facility which consisted of four identical rooms with mechanical ventilations. Two rooms (room 1 (R1) and room 2 (R2)) with different pig numbers and ventilation rates were used in this study. The pig manure from both the R1 and R2 were characterized. Indoor/outdoor temperatures, ventilation rates/duration, $NH_3$, $H_2S$, $CO_2$, and VOC concentrations of the ventilation air were measured periodically (3-5 times/week). Odor concentrations of the ventilations were measured two times on two days. Three different types of gas and odor reduction practices (diet control, chemical method, and biological method) were discussed in this study. Results: The volatile solids to total solids ratio (VS/TS) and crude protein (CP) value of pig manure indicated the pig manure had high potential for gas and odor emissions. The $NH_3$, $H_2S$, $CO_2$ and VOC concentrations were measured in the ranges of 1.0-13.3, 0.1-5.7, 1600-3000 and 0.0-1.83 ppm, respectively. The $NH_3$ concentrations were found significantly higher than $H_2S$ concentrations for both rooms. The odor concentrations were measured in the range of $2853-4432OU_E/m^3$. There was significant difference in odor concentrations between the two rooms which was due to difference in pig numbers and ventilation duration. The literature studies showed that simultaneous use of dietary control and biofiltration practices will be more effective and environmentally friendly for gas and odor reductions from pig barns. Conclusions: The gas and odor concentrations measured in the ventilation air from the pig rooms indicate an acute need for using gas and odor mitigation technologies. Adopting diet control and biofiltration practices simultaneously could be the best option for mitigating gas and odor emissions from pig barns.