• Proceedings of the Ginseng society Conference
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• 2002.10a
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• pp.502-508
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• 2002

The strains of Panax ginseng C.A. Mey., P. quinquefolius L. and selected strains P. ginseng-B, P.ginseng-A, P. quinquefolius-C were investigated. Activities of SOD, catalase and peroxydase were determined by methods of Fridovich et al. (1979), Komov et al.(1975), Bovaird et al.(1982) respectively. Activities of SOD, catalase, peroxydase were investigated every day 5 in cycle of cultivation. For P. ginseng it was the 35 days, P. quinquefolius the 70 days, P. quinquefolius-C 90 days. P. ginseng-B 90 days, P. ginseng-A 60 days. The P. quinquefolius, P. quinquefolius-C, P. ginseng-B had clear differentiation and developed tracheid elements, which are absent in strain of P. ginseng. The peaks of protein content for P. ginseng (4.5 units/g) and for P. quinquefolius (3.5 units/g) were on day 10 and remained unchanged till the last cultivation. The strain P. ginseng-A had two peaks of protein content (2.5 mg/g) on day 15 and on day 30. For P. ginseng-B strain these peaks were on day 5 and day 40 (3.5 mg/g). Peroxydase activity peak (60 units/g) in P. ginseng strain was on day 10. This activity in P. ginseng-B had two peaks on day 15 and day 35 and reached 95 units/g , increasing to 150 units/g to day 80. In strain of P. ginseng-A was only one maximum of this activity -130 units/g on day 45. In P. quinquefolius peroxydase activity was 103 units/g on day 40, increasing to 135 units/g to day 90. For P. quinquefolius-C this activity peak was 136 units/g on day 60. Peroxydase activities for the upper and lower layers of biomass was different and varied considerably from 28-35 units/g in lower to 270-290 units/g for upper layer. The SOD activity had two peaks in P. ginseng strain the 80 units/g and the 70 units/g on day 20 and day 35 respectively. Activity of SOD in P. quinquefolius strain reached 53 units/g on day 40 and increased up to 83 units/g to day 60.The similar increase of SOD activity was marked for P. ginseng-B to 85 units/g on day 90. In P. ginseng strain the 6 molecular isoforms SOD was defined. One of them with RfO,6 was determined in all days of cycle, three other (Rf-0.43; 0.54;0.80) only on day 10 and day 20. The isoform of SOD with Rf-0,29 was detected only on day 10 and with Rf-0,35 only on day 35. The catalase activity decreased in all strains to the last days of cultivation. The changes of SOD, catalase and peroxydase activities reflect the differences between the strains of Panax ginseng and Panax quinquefolius and their selected forms. The correlation between maximum life span of strains and activities of their antioxydant enzymes were detected.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.302-309
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• 2011

This study was performed to analyze the physicochemical and sensory properties of Acanthopanacis cortex and Aralia elata according to their blanching conditions and thawing methods. In terms of their Hunter colors, the A. cortex and A. elata that were blanched without adding salt to them for 7 min and 4 min, respectively, had the highest L values. The chlorophyll content (148.7 mg%) of A. cortex that was blanched with 1% salt for 4 min was higher than those of the other samples, and the chlorophyll content of A. elata was 32.4 mg% when it was blanched for 4 min without salt addition. The sensory test results showed the highest overall preference for the sample that was blanched without salt for 4 min among all the samples. The Hunter color of A. cortex did not significantly differ with different thawing methods, but the value of A. elata that was thawed in a microwave oven was higher than those of the other samples. The chlorophyll contents of A. cortex and A. elata that were thawed in a microwave oven were the highest among all the samples. As for the overall preference for the samples according to the thawing method, A. cortex and A. elata scored highest in the case of thawing at $25^{\circ}C$ and in a microwave oven, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.101-107
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• 1971

