• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.2075-2081
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• 2016

Background: Breast cancer incidence and mortality rates are increasing in North-Eastern Brazil and the patients with the disease often presented at advanced stages. The present study was focused on identifying variables that affect women's frequency of breast self- examination (BSE) performance. Materials and Methods: Data on BSE, socio-economic parameters and risk factors for breast cancer were obtained from 417 women from a community in North-Eastern Brazil by a self-informant method. To identify independent variables that affect frequency of BSE, nominal logistic regression analysis was performed. Results: Of 417 women, 330 (79.3%) reported performing BSE. Compared to high-income women, BSE performance by low-income women every month was 7.69 (OD=0.130; CI 95%: 0.044- 0.0386; p=0.000) times lower. Women who did not live in a stable union performed BSE each month 2.73 (OD=0.366; CI 95%: 0.171-0.782; p=0.010) less often than those living in a stable union. BSE performance every month and every six months or every year by women with poor knowledge about risk factors for breast cancer was 3.195 (OD=0.313; CI 95%: 0.141- 0.695; p=0.004) times and 2.028 (OD=0.493; CI 95%: 0.248- 0.979; p=0.043) times lower, compared to women with good knowledge. Participants who had a close relative with cancer performed BSE every month and every six months or every year 2.132 (OD=0.469; CI 95%: 0.220-0.997; p=0.049) times and 2.337 (OD=0.428; CI 95%: 0.219-0.836; p=0.013) times less often, compared to those women without close relatives with cancer. Conclusions: The results of this study indicated that income, marital status, knowledge about risk factors and having a close relative with breast cancer, affect the frequency of BSE performance. Information about risk factors in public health campaigns could additionally strengthen avoidance behaviour and also motivate BSE performance.

• 한국멀티미디어학회논문지
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• 제5권5호
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• pp.488-493
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• 2002

MPEG-4동화상은 계층적인 형태로 구조화되는 여러 개의 미디어 객체로 구성되며, 각각의 미디어 객체는 기본 스트림의 형태로 클라이언트에게 제공된다. 클라이언트 재생기는 장면 그래프라는 메타정보를 이용하여 기본 스트림들을 구성함으로서 동화상을 상영한다. BIFS 와 OD 기본 스트림이 메타정보를 전달하는데 이용된다. 우리는 동적으로 생성된 BIFS 와 OD 스트림을 사용함으로서 기존의 파일서비스와는 차별화 된 서비스를 제공할 수 있다. 예를 들면, 이미 제작된 동화상의 아래 부분에 날씨나 주식정보를 삽입할 수 있다. 본 논문에서는 동적 서비스 프레임워크와 동적서버를 제안한다. 동적서비스 프레임 워크는 외부의 데 이터베이스로부터 제공되는 정보에 기반 하여 BIFS와 OD 스트림 을 동적으로 생성하기 위 한 객체지향 프레임 워크이며, 동적서버는 서버를 관리하기 위한 그래픽 사용자 인터페이스와 동적서비스를 등록하는 인터페이스를 제공한다 이 프레임워크하에서 동적서비스는 파일서비스와 동일한 인터페이스를 가지므로 클라이언트와 다른 서비스에게 기존의 파일서비스와 동일하게 보여진다.

• 한국항해항만학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국항해항만학회 1999년도 추계학술대회논문집
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• pp.131-140
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• 1999

Today freeway is experiencing a severe congestion with incoming or outgoing traffic through freeway ramps during the peak periods. Thus, the objectives of this study is to identify the traffic characteristics, analyze the relationships between the traffic characteristics and finally construct the delay predictive models on the ramp junctions of freeway with 70mph speed limit. From the traffic analyses, and model constructions and verifications for delay prediction on the ramp junctions of freeway, the following results were obtained: ⅰ) Traffic flow showed a big difference depending on the time periods. Especially, more traffic flows were concentrated on the freeway junctions in the morning peak period when compared with the afternoon peak period. ⅱ) The occupancy also showed a big difference depending on the time periods, and the downstream occupancy(Od) was especially shown to have a higher explanatory power for the delay predictive model construction on the ramp junction of freeway. ⅲ) The speed-occupancy curve showed a remarkable shift based on the occupancies observed ; Od < 9% and Od$\geq$9%. Especially, volume and occupancy were shown to be highly explanatory for delay prediction on the ramp junctions of freeway under Od$\geq$9%, but lowly for delay predicion on the ramp junctions of freeway under Od<9%. Rather, the driver characteristics or transportation conditions around the freeway were through to be a little higher explanatory for the delay perdiction under Od<9%. ⅳ) Integrated delay predictive models showed a higher explanatory power in the morning peak period, but a lower explanatory power in the non-peak periods.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제57권3호
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• pp.239-252
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• 2024

