• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.224-234
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• 2020

This study was conducted to investigate the vegetation structure of Zone 2 of Mudeungsan National Park Old Trail. A total of 60 survey plots were installed to survey the forest structure, and TWINSPAN and DCA analysis classified them into 5 communities. The community I was classified into Deciduous broad-leaf tree, II into Pinus densiflora-Quercus serrata, III into Quercus serrata, IV into Lindera erythrocarpa, and V into Quercus mongolica. The grouped communities showed some differences in species compositions according to elevation. In the four communities except for community IV, Styrax japonicus and Sasa borealis formed a dominant population in understory layers and in shrub layers, respectively, and the current community forms are expected to be maintained. Monitoring of vegetation succession of lower vegetation after temporary flowering and withering in the ridges developed in the shrub layers in communities II through IV is required. In the long-term aspect, the competition between the pine tree and oak tree communities requires observation of a decrease in the power of the pine tree community. Mudeungsan National Park's Old Trail ecologically valuable as it has a vegetation structure that is distinctively classified according to altitude and is a habitat of Lindera sericea, the flagship species of Mudeungsan National Park. It means that the excellent forest ecosystem of Old Trail must be conserved through sustainable utilization.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.1090-1097
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• 2015

Traditionally, mistletoe is known as an effective anti-cancer medicinal plant, and lectin is recognized as a major component with cytotoxic and immuno-stimulant activity in mistletoe. A Korean mistletoe lectin (KML) has specificity to galactose and galactosamine and is distinguish from European mistletoe lectin (EML). When we examined the concentration of lectin in mistletoe originated from five different types of host trees, the result indicate that the lectin concentration is variable depending on the host tree. Noticeably, mistletoe from chestnut tree contains ten folds higher lectins than that of an oak tree. We also tested the concentration of KML and crude extract (KM-110) of Korean mistletoe that shows 90% cytotoxicity in L5178Y-ML25 lymphoma cell. In addition, the cells show 90% and 70% viability by the treatment of two neutralizing antibodies of KML, 9H7-D10 and 8B11-2C5 neutralization effect with two monoclonal antibodies of KML, 9H7-D10 and 8B11-2C5. Therefore, the result expected that the mistletoe contain some other cytotoxic components except lectin. Finally, the production of $TNF-{\alpha}$ and IL-6 by RAW 264.7 cells stimulated with lectin free-crude extract (LFKM-110) following neutralization by 9H7-D10 monoclonal antibody shows higher than that of lectin containing-crude extract (KM-110). These results suggest that the Korean mistletoe lectin ha a great potential to be developed as therapeutic agent of cancer.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.104 no.4
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• pp.536-542
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• 2015

This study was examined for the growth response of tree diameter and volume to thinning treatments from different thinning intensities using three long-term thinning trials for Japanese Evergreen Oak (Quercus acuta Thunb.) stands in Wando island, Korea. After thinning in 1999, annual tree growth of diameter and volume was highest in heavy thinned stands for individual tree and this growth pattern of thinning response showed similar tendency to the individual tree growth response in light thinned stands. By increasing diameter growth, the value of H/D ratio (HDR) as an indicator of stem form was properly decreased and improved up to 80%. Although there is significant growth response of basal area in both heavily and lightly thinned stands, the growth potential both of heavily and lightly thinned stands in total stand volume is not likely to reach at the level of unthinned stands because of basal area growth loss associated with both light and heavy thinnings.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.78 no.4
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• pp.381-395
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• 1989

The main purpose of this research is to provide scientific informations about standard wage and performance tariffs in forest management with special reference to working time for thinning. To identify relationships between net working time and tree characteristics, three geographically different sample plots were established at Yangsan, Bongpyung and Jinan and 460 oaks, 372 Japanese larches, 232 red pine and 240 pitch pine mere selected at each sample plots. The results of statistical analysis using multiple regression are as follows ; 1. Five independent variables of breast height diameter(DBH), mid-diameter(MD) large end diameter(LD), log-length(L), No. of branches(NOB) were stable independent of worker and tree species. 2. Comparing correlation coefficient of five independent variables, the best predictive variables, breast height diameter and No. of branches, were selected. Breast height diameter and No. of branches were identified as the most important independent variables in terms of effect on the dependent variable of the working time. 3. Comparing coefficient of determination (Rp) and residual mean square (MSEp), the best Linear regression equation for each tree species was selected as follower : $WT=a+b1{\times}NOB+b2{\times}DBF$ 4. Proportion of hang-up time to total working time in thinning were 66% in oak stand, 74%, in Japanese larch stand, 55%, in red pine stand and 52% in pitch pine stand, respectively. 5. Based on the best regression equation, a table of working time was made by strata of number of branches and breast height diameter. 6. Total working time using the best regression equation in Table 5 can be predicted in terms of felling time, limbing time, hang-up time, i.e., total working time increases by 11 to 13 seconds with every 1 centimeter increase in breast height diameter from 7 to 16 centimeter.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.21 no.7
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• pp.883-890
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• 2012

