• 한국임상약학회지
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.49-56
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• 2013

Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the patterns of Over-the-Counter (OTC) drugs and their interactions with prescription drugs in adults visiting a community pharmacy. Method: The subjects were 151 adults aged over 20 years visiting a community pharmacy in Asan-si from December 16th 2011 to February 1st 2012. We used a survey questionnaire. The survey inquired about the prevalence and the details of any OTC drug use and the characteristics of the study subjects. The drug interaction classification system from Lexicomp's Lexi-interact data fields was used to identify OTC drugs likely to have clinically significant interactions with prescription drugs. Results: The patterns of OTC drug use were related to thirties (from 30 to 40 years old), female gender, higher education, non-smoking, sometimes use of alcohol, and self-perceived normal health status. The most commonly used OTC drug category was antipyretic-analgesics (n=104, 53.3%), and the most commonly used ingredient was acetaminophen (n=67, 64.4%). The biggest motivation for taking OTC drugs was suggestion by pharmacists, reported by 55.6%. After reviewing each patient's prescription drugs and OTC drugs, 14 patients (36.8%) of 38 patients using prescription drugs were taking drug combinations with potential for clinically significant interactions. The concomitant use of OTC drugs with prescription drugs may lead to increased potentially harmful interactions. Conclusion: It is suggested that health-care professionals should be more aware of the potential and possible interactions and take into better account their patients' OTC drug use.

• 약학회지
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• 제60권3호
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• pp.146-153
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• 2016

Over-the-counter (OTC) drugs refer to medicines that are generally safe when used according to the product label. We aimed to assess and reflect upon changes in perception of health and health-related demands by decades in Korea according to the consumption and sales trends of OTC drugs. This study was conducted by literature search on the production and sale rankings of OTC drug market in Korea. Changes in the OTC drug market were analyzed and organized by decades to evaluate changes in drug demands and the influence of national and societal factors. There was a specific trend in the most popular drugs by decades. In the 1950s, drugs of top necessity were antibiotics and helminthics. In the 1960s, the pharmaceutical industry quickly grew and invigorators, such as Bacchus$^{(R)}$, Alps$^{(R)}$, Aronamin$^{(R)}$, were top manufactured drugs. Popularity of these invigorating drinks and vitamin products continued until the 1990s. In 1990s, sales of topical nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (Ketotop Plaster$^{(R)}$, Trast Patch$^{(R)}$), and in 2000s, gum disease medicine (Insadol$^{(R)}$) and liver and intestine supplement (Ursa$^{(R)}$) were prominent. However, after the separation of prescribing and dispensing in 2000, the sales of OTC drugs decreased dramatically from 58.7% of the total market share in 1990s to 39.6% in 2000 and this trend has continued. In 2012, thirteen OTC drugs were allowed to be sold in convenience stores, and as the sales of health functional foods have been expanding beyond pharmacies, sales of invigorators and nutritional supplements in pharmacies have continued to decrease. As government's drug expenditure will continue to grow, reclassification of OTC drugs based on established safety information and deliberate team efforts on continued development of OTC drugs to meet the health demands of Koreans are required by the healthcare professionals, pharmaceutical industries, and the government.

• 한국임상약학회지
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.226-233
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• 2020

Background: Currently, the over-the-counter (OTC) drug market is flooded with series OTC products. The pharmacist must follow the OTC product's indication, given that the most critical role of a pharmacist is the right selection and recommendation of an OTC drug for a patient's symptoms in a dynamic pharmacy environment. Therefore, pharmacists must know each OTC product information precisely to avoid any ambiguity due to several OTC series brand names. Objective: We evaluated the risk and effectiveness of OTC series medicines. Methods: From December 5 to December 18, 2019, an online survey was conducted among 145 community pharmacists. Results: A total of 51.0% of pharmacists knew the difference between products named in a series and could explain it spontaneously. Only 0.7% of the pharmacists admitted to not knowing the difference between products named in a series. While 42.9% of pharmacists who owned a pharmacy opined that the OTC medicines named in a series have health benefits for patients, 50.0% of employee pharmacists admitted that they were rather confused because there are several OTC series medicines. In contrast, 69.2% of pharmacists who owned pharmacies and 72.2% of employee pharmacists admitted that OTC series drugs with names similar to popular OTC drugs sell better. Conclusion: While pharmacists had different opinions regarding OTC series drugs per employment status, they opined that OTC series are more helpful in pharmacy management than completely new brand names. Further studies in this regard are needed.