Recombination activating genes (RAGs) play a crucial role in initiating V(D)J recombination, which is essential for developing adaptive immunity in vertebrates. In this study, we cloned and characterized RAG1/2 cDNA from the marine medaka Oryzias dancena (OdRAG1/2) and investigated their mRNA expression patterns during ontogenetic developmental stages. The OdRAG1 and OdRAG2 cDNA contained open reading frames (ORFs) encoding proteins containing 1,078 and 531 amino acids, respectively. Multiple sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis revealed that OdRAG1 and OdRAG2 are highly conserved with their corresponding orthologs, featuring distinct core and non-core regions. Notably, expression analysis showed that, in contrast to other fish RAGs studied, OdRAG1/2 expression peaked at 0 days post-hatching (DPH). Additionally, for the expression of T and B cell differentiation markers, CD3γ and CD20, also peaked at 0 DPH. Collectively, adaptive immunity in O. dancena potentially begins during embryonic development, which is critical for V(D)J recombination and essential immune component development, suggesting the early ontogenetic stage interactions between innate and adaptive immunity.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.141-148
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• 2017

The oxidation ditch (OD) is one of the most widely used processes for treating municipal wastewater. However, the microbial communities in the OD systems have not been well characterized, and little information about the shift of bacterial community during the startup process of the OD systems is available. In this study, we investigated the bacterial community changes during the startup period (over 100 days) of a full-scale OD. The results showed that the bacterial community dramatically changed during the startup period. Similar to the activated sludge samples in other studies, Proteobacteria (accounting for 26.3%-48.4%) was the most dominant bacterial phylum in the OD system, but its relative abundance declined nearly 40% during the startup process. It was also found that Planctomycetes proliferated greatly (from 4.79% to 13.5%) and finally replaced Bacteroidetes as the second abundant phylum in the OD system. Specifically, some bacteria affiliated with genus Flavobacterium exhibited remarkable decreasing trends, whereas bacterial species belonging to the OD1 candidate division and Saprospiraceae family were found to increase during the startup process. Despite of the bacterial community shift, the organic matter, nitrogen, and phosphorus in the effluent were always in low concentrations, suggesting the functional redundancy of the bacterial community. Moreover, by comparing with the bacterial community in other municipal wastewater treatment bioreactors, some potentially novel bacterial species were found to be present in the OD system. Collectively, this study improved our understandings of the bacterial community structure and microbial ecology during the startup of a full-scale wastewater treatment bioreactor.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제45권2호
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• pp.149-154
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• 2017

본 연구에서는 Bacillus 유래 esterase를 생산할 수 있는 재조합 대장균을 사용하여 유가식 배양을 이용한 고농도 균체 배양을 통해 esterase 생산성을 극대화하고자 하였다. 유가식 배양 중 순수 산소의 공급을 통해 용존산소를 30% 이상 유지한 경우와 포도당농도를 1 g/l 이상 유지한 경우 각각 $OD_{600}$ 76 (35.8 g/l DCW)과 $OD_{600}$ 90 (42.4 g/l DCW)까지 균체량을 증가시킬 수 있었다. 포도당의 공급에도 불구하고 배양 후반에 세포의 성장이 정체되는 현상을 극복하기 위해 yeast extract가 강화된 추가 배지의 공급을 시도하였으며, 그 결과 $OD_{600}$ 185 (87.3 g/l DCW)까지 고농도 균체 배양이 가능함을 확인하였다. 단백질 생산 수율의 향상을 위해 성장 시기에 따라 induction에 의한 세포 성장과 esterase 생산성을 평가하였고, 그 결과 대수 성장기 후반에 induction을 유도한 경우 세포 성장 측면에서는 최대 $OD_{600}$ 190(89 g/l DCW)까지 고농도 균체 배양이 가능함을 확인하였다. Esterase 생산성 측면에서는 대수 성장기 초반에 induction 을 유도한 경우에 비해 최대 5.8배 생산성이 증가됨을 확인할 수 있었다. 따라서 본 연구를 통해 순수산소와 질소원의 공급을 통해 확립된 대장균 고밀도 배양방법을 기초로 IPTG 유도시간을 최적화 함으로써 Bacillus 유래 esterase의 최대 생산성을 확보할 수 있는 배양방법을 확립하였다.

