• 한국응급구조학회지
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.19-33
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• 2009

Purpose : To check the legal relation between rescue team and patient as well as legal responsibility for patient's damage intentionally or erroneously caused by rescue member, a public official, in the performance of relevant job ; to prevent legal dispute over rescue team and to present program for fair settlement of dispute and equitable and feasible burden of damage. Method : First, the legal principle of Civil Law, Criminal Law and Administrative Law related to the theme of this research will be investigated around research by literature. Second, the case of dispute related to rescue team will be introduced. Result: 1. If 119 rescue members as a public official intentionally or erroneously cause damage to patient in the performance of job, they shall bear civil, criminal and administrative responsibility. They shall bear civil responsibility for indemnity for damage due to default or tort. The typical criminal responsibility includes accidental homicide arising out of duty, preparing falsified official document, dereliction of duty, etc. In the administrative side, the state is responsible for indemnity for peculiar status of the rescue member, public official. 2. Though raising civil petition or legal dispute over unsatisfactory rescue service may be reasonable to guarantee the right of nation, such action may cause stress to rescue member as well as may lead to mental shrinking and defensive attitude only to take the basic first aid treatment which has low possibility of mistake instead of active first aid treatment so as to avoid legal responsibility. 3. The program that may prevent legal dispute over 119 rescue team includes expansion of manpower specialized in first aid treatment, enhancement of education on legal environment, development and application of standard job guideline, formation of mutual trust with patient, detailed explanation, preparing and keeping minute record, improvement of the rescue members' ability of first aid treatment and development of medical instruction mode. Conclusion : The best policy is to prevent legal dispute. If it is impossible to basically exclude the possibility of dispute, however, we need to make effort to minimize the occurrence, settle fairly and divide damage equitably and feasibly. To improve the preventible death rate of our first aid system to the level of advanced country, 119 rescue team which is in charge of the stage before hospital needs to positively enforce special first aid by improving the qualitative level of rescue service and to strive to prevent legal dispute that may occur in the process.

• 한국응용곤충학회지
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• 제52권4호
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• pp.403-408
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• 2013

수출용 심비디움에 발생하는 해충의 종류와 해충관리 현황을 알아보고자 국내 주요 재배단지 10개 지역 45농가를 대상으로 조사를 실시하였다. 농가에서 채집된 해충의 종류는 응애류(20농가), 깍지벌레류(6농가), 민달팽이류(6농가), 총채벌레류(8농가), 진딧물류(5농가) 노린재류(1농가) 등이었다. 채집한 해충은 현미경을 이용하여 동정한 결과 점박이응애(Tetranychus urticae Koch), 대만총채벌레(Frankliniella intonsa Trybom), 난초핀깍지벌레(Pinnaspis aspidistrae Signoret), 민달팽이(Incilaria confusa Cockarel), 썩덩나무노린재(Halyomorpha brevis Walker), 복숭아혹진딧물(Myzus persicae Sulzer), 목화진딧물(Aphis gossypii Glover), 무화과깍지벌레(Coccus hesperidum Linnaeus)와 소형달팽이류 1종으로 나타났다. 총채벌레 산란피해로 의심되는 증상의 정확한 동정을 위해 rDNA의 ITS2 부위를 PCR-RFLP 한 결과 아까시총채벌레(Thrips flavus Schrank)와 파총채벌레(Thrips tabaci Lindeman)로 확인되었다. 따라서, 수출 심비디움을 재배하는 농가에서는 이러한 해충들에 대한 종합적인 방제대책을 수립하여 실천하는 것이 필요할 것으로 생각된다.

• 한국응용곤충학회지
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• 제52권4호
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• pp.437-448
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• 2013

