• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제15권8호
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• pp.1115-1120
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• 2002

The effects of seed-associated or free linseed oil on fermentation characteristics and long-chain unsaturated fatty acids composition, especially the formation of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and octadecenoic acid (trans-11 $C_{18:1}$, $t-C_{18:1}$) by mixed ruminal bacteria were examined in vitro. Concentrate (1% of culture solution, w/v, as-fed basis) with ground linseed (0.6% of culture solution, w/v, DM basis) or linseed oil as absorbed onto ground alfalfa hay was added to 600 ml mixed solution consisting of strained rumen fluid and artificial saliva at the ratio of 1:1 in a glass culture jar. The culture jar was covered with a glass lid with stirrer, and placed into a water-bath ($39^{\circ}C$) and incubated anaerobically up to 24 h. Seed-associated or free linseed oil did not significantly affect the pH and ammonia concentration in the culture solution. Molar percent of acetate tended to increase while that of propionate decreased with the addition of free oil treatment throughout the incubation. Differences in bacterial number were relatively small, regardless of the form of supplements. Decreasing trends in the compositions of linoleic acid ($C_{18:2}$) and linolenic acid ($C_{18:3}$) but increasing trends of stearic acid ($C_{18:0}$), $t-C_{18:1}$ and CLA compositions were found from culture contents up to 12h incubation when incubated with both ground linseed and linseed oil. The compositions of $C_{18:0}$, $C_{18:2}$ and $C_{18:3}$ were greater but those of oleic acid ($C_{18:1}$), $t-C_{18:1}$ and CLA were smaller in a culture solution containing ground linseed than those containing linseed oil. The ratio of $t-C_{18:1}$ to CLA was lower in the culture solutions containing linseed oil up to 12h incubations as compared to those containing ground linseed.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제100권3호
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• pp.367-373
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• 2011

낙엽송(Larix kaempferi)의 종자에 대한 수요는 증가하고 있으나 채종원에서의 종자생산량은 저조한 실정이다. 종자생산량을 증가시키기 위하여 42년생의 낙엽송 채종목에 환상박피처리를 한 결과 처리목에서 착과량과 착과목 비율이 무처리목에 비해 매우 높게 나타나 환상박피의 처리효과가 명확하였다. 환상박피처리에 의한 낙엽송 채종목의 대사물질 변화를 무처리간 비교분석하기위하여 GC/MS를 이용하여 주관부위의 흉고높이에서 체관부를 포함한 형성층조직 내의 대사물질을 분석하였다. 환상박피 처리목에서 14종의 극성 및 비극성 물질의 함량이 무처리목에 비해 유의적으로 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 환상박피 처리에 의해 인산, sucrose, pimaric acid와 미지 물질 2종의 함량이 무처리목에 비해 상대적으로 증가하였고, malic acid, inositol, 2종의 2당류, 11-trans-Octadecenoic acid 및 4종의 미지 물질 함량은 상대적으로 감소한 것으로 나타났다. 또한 환상박피 처리 목은 무처리목에 비해 유의적으로 높은 전질소 함량을 나타냈다. 이러한 연구결과는 환상박피 처리에 의한 대사물질의 변화에 대한 정보를 제공하고 나아가 낙엽송 종자 생산 증진을 위한 연구에 이용될 수 있을 것이다.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제66권
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• pp.98-104
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• 2023

메티실린 저항성 황색포도상구균(methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, MRSA)을 제어하기 위한 효과적이고 대안적인 전략이 계속해서 요구되고 있다. 이전 연구에서는 7,10-dihydroxy-8(E)-octadecenoic acid로부터 1단계 열처리를 통해 7,10-epoxyoctadeca-7,9-dienoic acid (EODA)이 생성되었음을 제시하였다. 추가적인 연구에서는 EODA가 MRSA를 포함한 광범위한 병원성 박테리아에 대해 높은 활성을 보인다는 것을 확인시켜 MRSA를 제어할 수 있는 새로운 항균제의 개발 가능성을 보여 주었다. 그러나 EODA를 산업적으로 사용하기 위해서는 극복해야 할 중요한 문제점이 있는데 그 중에서도 순수한 활성성분을 얻기 위한 정제에 많은 비용과 시간이 소요된다는 것이다. 이러한 문제를 해결하기 위해 본 연구는 열처리에 위한 EODA 생산 반응 후 얻어진 반응물을 추가적인 정제 과정 없이 조추출물의 상태로 사용할 때 항균 활성에 어떠한 변화가 나타나는 지 확인하는 데 초점을 맞추었다. 얻어진 결과로부터 조추출물의 상태로 사용하여도 EODA 자체가 나타내는 항균 활성에 유의한 변화가 감지되지 않았으며 상업용 항생제와 병용처리 시 나타나는 추가적인 시너지 효과 또한 그대로 유지됨을 확인하였다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제19권5호
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• pp.699-704
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• 2006

