• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.72-77
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• 2017

Purpose: Lycium ruthenicum Murr. is a nutritional food that has been used widely for treatment of heart disease, abnormal menstruation, and menopause. Methods: In this study, the crude protein, crude lipid and crude ash contents of two different Lycii fruits with different colors were investigated, and their color values, total sugar, pH, total anthocyanins and total carotenoids were analyzed. Results: Regarding crude ash, crude fat and crude protein contents, the L. barbarum showed higher in crude fat and crude protein contents than black fruits, whereas L. ruthenicum showed higher contents than black fruits. Regarding mineral composition, mineral contents were in the other of K, Mg, Mn, Na, Zn, and Fe. The K content was high in all of the samples, and the contents of Cr and Cu were not measured. The pH values of L. ruthenicum and L. barbarum were $5.00{\pm}0.01$ and $5.08{\pm}0.02$, respectively. The total sugar content of L. ruthenicum was 45.45% while that of L. barbarum was 45.43%. Ascorbic acid content of L. barbarum was $50.86{\pm}3.63%$ while that of L. ruthenicum was $6.3{\pm}1.40%$. The total anthocyanin content of L. ruthenicum was $462.22{\pm}0.41mg/100g$, although no anthocyanin was detected in L. barbarum. The total carotenoids content was $812.25{\pm}6.01mg/100g$ in L. barbarum, although that of L. ruthenicum was not measured. Conclusion: The results from this study indicate that there is a large difference in the composition of functional ingredients of L. ruthenicum and L. barbarum. There is a strong possibility of L. ruthenicum to be developed into color food sources.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.49 no.6
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• pp.779-784
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• 2016

We evaluated seasonal variations in the proximate, fatty acid and total amino acid compositions and mineral content of the muscles of wild and cultured Korean bullhead Pseudobagrus fulvidraco. The wild and cultured samples showed a significantly higher proportion of crude lipids than other components. Crude lipid content was highest in May in wild fish but lowest in May in cultured fish. We found no significant difference between wild and cultured samples in terms of fatty acid and total amino acid compositions and mineral content. The levels of saturated fatty acids (SFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) as well as n-6/n-3, were higher in the muscles of wild fish compared with those of cultured fish. However, monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) levels were higher in cultured fish. Both wild and cultured fish were good sources of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosa hexaenoic acid (DHA). In wild fish, the Mg and Zn contents were highest in August, while the Ca, P, Na, K, Fe, and Cu contents were highest in May. However, the mineral content of the cultured fish did not exhibit significant seasonal variation.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.117-126
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• 1984

Aflatoxins are toxic and carcinogenic secondary metabolites which are produced by trains of A. flavus and A. parasiticus during their growth on foods and feedstuffs. Aflatoxins are a group of closely related heterocyclic compounds of which $B_1$, $B_2$, and $G_2$ are the major members. Aflatoxins are synthesized via a polyketide pathway in which the general steps are acetate, an-thraquinones, xanthone and aflatoxins. Aflatoxin formation is favored by high moisture or high $a_w$(0.95${\sim}$0.99). The limiting $a_w$ for aflatoxin production on agricultural commodities is 0.83. Optimum temperature for aflatoxin production by the molds is $25{\sim}30^{\circ}C$ and the incubation time for the maximum production of the toxin is 7${\sim}$15 days. The limiting temperatures for aflatoxin production are ${\leq}7.5^{\circ}C\;and\;\geq40^{\circ}C$. Cycling temperatures may or may not stimulate aflatoxin production depending on the amplitude of cycling, substrate and strains of molds. Aflatoxin pro-ducing molds are aerobic organisms and thus have a requirement for oxygen. A decreasing $O_2$ concentration and/or increasing concentrations of $CO_2$ or $N_2$ depress the mold growth and aflatoxin formation. A. flavus grows competitively or associatively in the presence of other microorganisms and occasionally loses the competition with other microorganisms. Some lactic acid bacteria have been shown to reduce growth and aflatoxin production by A. parasiticus. Carbon source is the most important nutritional factors affecting aflatoxin formation by the molds. Sucrose, fructose and glucose are the most favorable carbon sources. Food substrates of plant derived products which have high carbohydrate content such as agricultural commodities and their products are most vulnerable to contamination by aflatoxins.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.146-155
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• 2012