• Journal of Astronomy and Space Sciences
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.271-280
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• 2017

This study presents the application of satellite laser ranging (SLR) to orbit determination (OD) of high-Earth-orbit (HEO) satellites. Two HEO satellites are considered: the Quasi-Zenith Satellite-1 (QZS-1), a Japanese elliptical-inclinedgeosynchronous-orbit (EIGSO) satellite, and the Compass-G1, a Chinese geostationary-orbit (GEO) satellite. One week of normal point (NP) data were collected for each satellite to perform the OD based on the batch least-square process. Five SLR tracking stations successfully obtained 374 NPs for QZS-1 in eight days, whereas only two ground tracking stations could track Compass-G1, yielding 68 NPs in ten days. Two types of station bias estimation and a station data weighting strategy were utilized for the OD of QZS-1. The post-fit root-mean-square (RMS) residuals of the two week-long arcs were 11.98 cm and 10.77 cm when estimating the biases once in an arc (MBIAS). These residuals were decreased significantly to 2.40 cm and 3.60 cm by estimating the biases every pass (PBIAS). Then, the resultant OD precision was evaluated by the orbit overlap method, yielding three-dimensional errors of 55.013 m with MBIAS and 1.962 m with PBIAS for the overlap period of six days. For the OD of Compass-G1, no station weighting strategy was applied, and only MBIAS was utilized due to the lack of NPs. The post-fit RMS residuals of OD were 8.81 cm and 12.00 cm with 49 NPs and 47 NPs, respectively, and the corresponding threedimensional orbit overlap error for four days was 160.564 m. These results indicate that the amount of SLR tracking data is critical for obtaining precise OD of HEO satellites using SLR because additional parameters, such as station bias, are available for estimation with sufficient tracking data. Furthermore, the stand-alone SLR-based orbit solution is consistently attainable for HEO satellites if a target satellite is continuously trackable for a specific period.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.95-101
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• 1985

Fascioliasis in cattle is one of the most common and very serious trematode diseases in Korea. In the present study, the enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was applied in the diagnosis of fascioliasis using antigen of Fasciela hepatica, perokidase of conjugate anti-cattle Is G and orthophenylenediamine as a substrate by micro-method technique of Volley et at. (1976b) and MacLaren (1978) with a slight modification. Results obtained from the present study are as follows. 1. In assay for optimal dilution of stock antigen, the antigen (protein contents; 0. Bmgymz) was diluted from 1150 to 1/600 with carbonate buffer (pH 9.6), and then absorbance values were measured with 1/100 diluted sera. The regression equations between the OD values of ELISA and dilution of antigen were log Y: -0.181-0.00127X in infected sera, and log Y: -0.578-0. 000879X in normal sera. The significantly higher (p<0.05) OD value was observed in the former. 2. In assay for optimal dilution of sera, the sera were diluted from 1125 to 1/400 with in PBSJ Tween 20 (pH 7.4), and absorbance values were measured with 1/200 diluted antigen. The regression equation between the OD values of ELISA and dilution of sera were log Y: -0.1540-0.0007238X in infected sera and log Y: -0.4834-0.00116X in normal sera. The former was higher than the latter (p<0.05). 3. In the 27 cases of negative intradermal test, OD values of the ELISA are $0.447{\pm}0.144$, the 95% confidence interval (Mean+2 H SD) of the values was 0.735, and there was no case over the values. Therefore, the sensitivity of the antigen to diagnose fascioliasis was 100% in the negative case. The OD value 0.7 which is designed as a criterion (detection level of positive one) is useful for the performance of the ELISA in fascioliasis. 4. According to the OD value of criterion in the regression equations, the optimal dilutions of stock antigen and serum were 1/250 and 1/100, respectively. 5. In the 58 cases of fascioliasis from which the adult could be found in the bile ducts, the OD value was $0.846{\pm}0.224$. The 75% (44 cattle) among them had higher value with compared to the criterion, and the 60% (20 cattle) of the cases of proliferative cholangitis of 33 cattle which had been infected previousely with Fasciola sp. is higher than the criterion. 6. Prevalence of fascioliasis was 43.4% in the application of the ELISA to 272 cattle which were reared in Jeonbug district.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제40권2호
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• pp.178-183
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• 2008