Twenty-four cannulated Small-tailed Han${\times}$Poll Dorset wethers (BW $47.5{\pm}2.1kg$) were used to determine the effects of forage to concentrate ratio (40:60 vs. 70:30), monensin supplementation (0, 15 or 30 ppm, DM basis) and interactions of these two factors on cis-9, trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid (cis-9, trans-11 CLA) and trans-11 octadecenoic acid (trans11-$C_{18:1}$) concentrations in ruminal contents and plasma in sheep. The experiment was designed as a $2{\times}3$ factorial. The diet contained Chinese wild rye grass hay (Aneurolepidium Chinese), cracked corn, soybean meal, NaCl, limestone and trace mineral premix. Dietary crude fat and linoleic acid ($C_{18:2n-6}$) were adjusted with soybean oil to about 7.0% and 24.0 mg/g (DM basis), respectively. High forage diets increased (p<0.001) the concentrations of trans11-$C_{18:1}$ and cis-9, trans-11 CLA in ruminal contents and plasma. Monensin supplementation increased (p<0.001) the concentration of trans11-$C_{18:1}$ in ruminal contents, but had no effect on that of cis-9, trans-11 CLA. Concentrations of trans11-$C_{18:1}$ (p<0.019) and cis-9, trans-11 CLA (p<0.022) in plasma increased with dietary monensin levels. Interactions of forage: concentrate ratio and monensin level tended to affect the concentrations of trans11-$C_{18:1}$ (p<0.091) and $C_{18:2n-6}$ (p<0.083) in ruminal contents. Increasing forage levels increased the concentrations of trans11-$C_{18:1}$ and cis-9, trans-11 CLA in the rumen. Supplementing with monensin increased the ruminal production of trans11-$C_{18:1}$ and concentrations of trans11-$C_{18:1}$ and cis-9, trans-11 CLA in plasma.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.150-156
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• 2013

A total of 48 different volatile oils were identified form P. brevitarsis larvae by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Acids (48.67%) were detected as the major group in P. brevitarsis larvae comprising the largest proportion of the volatile compounds, followed by esters (19.84%), hydrocarbons (18.90%), alcohols (8.37%), miscellaneous (1.71%), aldehydes (1.35%) and terpenes (1.16%). The major volatile constituents were 9-hexadecenoic acid (16.75%), 6-octadecenoic acid (14.88%) and n-hexadecanoic acid (11.06%). The composition of fatty acid was also determined by GC analysis and 16 fatty acids were identified. The predominant fatty acids were oleic acid ($C_{18:1}$, 64.24%) followed by palmitic acid ($C_{16:0}$, 15.89%), palmitoleic acid ($C_{16:1}$, 10.43%) and linoleic acid ($C_{18:2}$, 4.69%) constituting more than 95% of total fatty acids. The distinguished characteristic of the fatty acid profile of P. brevitarsis larvae was the high proportion of unsaturated fatty acid (80.54% of total fatty acids) versus saturated fatty acids (19.46% of total fatty acids). Furthermore, small but significant amounts of linoleic, linolenic and ${\gamma}$-linolenic acids bestow P. brevitarsis larvae with considerable nutritional value. The novel findings of the present study provide a scientific basis for the comprehensive utilization of the insect as a nutritionally promising food source and a possibility for more effective utilization.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제24권5호
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• pp.683-689
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• 2014

Since $CO_2$ concentrations in industrial flue gases are usually 10%-20%, one of the prerequisites for efficient $CO_2$ removal by algae is the level of tolerance of microalgal species to exposure to high concentrations of $CO_2$. A newly isolated microalgal strain, Chlorella sp. MRA-1, could retain growth with high concentrations of $CO_2$ up to 15%. The highest lipid productivity for Chlorella sp. MRA-1 was 0.118 g/l/day with a 5% $CO_2$ concentration. Octadecenoic acid and hexadecanoic acid, the main components of biodiesel, accounted for 70% of the total fatty acids. A lipid content of 52% of dry cell weight was achieved with limited amounts of nitrogen. Chlorella sp. MRA-1 seems to be an ideal candidate for biodiesel production when cultured with high concentrations of $CO_2$.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.219-222
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• 1985

한국산 가정용 마아가린을 1983년과 1984년 및 대만산을 각기 11종, 19종과 4종을 시정에서 구입하여 GLC로 분석하였다. 1983년 제품은 trans-octadenoic arid가 $6.2{\sim}35.5%$(평균 18%)이었고 t,t-octadecadienoic acid는 없었다. 트란스-지방산은 linoleic acid함량이 증가할수록 감소하였다. 1984년도의 마아가린은 1983년 제품에 비하여 트란스지방산 함량이 감소하는 대신에 linoleic acid는 증가하였다. P/S ratio는 1984년도의 연질형(軟質型)에서 증가를 나타냈다. 한국산 마아가린은 일본산 마아가린보다 linoleic acid함량이 다소 작게 나타났다.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.181-187
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• 1987