1. 수도(水稻)의 생육기간(生育其間)만이라도 심수하(甚水下)에 있어야하는 논은 투수성(透水性)의 영향(影響)을 받아야 하고, 동영향(同影響)은 수도생육(水稻生育)과 관련(關聯)을 갖는다. 즉(卽) 투수성(透水性)이 클 경우(境遇)에는 물의 소비(消費)가 많을 뿐만이 아니라 영양분(營養分)의 유실(流失) 및 유효화(有效化)가 억제(抑制)되고, 투수성(透水性)이 적을 경우(境遇)에에는 심(甚)한 환원상태(還元狀態)의 발달(發達)로 유해성분(有害成分)이 집적(集積)되어 수도(水稻)의 생육(生育)은 해(害)를 입게된다. 이렇게 생각하면 투수성(透水性)으로 본 벼 생육(生肉)에 가장 적합(適合)한 토양조건(土壤條件)이 있을 것인바 이 조건(條件)은 토양(土壤)의 종류외(種類外)에도 수도(水稻)의 품종(品種)이나 생육시기(生育時期)에 따라 다른것이다. 2. 투수성(透水性)이 큰 토양(土壤)에는 잘 유거(流去)되지 않는 비료(肥料)(유기물비료(有機物肥料)나 용성연비(熔成憐肥) 등(等))를 쓸것이며, 투수성(透水性)이 적고 유해성분(有害成分)이 집적(集積)되기 쉬운 토양(土壤)에는 류산근(류硫酸根)이나 유기질(有機質) 비료등(肥料等) 유해성분(有害成分)의 집적(集積)을 증가(增加)할 우려가 있는 비료(肥料)의 시용(施用)을 삼가야 한다. 3. 기왕(旣往) 국내(國內)에서 실시(實施)한 시험결과(試驗結果)에 의(依)하면 중점토(重粘土)에서는 연산(憐酸), 중점토(重粘土)와 퇴화염토(退化鹽土)에서는 가리결핍(加里缺乏)을 일으키기 쉬운것 같으나 그 밖의 토양(土壤)에서는 뚜렷한 경향(傾向)이 인정(認定)되지 않는다. 4. 투수성(透水性)이 큰 토양(土壤)에서는 산적토(山赤土)를 객토(客土)하는 경우(境遇)가 많은 바 이때에는 금비(金肥) 특(特)히 질소질비료(窒素質肥料)를, 객토(客土)하지 않았을때 보다 많이 써야 하는것이 일반적(一般的)이다. 5. 투수성(透水性)이 약(弱)하고 유해성분(有害成分)이 집적(集積)되기 쉬운 논에는 우선(于先) 석회(石灰)(소석회(消石灰))를 시용(施用)하여 토양반응(土壤反應)을 높여야 하며 심(甚)한 노후답(老朽畓)이나 퇴화염토(退化鹽土)에는 석회(石灰)와 아울러 규산질(珪酸質) 비료(肥料)를 시용(施用)한 연후(然後)에 비료(肥料) 삼요소(三要素) 시용(施用)을 고려(考慮)해야 할 것이다. 산성(酸性)으로 기울어져있는 많은 우리나라 논 토양(土壤)에는 알칼리성(性) 비료(肥料)인 용성연비(熔成憐肥)를 시용(施用)하는 것이 효과적(效果的) 일것이다. 6. 소석회(消石灰)와 규산(珪酸)의 시용(施用)은 연산(憐酸)과 가리(加里)의 요구량(要求量)을 증가(增加) 할것이며 비료(肥料) 삼요소(三要素)에 대(對)한 수도(水稻)의 응수곡선(應酬曲線)의 모습을 기왕(旣往)의 것과 달리 할것이다.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.327-332
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• 1999

Manganese (Mn) oxides in soils have been a research subject since they react with nutrients and contaminants and Mn itself is an essential element for plant growth. Birnessite was synthesized in the presence of iron (Fe) in the precipitating solution. Influence of Fe, one of common elements in soils, on crytallinity, morphology, and chemical reactivity of birnessite was examined using X-ray diffraction (XRD), electron microscope, canon exchange capacity (CEC), and chromium (Cr) oxidation capacity. With increasing Fe concentration in the precipitating solution, crystallinity and crystal size decreased. Hexagonal plates of the birnessites formed at low Fe concentration were dominant and replaced more and more by aggregate of small particles with increasing the Fe concentration. There is no significant change in CEC with changing the Fe concentration. Chromium oxidation capacity of the birnessite increased with increasing the Fe concentration. Iron in the precipitating solution poisoned crystal growth by adsorption on the surface and increased nucleation. Since Fe is a common constituent under pedogenic environment and Fe and Mn oxides often coexist in Mn oxide nodules, the birnessite with small particle, low crystallinity, and high chemical reactivity is the form which is more likely to be formed in soils. The high CEC ($140cmol_ckg^{-1}$) and oxidation capacity of birnessite indicate that birnessite can be used in environment and agriculture.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.50 no.6
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• pp.634-643
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• 2017