농작물의 2차 해충이었던 노린재류가 최근 두류, 과수 및 유료작물의 가장 중요한 해충으로 등장하였다. 이들 중 가장 피해를 많이 주는 것은 톱다리개미허리노린재로 한국, 일본, 중국, 대만과 태국 등의 동남아시아 국가에 분포하고 있다. 기주식물로는 콩과 작물인 콩, 자운영, 헤어리베치, 붉은토끼풀 등과 단감, 유자와 같은 과수작물, 보리, 조, 기장, 수수와 같은 곡류작물이며, 이중 콩이 가장 적합한 먹이원이며 피해가 가장 크다. 콩의 착협기에 일어나는 노린재에 의한 섭식 피해가 수확량에 직접적인 영향을 주게 된다. 현재 노린재의 방제약제로는 다이아지논, 에토펜프록스수화제 등 17종이 등록되어 있으며 2-3회의 주기적인 방제를 실시하고 있다. 집합페로몬을 이용한 통발형 유인트랩은 주로 노린재 발생 모니터링에 이용되며 일부 방제를 위해 사용되고 있다. 집합페로몬은 동종의 암수 성충과 약충 모두를 유인하며, 성적인 기능보다는 먹이원 혹은 기주식물의 위치를 알려주는 기능을 한다. 또한 톱다리개미허리노린재의 집합페로몬은 천적 알기생벌인 노린재검정알벌과 노린재깡충좀벌에 의해 카이로몬으로 이용되기도 한다. 이를 이용한 불할성화된 노린재 알을 집합페로몬트랩에 같이 설치하여 노린재 유인뿐만 아니라 이들 기생벌의 기생률을 높이는 새로운 연구가 수행되었다. 또한, 노린재에 대한 저항성 작물을 이용할 수도 있는데, 협의 색과 길이가 저항성에 관여하는 형질로 보고되었다. 이외 작물의 정식시기의 변경 등을 통한 콩의 개화시기의 조절과 같은 경종적 방제도 응용될 수 있다. 효과적인 톱다리개미허리노린재의 관리를 위해서는 천적 등의 자연적 밀도감소 요인을 제공할 수 있는 작부체계를 개발함과 동시에 기존에 개발된 방제기술들을 종합적으로 투입하여야 할 것이다.

• 한국응용곤충학회지
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• 제42권3호
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• pp.269-277
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• 2003

최근 들어 벼, 田作物, 과수 등에서 노린재류에 의한 피해가 증가하고 있는 상황에서 지금까지 우리 나라에서 이루어진 연구내용을 조사$.$정리할 필요가 있어서, 우리 나라에서 출판되는 각종 학술지에 게재되어 있는 벼를 제외한 작물, 과수, 잡초를 가해하는 노린재류에 관한 논문을 수집하여 분야별(\circled1 분류 및 형태, \circled2 발육과 성장, \circled3 곤충상, \circled4 피해수준, \circled5 발생소장, \circled6 방제, \circled7식물병 매개)로 정리하였다. \circled1에서는 한국산 노린재류의 종류와 명아주노린재과에 속하는 Piesma spp.의 난과 약충의 형태, 억새노린재의 외부생식기의 형태, 홍줄노린재와 주둥이노린재의수정방의 형태에 관한 연구를 간략히 정리하였다. \circled2에서는 명아주노린재, 장수허리노런재, 큰허리노린재의 온도별 발육과 성장분석에 대한 보고를 요약하였다. \circled3에서는 콩, 단감, 유자, 감귤, 포도, 국화, 백하수오 등의 작물과 참쑥, 망초 등의 잡초에 발생하는 노린재류에 관한 문헌을 정리하고, 계룡산과 경기도 수원시 여기산 지역의 노린재류 상에 관한 조사보고를 소개하였다. \circled4에서는 콩, 단감, 유자, 포도 등에서 노린재류에 의한 피해정도를 정리하였고, \circled5는 단감원에 발생하는 노린재류, 국화의 주요 해충인 애긴노린재,한약재인 백하수오에 발생하는 십자무의긴노린재, 콩 포장에 발생하는 수종의 노린재류의 발생소장에 관한 문헌을 정리하였다. \circled6에서는 단감원, 포도원 및 콩밭에서 실시한 약제방제 효과에 관한 문헌을 조사하였으며, 몇 가지 살충제의 실내 생물검정에 대한 논문도 정리하였다. \circled7마지막으로 오동나무빗자루병의 병원체인 micoplasma-like organism이 썩덩나무노린재와 담배장님노린재에 의해서 일일초로 전파된다는 논문을 소개하였다.

• 대한한방내과학회지
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.193-201
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• 2000

Objective : In western medicine, many medication therapies and non-medication therapies have been treated for dementia. But these methods did no more than symptomatic therapies, not basic treatment, which just can better subordinate symptoms. In fact, care or control became the very point of treatment of dementia. So, to try to find oriental medical treatments for Dementia, a clinical analysis was carried out for 84 patients who were diagnosed as Dementia through MMSE-K and treated in Dong-shin Oriental Medicine Kwangju Hospital and Karitaas Sanatorium from 10. Jan. 1998 to 20. May. 2000. Methods : Regardless of patterns of Dementia, the basic treatment(本治) is to supplement encephalon deficiency(腦髓不足). And the external treatment(標治) must be accompanied by through diagnosis according to symptoms(辨證). All patients were given Yukmi-jihwanghwan gami and acupuncture treatment. Results : Dementia of cerebral vascular type shows a high distribution(51 patients, 60.7%). Women also are distributed more widely(62명, 73.8%). In Age distribition, 70-79 years-32 patients(38.1%), over 80 years-21 patients(25%), 60-69 years-17 patients(20.2%), 50-59 years-13 patients(15.5%) and under 49 years-1 patient(1.2%). From this, Dementia occurs well over 60 years and the rate of occurrence of Dementia is high as people grow older. In past history of people with Dementia, hypertension is associated much(50 patients, 64.1%). Distribution of mental state by MMSE-K examination declined in orientaion, mathmatical faculty, memory faculty and composition faculty. In therapeutic effect by treatment duration, 14 patients(93.3%) out of 15 in sanatorium show a significant effect. And 52 patients(75.4%) out of 69 in the hospital show the same result. Especially, 11 patients with Alzheimer type in sanatorium showed an good effect when treated over 4 months. 40 patients(83.3%) with cerebral vascular type out of 48 in the hospital showed the stage of betterment. Conclusions : The basic treatment(本治) for Dementia is to supplement encephalon deficiency(腦髓不足). For promoting encephalon through supplementing kindney(補腎健腦), All patients were given Yukmi-jihwanghwan gami. And the external treatment(標治) through diagnosis according to symptoms(辨證) were be accompanied by. The result is quite effective. We consider there must be more research based on this study.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제33권5호
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• pp.467-477
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• 2017