우리나라에서 어획되는 주요 어류 10종에 대해 지방질함량과 총지방질, 중성 및 극성지방질의 지방산 조성을 분석 하였다. 시료어종의 지방질을 구성하는 주된 지방산은 $C_{16:0}(14{\sim}24%)$, $C_{16:1}(4{\sim}13%)$, $C_{18:1}(8{\sim}29%)$, $C_{20:5}(4{\sim}18%)$, $C_{22:6}(6{\sim}33%)$ 등이었다. ${\omega}-3$계 고도불포화지방산은 어종에 따라 총지방산중 $18{\sim}48%$로 큰 차이를 나타냈다. 한편 어체를 기준으로 EPA를 다량 함유하고 있는 어종은 정어리 (1.55%), 전어 (1.11%),임연수어 (0.93%)등이고 DHA의 함유량이 높은 어종은갈치 (1.68%), 임연수어 (1.11%). 정어리 (0.95%)등으로 나타났다. 어유 기준으로는 정어리유(16.0%), 멸치유(15.6%), 명태유, 임연수어유, 전어유 등에서EPA의 함량이 10.0%이상이었으며 DHA의 함량은 꽁치유가 29.2%로 가장 많고 명태유, 멸치유, 고등어유, 가자미유도 l6.0%이상의 높은 함유량을 나타냈다.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제44권5호
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• pp.988-1010
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• 2024

Obesity, as defined by the World Health Organization (WHO), is excessive fat accumulation that can pose health risks and is a disorder of the energy homeostasis system. In typical westernized diets, ω-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) vastly exceed the amount of ω-3 PUFAs, with ω-6/ω-3 ratios ranging from 10:1 to 25:1. ω-6 PUFAs, such as arachidonic acid, have pro-inflammatory effects and increase obesity. On the other hand, ω-3 PUFAs, including eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid, have anti-inflammatory and anti-obesity effects. Linoleic acid (LA) and alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) are synthesized in almost all higher plants, algae, and some fungi. However, in humans and animals, they are essential fatty acids and must be consumed through diet or supplementation. Therefore, balancing LA/ALA ratios is essential for obesity prevention and human health. Monogastric animals such as pigs and chickens can produce meat and eggs fortified with ω-3 PUFAs by controlling dietary fatty acid (FA). Additionally, ruminant animals such as feeder cattle and lactating dairy cows can opt for feed supplementation with ω-3 PUFAs sources and rumen-protected microencapsulated FAs or pasture finishing. This method can produce ω-3 PUFAs and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) fortified meat, milk, and cheese. A high ω-6/ω-3 ratio is associated with proinflammation and obesity, whereas a balanced ratio reduces inflammation and obesity. Additionally, probiotics containing lactic acid bacteria are necessary, which reduces inflammation and obesity by converting ω-6 PUFAs into functional metabolites such as 10-hydroxy-cis-12-octadecenoic acid and CLA.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.89-95
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• 2011

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to investigate the composition of Rehmannia glutinosa's essential oils with Rehmanniae Radix herbal acupuncture Methods : I obtained the essential oils of Rehmannia Radix by hydrodistillation extraction method and supercritical fluid extraction(SFE) method, and then I analyzed those by GC/MS(gas chromatography/mass spectrum). Results : 1. With GC(gas chromatography) and GC/MS(gas chromatography/mass spectrum) analysis. I identified 9 compounds in the Rehmanniae Radix's essential oil obtained through the SFE method. The main compounds were as follows : Hexachloroethane(2.24%), N-Butyl-benzenesulfonamide(2.05%), hexadecanoic acid(1.93%), hexadecanoic acid, ethyl ester(3.49%), 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid(z,z)(2.70%), (9E)-9-Octadecenoic acid(6.14%), ethyl linoleate(4.43%), ethyl oleate(5.80%). 2. I failed to get Rehmanniae Radix's essential oil obtained through the hydrodistillation method. 3. With GC(gas chromatography) and GC/MS(gas chromatography/mass spectrum) analysis. I identified 4 compounds in the Rehmanniae Radix's essential oil obtained through the hydrodistillation method. The main compounds were as follows : Ethylbis(trimethylsilyl)amine(1.04%), 2-(Trimethylsiloxy)benzoic methyl ester(2.65%), Hexadecanoic acid trimethylsilyl ester(12.61%), octadecanoic acid, trimethylsilyl ester(6.28%). Conclusions : The substances by hydrodistillation method may not perfectly match with the substances by supercritical fluid extraction(SFE) method in essential oils extracted form Rehmanniae Radix. But, the main substances was assumed Hexadecanoic acid and octadecanoic acid.