• 한국유통학회지:유통연구
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.173-199
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• 1997

The main purpose of this paper is to propose an alternative system of the distribution of OTC drugs in Korea. We first investigate the characteristics and the regulations on the distribution of the Korean medicine market and compare it with some foreign countries. We also examine the buying behavior of Korean customers. We propose three different alternatives. A passive policy is to expand the range of OTC drugs. Another one would be to amend the relevant laws. An active alternative is to arrange a separate organization to control the distribution of OTC drugs. The time and the execution of the proposed policies could vary.

• 정신신체의학
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.172-178
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• 2018

연구목적 본 연구에서는 독거노인에서의 비처방 일반의약품의 사용행태를 조사하고 그 예측 인자를 확인하고자 하였다. 방 법 본 연구는 일 지역에 거주하는 독거노인 1,099명을 대상자로 시행되었다. 비처방 일반의약품의 사용행태, 인구사회학적 정보, 신체 건강상태(Cumulative illness rating scale, CIRS), 인지기능, 기분 장애 등을 자가설문지와 훈련된 간호사의 면담을 통해 조사하였다. 통계분석은 비처방 약물 사용행태나 인구학적 변인에 대해서는 기술적 통계분석을 시행하였으며 비처방 약물 사용과 관련된 예측인자를 확인하기 위해 로지스틱 회귀분석을 사용하였다. 결 과 전체 대상자의 35.4%가 비처방 약물을 복용하고 있었으며 진통제는 가장 많이 처방되는 약물로서 비처방 약물 복용군의 38.3%가 진통제를 처방받았다. 우울증(OR=1.44, 95% CI=1.10~1.87)과 누적질환평가척도(Cumulative illness rating scale, CIRS)로 측정한 신체건강 중증도(OR=1.08, 95% CI=1.03~1.12)가 비처방 약물 사용과 유의한 상관성이 있었다. 결 론 독거노인에게서 우울장애와 신체건강 중증도는 비처방 약물 사용의 예측인자가 될 수 있으며 임상가는 노인의 비처방 약물의 사용에 대해 주의를 기울여야 한다.

• 월간포장계
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• 제9호통권185호
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• pp.93-97
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• 2008

• 한국임상약학회지
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.263-272
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• 2018

Nonprescription drugs have become increasingly important in Korean healthcare. By leveraging lower-cost drugs and reducing expenditure associated with fewer physician visits, the nonprescription segment can deliver tremendous value to individual consumers and the Korean healthcare system. Many countries have provided simpler and more rapid routes to market entry for qualifying nonprescription drug products, using the established data on drug safety and efficacy, as well as public and professional opinion. In US, the FDA waived the pre-approval process for over-the-counter (OTC) drugs marketed through the OTC Monograph Process. In Australia and Canada, different OTC product application levels are defined, with a reduced level of assessment required when the risks to consumers are considered low. Japan established a new OTC evaluation system in 2014 to facilitate the Rx-to-OTC switch process. The legislative framework for medicinal products in the European Union allows for drugs to be approved with reference to appropriate bibliographic data for old active substances with well-established uses. Through a comparison of the regulatory framework and the requirements for nonprescription approval process in different countries, several ways to improve regulatory practice for the evaluation of nonprescription drugs in Korea have been suggested.