No-tillage is an effective practice to save labor input and reduce methane emission from the paddy. Effects of tillage and cultivation methods on carbon accumulation and soil properties were investigated in the treatments of tillage-transplanting (T-T), tillage-wet hill seeding (T-WS), minimum tillage-dry seeding (MT-S) and no-tillage dry seeding (NT-S) of rice. Soil carbon was higher in NT-S and MT-S, compared to T-T and T-WS. In NT-S and MT-S, soil carbon contents were the highest in the top soil (5 cm depth) and decreased with soil depth. In T-T and T-WS, however soil carbon contents showed no significant difference up to soil depth of 15 cm from the top. Carbon content was the highest in the soil particle size under $106{\mu}m$ and decreased as the soil particle size increased. Contents of water-stable aggregates in NT-S and MT-S were higher than those of T-T and T-WS. In NT-S and MT-S, contents of water-stable aggregates were the highest in the top soil and significantly decreased with soil depth while no significant difference up to the soil depth of 15 cm in T-T and T-WS. Available $SiO_2$ contents in the top soil were the highest in NT-S and MT-S while the lowest in T-T and T-WS. It is concluded that minimum or no disturbance of soil in rice cultivation can increase carbon accumulation in the soil, especially in the top layer, and subsequently contribute to the formation of the water-stable soil aggregates.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.19 no.9
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• pp.217-228
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• 2021

The purpose of this study is to analyze drum performance techniques, focusing on the representative artists of funk music, who had a revival starting in the 1970s. The purpose of this study is to analyze the creativity shown in David Garibaldi's playing technique, which had a great influence on drum majors with his funk drum playing technique. As a research method, 'James Brown', 'Earth, Wind & Fire' and 'Tower of Power' with David Garibaldi as drummer were selected as representative bands. For the study period, the drum performance was examined by selecting two representative songs from among the songs released between 1965 and 1975, when the development of the corresponding funk music began. David Garibaldi's creative performance in this study is as follows. First, we tried to create a new rhythm in the form of changing the beat or resting the beat out of the frame of contemporary drum performance. Second, the 'Paradiddle', 'Accent', and 'Swiss Army triplet' rudiment techniques were applied to the entire drum kit, bringing innovation to the rhythm. Third, the samba pattern of Latin rhythm and the form of 'Afro-Cuban' were grafted onto funk music. Fourth, the idea of Unison Rhythm obtained from the structure of Latin music was applied to funk music. Based on this study, it is hoped that research on drum performance techniques of various genres will be conducted.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.455-469
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• 2021

Purpose: The rs641738 C>T in membrane-bound O-acyltransferase domain-containing protein 7 (MBOAT7) is implicated, along with the rs738409 C>G polymorphism in patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein 3 (PNPLA3), in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The association of these polymorphisms and NAFLD are investigated in Hispanic children with obesity. Methods: Obese children with and without NAFLD were enrolled at a pediatric tertiary care health system and genotyped for MBOAT7 rs641738 C>T and PNPLA3 rs738409 C>G. NAFLD was characterized by the ultrasonographic presence of hepatic steatosis along with persistently elevated liver enzymes. Genetic variants and demographic and biochemical data were analyzed for the effects on NAFLD. Results: Among 126 enrolled subjects, 84 in the case group had NAFLD and 42 in the control group did not. The two groups had similar demographic distribution. NAFLD was associated with abnormal liver enzymes and elevated triglycerides and cholesterol (p<0.05). Children with NAFLD had higher percentage of PNPLA3 GG genotype at 70.2% versus 31.0% in non-NAFLD, and lower MBOAT7 TT genotype at 4.8% versus 16.7% in non-NAFLD (p<0.05). PNPLA3 rs738409 C>G had an additive effect in NAFLD; however, MBOAT7 rs641738 C>T had no effects alone or synergistically with PNPLA3 polymorphism. NAFLD risk increased 3.7-fold in subjects carrying PNPLA3 GG genotype and decreased in MBOAT7 TT genotype. Conclusion: In Hispanic children with obesity, PNPLA3 rs738409 C>G polymorphism increased the risk for NAFLD. The role of MBOAT7 rs641738 variant in NAFLD is less evident.