Emission characteristics of gaseous odor compounds emitted from the charcoal manufacturing process were investigated, and evaluated the odor removal efficiency of odor control devices. It was found that the measured odor dilution ratio of emission gases ranged from 10,000 to 44,814, which exceed largely the emission standard in the stack. Methylmercaptan, trimethylamine, hydrogen sulfide, acetaldehyde were turned out as major odor compounds of the charcoal manufacturing process. It was revealed that the odor removal ratio of odor control devices were very low due to the its improper maintenance and wrong design.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.96 no.5
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• pp.515-519
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• 2007

An imperfect fungus Fusiococcum species was isolated from Quercus dentata. A naturally infected Daimyo oak tree was collected and showed elongate wounds on the stem. The fungal cultures were initially white and cottony, and later turned dark gray. Numerous solitary pycnidia were developed on the medium surface, and typically spherical. Yellowish conidial masses were exuded from pycnidia on the culture plates. Conidial masses were swollen and measured as approximately 100 to $300{\mu}m$ in length. It appeared that conidia were usually held together in globose to oval drops. Conidia were hyaline, single-celled (nonseptate), ellipsoid to fusoid, and measured as approximately $8.0{\times}2.7{\mu}m$. Based on these cultural and morphological characteristics, the fungal isolate was identified as a species of Fusicoccum Corda. To preserve and examine fungal spores exuded from pycnidia on the medium surface, a vapor fixation procedure for scanning electron microscopy was employed in this study. The specimens were exposed to the vapor of 2% (v/v) glutaraldehyde and 2% (w/v) osmium tetroxide each for 2 h. With the vapor fixation we obtained excellent retention of conidial masses in this study. The simple and versatile procedure for demonstrating fungal spores and their exudation from fruiting bodies would facilitate characterization of diverse pathological and environmental isolates as they are in native environments.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.2 no.4
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• pp.214-217
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• 2004

This study was carried out to investigate the physiological charateristics of F. pinicola in sawdust media. The optimum temperature in sawdust media was $30^{\circ}C$ in of F. pinicola. The optimum pH was 5 in F. pinicola. Mycelial growth and density of F. pinicola was quite good when birch tree and oak sawdust, respectively were used as cultural substrates. The best mycelial growth in F. pinicola was observed when beer waste was added as supplement on sawdust substrates. The optimum supplement ratios of beer waste and a magnecium sulfate were 20%, and 0.1% respectively. However, optimun supplement ratios of a calcium oxide and a LVD were different as 0.1% in F. pinicola.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.241-252
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• 2016

Cellulose acetate is one of well-known industrial materials which have various commercial uses. We treated the lignocellulosic biomass using two-step (steam explosion-chemical) reaction followed by acetylation to get the cellulose acetate in this study. The two-step treatment was done to improve the yields of acetylation of the substrates. The yields of the cellulose acetate were about 88.4, 88.1, and 151.7% in barley straw, rice straw, and oak tree, respectively. Also the degree of substitution (DS) of the acetates was 2.1 to 2.5 in the biomass. We found that the biomass were valuable cellulosic sources, including their derivatives, in this study. This means that the biomass can be converted into the high-valued cellulosic stuff.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.94 no.5 s.162
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• pp.321-329
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• 2005

Based on the data representing four typical Korean pine forest types, the age structure, DBH distribution, species composition, and forking rule were systemically analyzed for old-growth Korean pine forest in Liangshui Nature Reserve, northeast China. The age structure of Korean pine trees was strongly uneven-aged with one dominated peak following normal distribution, and age of trees varied from 100 to 180 years within a stand. The DBH and height differences in same age class (20 years) varied from 28 cm~64 cm and 5 to 20 m, respectively. Many conifer and hard wood species, such as spruce, fir, costata birch, basswood, oak, and elm, were mixed with dominated trees of Korean pine. The canopy of the old-growth Korean pine forest can be divided into two layers, and differences of mean age and height between Layer I and Layer II were ranged 80~150 years and 7~13 m, respectively. The Weibull function was used to model the diameter distribution and performed well to describe size-class distribution either with a single peak in over-story canopy and inverse J-shape in under-story canopy for old-growth Korean pine stands. The forking height of Korean pine trees ranged from 16m to 24 m (mean 19.4 m) and tree age about 120 to 160 years old. The results will provide a scientific basis to protect and recover the ecosystem of natural old-growth Korean pine and also provide the model in management of Korean pine plantation.

• Animal cells and systems
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.101-108
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• 2008

Recently, Platypus koryoensis has been reported as a major pest of oak trees in Korea which can introduce the pathogenic fungus(Raffaelea sp.) by making galleries into the heartwood of the tree. As the beetle has developed its effective drilling mouthpart enough to make tunnels, we have analyzed the fine structural aspects of the mouthpart using the field emission scanning electron microscopy(FESEM) to reveal its mechano-dynamic characteristics. The mouthparts of this ambrosia beetle which consist of a labrum, a pair of mandibles, a pair of maxillae and the labium exhibit typical morphology of mycophagous coleopteran beetles and have those characteristics of chewing mouthparts that can excavate galleries in the hardwood. Both of maxillary and labial palpi have the functions of direct the food to the mouth and hold it while the mandibles chew the food. The distal ends of these palpi are flattened and have shovel-like setae. Females have larger maxillary palpi and a larger gular region than males in general.