삼투건조와 진공주입에 의한 사과의 물질이동 특성과 열풍건조 시 건조특성, 그리고 제조한 사과 건조제품의 품질을 비교하였다. 삼투건조 시 사과 시료의 중량이 감소하고 수분손실이 증가한 반면 진공주입 시에는 중량이 증가하고 수분손실이 감소하였으며, 진공주입 시 고형분 증가가 컸다. 50$^{\circ}C$에서의 열풍건조시 건조시간에 따른 사과 시료의 수분함량 변화를 Page model에 적용하여 지수 n, k 및 건조시간을 산출하였다. 건조시간이 대조구의 4.45 hr에서 삼투건조 시 5.82 hr, 진공주입 시 6.38 hr로 증가하는 반면 k는 대조구의 0.456 $hr^{-1}$에서 각각 0.326 $hr^{-1}$과 0.277 $hr^{-1}$로 감소하였으며, n은 대조구의 0.938에서 각각 0.754와 0.950으로 변화하였다. 삼투건조 및 진공주입한 사과 건조제품의 품질을 대조구와 비교하였다. 삼투건조에 의해 건조제품의 수축도와 복원력이 대조구에 비해 크게 감소한 반면 압착력이 크게 증가하였고 적정산도와 ascorbic acid의 함량이 크게 감소하였다. 진공주입에 의해서는 대조구에 비해 수축도와 압착력이 증가하였다. 복원한 사과 건조제품에 대한 관능적 기호도 측정 결과 삼투건조한 사과 건조제품이 외관, 조직감, 종합적인 기호도 등의 모든 관능검사 항목에서 유의적으로 높은 기호도를 나타내었고, 건조상태에서의 관능적 기호도 측정 결과에서는 진공주입한 사과건조제품이 모든 관능검사 항목에서 유의적으로 높은 기호도를나타내었다.

• 대한수학회지
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• 제45권4호
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• pp.1075-1087
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• 2008

We study a class of KMS-symmetric quantum Markovian semigroups on a quantum spin system ($\mathcal{A},{\tau},{\omega}$), where $\mathcal{A}$ is a quasi-local algebra, $\tau$ is a strongly continuous one parameter group of *-automorphisms of $\mathcal{A}$ and $\omega$ is a Gibbs state on $\mathcal{A}$. The semigroups can be considered as the extension of semi groups on the nontrivial abelian subalgebra. Let $\mathcal{H}$ be a Hilbert space corresponding to the GNS representation con structed from $\omega$. Using the general construction method of Dirichlet form developed in [8], we construct the symmetric Markovian semigroup $\{T_t\}{_t_\geq_0}$ on $\mathcal{H}$. The semigroup $\{T_t\}{_t_\geq_0}$ acts separately on two subspaces $\mathcal{H}_d$ and $\mathcal{H}_{od}$ of $\mathcal{H}$, where $\mathcal{H}_d$ is the diagonal subspace and $\mathcal{H}_{od}$ is the off-diagonal subspace, $\mathcal{H}=\mathcal{H}_d\;{\bigoplus}\;\mathcal{H}_{od}$. The restriction of the semigroup $\{T_t\}{_t_\geq_0}$ on $\mathcal{H}_d$ is Glauber dynamics, and for any ${\eta}{\in}\mathcal{H}_{od}$, $T_t{\eta}$, decays to zero exponentially fast as t approaches to the infinity.