A nationwide survey was performed to investigate the current incidence of viral diseases in Korean sweet potatoes for germplasm and growing fields from 2011 to 2014. A total of 83.8% of the germplasm in Korea was infected with viruses in 2011. Commercial cultivars that were used to supply growing fields were infected at a rate of 62.1% in 2012. Among surveyed viruses, the incidence of five Potyvirus species that infect sweet potato decreased between 2012 and 2013, and then increased again in 2014. Representatively, the incidence of Sweet potato feathery mottle virus (SPFMV) was 87.0% in 2012, 20.7% in 2013 and then increased to 35.3% in 2014. Unlike RNA viruses, DNA viruses were shown to decrease continuously. The incidence of Sweet potato leaf curl virus (SPLCV) was 5.5% in 2003, 59.5% in 2011, and 47.4% in 2012. It then decreased continuously year by year to 33.2% in 2013, and then 25.6% in 2014. While the infection rate of each virus species showed a tendency to decline, the virus infection status was more variable in 2013 and 2014. Nevertheless, the high rate of single infections and mixed infection combinations were more variable than the survey results from 2012. As shown in the results from 2013, the most prevalent virus infection was a single infection at 27.6%, with the highest rate of infection belonging to sweet potato symptomless virus-1 (SPSMV-1) (12.9%). Compared to 2013, infection combinations were more varied in 2014, with a total of 122 kinds of mixed infection.

• Strategy21
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• 통권39호
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• pp.82-113
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• 2016

This paper analyzes the contents and the effects of the UNSC 2270, and its implications to South Korea's defense strategy and navy. The UN Security Council passed strong sanctions against North Korea which punish North Korea's 4^th nuclear test. The sanctions compared to the previous ones require international society to take practical actions such as comprehensive trade bans as well as diplomatic isolation which will put significant pains on North Korea. Especially, these measures would greatly hamper economic development policy of Kim Joung-un regime. Because Kim Jung-un regime has inherent legitimacy problems which stems from the third family succession of the power, economic difficulties may play an important cause on the regime instability in the long term. In fact, the United States sees this possibility as an option to coerce North Korea in which North Korea choose denuclearization for its regime survival. Nevertheless, the prospects of the UN sanctions are not so optimistic. Considering North Korea's willingness for nuclear development and its level of nuclear technology, North Korea will try to play a gambit with the US and South Korea by exploiting its strategic advantages. North Korea's response will have three following strategies. First, it would actively pursue political and economic survival strategy by using China's support for the regime, strengthening its power grip in the name of countering US hostile policy, and enhancing peace propaganda. Second, North Korea will accelerate efforts to position its status as a nuclear de facto state. For this purpose, it could create nuclear crisis on the peninsula. Third, it would exploit local provocations as an exit strategy to get over the current situation. In order to counter North Korea's actions and punish North Korea's behavior strongly, South Korea needs following strategies and efforts. It should first make all the efforts to implement the UN sanctions. Strong and practical nuclear deterrence strategy and capability with the U.S. should be developed. Effective strategy and capabilities for the prevention and deterrence of North Korea's provocation should be prepared. For this purpose, North Korea's provocation strategy should be thoroughly reviewed. Active international cooperation is needed to punish and coerce North Korea's behavior. Finally, South Korea should prepare for the possible occurrence of North Korea's contingency and make use of the situation as an opportunity to achieve unification. All these strategies and efforts demand the more active roles and missions of South Korea's navy and thus, nullify North Korea's intention militarily.