• Laboraroty Animal Research
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.248-256
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• 2018

O-2-$^{18}F$-fluoroethyl-l-tyrosine ($[^{18}F]FET$) has been widely used for glioblastomas (GBM) in clinical practice, although evaluation of its applicability in non-clinical research is still lacking. The objective of this study was to examine the value of $[^{18}F]FET$ for treatment evaluation and prognosis prediction of anti-angiogenic drug in an orthotopic mouse model of GBM. Human U87MG cells were implanted into nude mice and then bevacizumab, a representative anti-angiogenic drug, was administered. We monitored the effect of anti-angiogenic agents using multiple imaging modalities, including bioluminescence imaging (BLI), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and positron emission tomography-computed tomography (PET/CT). Among these imaging methods analyzed, only $[^{18}F]FET$ uptake showed a statistically significant decrease in the treatment group compared to the control group (P=0.02 and P=0.03 at 5 and 20 mg/kg, respectively). This indicates that $[^{18}F]FET$ PET is a sensitive method to monitor the response of GBM bearing mice to anti-angiogenic drug. Moreover, $[^{18}F]FET$ uptake was confirmed to be a significant parameter for predicting the prognosis of anti-angiogenic drug (P=0.041 and P=0.007, on Days 7 and 12, respectively, on Pearson's correlation; P=0.048 and P=0.030, on Days 7 and 12, respectively, on Cox regression analysis). However, results of BLI or MRI were not significantly associated with survival time. In conclusion, this study suggests that $[^{18}F]FET$ PET imaging is a pertinent imaging modality for sensitive monitoring and accurate prediction of treatment response to anti-angiogenic agents in an orthotopic model of GBM.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.39 no.6
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• pp.575-592
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• 2018

This study investigates the formation mechanism of columnar joints at the Sanin Kaigan Geopark in Japan based on its morphology, rock type and igneous structure. Columnar joints distribute to five areas of three prefectures. That is, Kyogasaki, Byobuiwa, Tateiwa and Kyugenkado in Kyotango area of Kyoto prefecture; Genbudo and Kinumaki Shrine in Toyooka City of Hyogo prefecture; Yoroinosode, Takanosushima, Mini-Yoroinosode in Kamicho Town of Hyogo prefecture; Miooshima and Nagasakihana, Shitaara Domon, Kuzakuishi, Moroyose dyke in Shinonsencho Town of Hyogo prefecture; Shirawara dyke in Iwamicho Town in Tottori prefecture. Igneous structures are divided into three types: lava flow, sill and dyke. Lithologies are divided into five types including basalt, andesite, dacite, rhyolite, and quartz porphyry. Lava flow shows colonnade and entablature. However, entablature is not seen in the sills and dykes in the area. Although the polygons of columnar joint vary from tetragon to octagon, hexagon is most frequently found. The width of colonnades ranges from 10cm to 1m, but their size does not correlate with its $SiO_2$ contents. Meanwhile, their size and morphology at single site are comparatively uniform.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.254-262
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• 2019

The impact of free cyanide ($CN^-$) and thiocyanate ($SCN^-$) on the $CN^-$ (CDO) and $SCN^-$ degraders (TDO) to nitrify and denitrify aerobically was evaluated under alkaline conditions. The CDO's were able to nitrify under cyanogenic conditions, achieving $NH_4{^+}-N$ removal rates above 1.66 mg $NH_4{^+}-N.L^{-1}.h^{-1}$, except when $CN^-$ and $SCN^-$ loading was 15 mg $CN^-/L$ and 50 mg $SCN^-.L^{-1}$, respectively, which slightly inhibited nitrification. The TDO's were able to achieve a nitrification rate of 1.59 mg $NH_4{^+}-N.L^{-1}.h^{-1}$ in the absence of both $CN^-$ and $SCN^-$, while the presence of $CN^-$ and $SCN^-$ was inhibitory, with a nitrification rates of 1.14 mg $NH_4{^+}-N.L^{-1}.h^{-1}$. The CDO's and TDO's were able to denitrify aerobically, with the CDO's obtaining $NO_3{^-}-N$ removal rates above 0.67 mg $NO_3{^-}-N.L^{-1}.h^{-1}$, irrespective of the tested $CN^-$ and $SCN^-$ concentration range. Denitrification by the TDO's was inhibited by $CN^-$, achieving a removal rate of 0.46 mg $NO_3{^-}-N.L^{-1}.h^{-1}$ and 0.22 mg $NO_3{^-}-N.L^{-1}.h^{-1}$ when $CN^-$ concentration was 10 and 15 mg $CN^-.L^{-1}$, respectively. However, when the CDO's and TDO's were co-cultured, the nitrification and aerobic denitrification removal rates were 1.78 mg $NH_4{^+}-N.L^{-1}.h^{-1}$ and 0.63 mg $NO_3{^-}-N.L^{-1}.h^{-1}$ irrespective of $CN^-$ and $SCN^-$ concentrations.