• 대한약학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한약학회 2003년도 Proceedings of the Convention of the Pharmaceutical Society of Korea Vol.2-2
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• pp.71.2-72
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• 2003

This presentation is to enhance the pharmacist's role in Over-The-Counter(OTC) drug selection and patient counseling for diversification of pharmacy management after the separation of prescribing and dispensing practice in Korea. Self-medication by OTC drugs may be viewed as one element of the broader self-care treatment. The patient may use a OTC drug to manage a minor ailment, a process that may be supported by counseling from a pharmacist. Pharmacists involved in self-medication decisions have a greater involvement with patients and an enhanced professional role. (omitted)

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.364-371
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• 2014

The purpose of this study was to estimate usage of vitamin and mineral supplements as over-the-counter (VM-OTC) drugs as well as examine factors associated with VM-OTC usage in Korean adolescents. A total of 1,407 adolescents attending middle or high school in all parts of country were included in the analysis. Prevalence of VM-OTC usage was 56.1%, and it was higher as monthly income, father's education level, and socioeconomic status of family increased (p<0.001). VM-OTC intake was higher in middle school students than in high school students as well as in rural areas or small & mediumsized city residents than big city residents (p<0.01). Subjects mainly received information on VM-OTC mainly from 'family and relatives' (46.6%), whereas only 20.3% received information from experts. Subjects took VM-OTC 'when they are healthy' (49.1%), 'when they feel sick' (17.7%), 'when they are on a diet' (17.3%), and 'when they are stressful' (15.9%). The effectiveness of taking VM-OTC were mainly 'fatigue recovery' (35.0%), 'health improvement' (30.6%), and 'nutritional status improvement' (13.2%). The most frequently used VM-OTC was vitamin C (49.1%), multi-vitamins (18.6%), multi vitamins & minerals (13.2%), and calcium (9.2%). Among VM-OTC users, only 21.9% replied that they usually check the nutrition facts when they buy products, 62.4% follow the recommended dosage, and 9.7% fully understand the nutrition labels of the products. According to logistic regression analysis, the most influential factor affecting VM-OTC use was parents' and siblings' VM-OTC consumption (p<0.001). In addition, school type (middle or high school) (p<0.01), residence (p<0.05), self-concerns about health (p<0.05), father's education level (p<0.05), and socioeconomic status of family (p<0.05) all influenced VM-OTC use. These results show that VM-OTC use is widespread among adolescents, few users actually check and fully understand the nutrition labels when they purchase VM-OTC, and they are highly dependent on unprofessional advice and information. Therefore, it is necessary to educate adolescents to help them select proper VM-OTC and read nutrition labels.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제44권3호
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• pp.356-361
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• 2012

다양한 식품 중에 널리 분포되어 있는 생리활성 성분 카페인과 일반의약품 성분 AAP, Asp 및 Ibu와의 혼용 시 상호작용에 의한 세포 독성 변화를 장관계 세포모델에서 조사하였다. 카페인은 정상 장관계 세포 INT 407 및 대장암 세포 HCT 116에 농도의존적인 독성을 나타내었고, $IC_{50}$ 수치는 각각 1.91과 2.45 mM로써 정상세포에 유의적으로 높은 독성을 나타내었다. 카페인과 각각의 약물을 세포에 24시간 동시 처리한 결과 전체적으로 현저한 독성의 변화현상은 발생하지 않았으나, 약물처리 시를 기준으로 한 카페인의 상대적 독성 및 카페인 처리 시를 기준으로 한 약물의 독성이 INT 407 세포에서 유의적으로 증가하였다. 동시 처리 시 약물에 의해 감소된 GSH를 비롯한 thiol성 물질의 세포 내 수준이 카페인 존재 시에 유의적으로 증가하였다. 한편 카페인과 약물을 각각 순서를 달리하여 전후로 처리하였을 때, 특히 HCT 116 세포에서의 약물의 상대적인 독성이 강화되는 현상을 보였다. 일반의약품 AAP, Asp 및 Ibu과 카페인을 다양한 조합에 의해 장관계 세포에 처리하였을 때 일부 상대적인 독성의 강화 또는 약화 현상이 나타났으나 전체적으로 두드러진 독성발현 빛 활성변화는 발견되지 않았다.