• 복식
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• 제18권
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• pp.225-245
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• 1992

The button is a part of costume. But it has the symbolism of costume in itself and reflects the sociocultural phenomena. The purpose of this study is to clarify symbolism of button of eighteenth and nineteenth century which had been most popular. This study is based on the library research. Through this paper, I reached conclusions as follows. The symbolism of button is found in various ways. First, Aesthetics is found in material, color, design and type etc. of button. Especially Indian silver button of abstract type shows well distinctive aesthetics of Indians. Second, The material and the number of button vary with one's status and show off one's privilege. I England, there was the rule, in which the symbol of the King was a silver button with a figure of lion. The livery button represents his family to the nble and shows the meaning of obedience to the servant. Third, The button on uniform varies with ranks. This is prominent in a uniform of a soldier or a policeman. Fourth Material and craft of button show one's economic position. The button gives a Very good picture of what one's life was then. Precious button with gold, silver, and other jewels is an index to one's property. Fifth, The button of political event is used for election, which shows the face and the name of runner. Besides that, there were buttons designed for the flag or the slogan for political event. Sixth, The button of social event reflects a social phase of life in war or revolution, for example, it satirizes the burning of the Bastille in the French Revolution, or the taxpayer bearing the burden. Seventh, the buttons that symbolize a historic event are made to commemorante an epochal and critical occurrence or an important person's birth, death, visit to some place, etc., Eighth, there were well-known persons, for example, a president, a king, a queen, a singer, or an artist in the buton of personality. Nineth, The button of one's company shows one's community in figures or pictures, that is, this button is used as a symbol one's community. Tenth, The button varies with the development of science and technology. It gives a very good picture of what it was and what the technological level was. Eleventh, The buttons that symmbolize on occupation most impressively are uniform buttons. Symbolic marks related with a particular occupation are carved on the buttons of compary employees' uniforms. Twelfth, Various natural phenomena are designed to appear on buttons, Some express themselves simply as they are, and others appear as a symbolic form such as environmental relationship between men and nature, four seasons, a constellation and all other natural things occurring during a year. Finally, The button of rebus is a motto expressed by a combination with objects figures, letters, words, or phrases.

• 한국농공학회논문집
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• 제62권2호
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• pp.97-109
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• 2020

Drought is one of the most influential disasters in sustainable agriculture and food security of nations. In order to preemptively respond to agricultural droughts, vulnerability assessments were conducted to predict the possibility of drought in the region, the degree of direct or indirect damage, and the ability to cope with the damage. Information on agricultural drought vulnerability status of different regions is extremely useful for implementation of long term drought management measures. The purpose of this study is to develop and implement a quantitative approach for measuring agricultural drought vulnerability at sub-district level based on agricultural water and reservoirs. To assess the vulnerability in a quantitative manner and also to deal with different physical and socioeconomic data on the occurrence of agricultural drought, we selected the appropriate factors for the assessment of agricultural drought vulnerability through preceding studies, and analyzed the meteorological and agricultural reservoir data from 2015 to 2018. Each item was weighted using AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process) analysis and evaluated through the agricultural drought vulnerability estimation. The entire national vulnerability assessments showed that Ganghwa, Naju, and Damyang were the most vulnerable to agricultural droughts. As a result of analyzing spatial expression, Gyeongsang-do is relatively more vulnerable to drought than Gangwon-do and Gyeonggi-do. The results revealed that the methodology and evaluation items achieved good performance in drought response. In addition, vulnerability assessments based on agricultural reservoir are expected to contribute supporting effective drought decisions in the field of agricultural water management.

• 농약과학회지
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.38-43
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• 2000

포도 병해충 방제기술 확립을 위한 연구의 기초단계로서 포도 재배 농가를 대상으로 병해충 방제실태 및 피해에 대한 설문조사를 실시한 결과, 방제가 가장 어려운 해충은 포도호랑하늘소와 포도유리나방이었으나, 병은 탄저병, 노균병, 흰가루병, 새눈무늬병, 갈색무늬병 등 다양하였다. 병충해의 발생은 포도 재배방식에 따라 차이가 있었으며, 해충보다는 병에 의해서, 시설재배보다는 노지비가림재배에서 감수율이 더 컸다. 농가의 병충해 식별능력은 높다고 할 수 없었으며, 병충해가 발생하면 주로 농약상이나 이웃 농가에 문의하고, 농약상이 처방해 주는 농약을 처리하는 것으로 나타났다. 방제력을 활용하는 농가는 사용하지 않는 농가보다 적었으며, 대부분의 농가가 예방차원에서 방제를 하고 있었다. 반 이상의 농가가 적어도 한가지의 농약을 영양제와 혼합처리하고 있었으며, 살충제는 5회 이내로 처리하는 반면, 살균제는 6회 이상을 처리하고 있었다. 단위 면적 당 방제비용은 변이 폭이 매우 컸다.