This study aimed to measure and evaluate the intakes of four antioxidant trace elements, namely, Zn, Cu, Mn, and Se in 19-29y-old female university students in Korea. Diet data were collected by 3-day dietary records in 644 subjects. The mean age, height, weight and body mass index of the subjects were 20.08 years, 161.77 cm, 54.26 kg and $20.82kg/m^2$, respectively. The mean, median and 25th-75th percentile intakes of Zn, Cu, Mn, and Se in the subjects were 12.83 mg (12.40 mg, 9.59 to 15.34), 1.30 mg (1.27 mg, 1.00 to 1.57), 3.19 mg (3.12 mg, 2.45 to 3.86), and $50.90{\mu}g$ ($50.17{\mu}g$, 37.59 to 64.35), respectively. The proportion of subjects whose Mn intake was adequate or less was 62.89%, and the proportions of subjects whose Zn, Cu and Se intakes were at the estimated average requirements or less were 10.09, 4.97, and 39.60%, respectively. The major food group for dietary intakes of Zn, Cu, Mn, and Se was cereal, providing 8.55 mg (66.60%), 0.78 mg (59.93%), 2.09 mg (65.50%), and $16.83{\mu}g$ (32.43%), respectively. Many female university students were deficient in Mn and Se compared with the dietary reference intakes. Therefore, except for cereal, it is required to consume a diet consisted of various food sources for increasing the intakes of antioxidant trace minerals, especially animal food groups.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.358-367
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• 1998

The study purpose was to investigate psychosocial factors related to smoking among adolescent boys. The Theory of Planned Behavior provide the basis for the study. Twenty-five attitudinal beliefs, 9 normative beliefs and 20control beliefs were identified through questionnaire development. The data were analyzed using t-test and χ2-test. Thirty-three percent of 300 students were smokers. Most of the beliefs examined were significantly different between smokers(n=92) and nonsmokers(n=92). With respect to attitudinal beliefs, smokers responded less negatively on the items of bad health effects of smoking such as sore throat, headache, chest pain, risk of cancer and bad blood circulation(p<0.001), and decreased physical strength(p<0.05). Smokers believed less negatively on the items that smoking leads to bothering others, bad breath, yellow teeth and making them spend money(p<0.001). In contrast, smokers felt more positively on smoking as a means of stress management, relaxing, helping digestion(P<0.001). Smokers felt less pressure for not smoking from significant others. Especially mother, siblings, friends, girl friends, seniors of school were important sources of influence regarding subject's smoking. Smokers felt less confident in controlling the urge to smoke in several situations including; when they were with friends or asked to smoke by friends; after the meal, or drinking; when they were bored or stressed, upset, and when they felt unstable(p<0.001). Smokers also scored lower on specific skills to quit or control the urge to smoke as well as overall perceived control, compared to nonsmokers(p<0.001). These results suggest that interventions for adolescents incorporate diverse strategies to increase the perceived control over smoking in specific situations as well as overall perceived control, to help them realize and modify attitudinal beliefs, and to elicit support from significant others for not smoking. (Korean J Community Nutrition 3(3) : 358∼367,1998)

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.30 no.9
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• pp.1367-1378
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• 2020

The polyphagous eri silk moth, Samia ricini, is associated with various symbiotic gut bacteria believed to provide several benefits to the host. The larvae of S. ricini were subjected to isolation of gut bacteria using culture-dependent 16S rRNA generic characterization, metagenomics analysis and qualitative enzymatic assays. Sixty culturable aerobic gut bacterial isolates comprising Firmicutes (54%) and Proteobacteria (46%); and twelve culturable facultative anaerobic bacteria comprising Proteobacteria (92%) and Firmicutes (8%) were identified inhabiting the gut of S. ricini. The results of metagenomics analysis revealed the presence of a diverse community of both culturable and un-culturable gut bacteria belonging to Proteobacteria (60%) and Firmicutes (20%) associated with seven orders. An analysis of the results of culturable isolation indicates that these bacterial isolates inhabited all the three compartments of the gut. Investigation on persistence of bacteria coupled with metagenomics analysis of the fifth instar suggested that bacteria persist in the gut across the different instar stages. In addition, enzymatic assays indicated that 48 and 75% of culturable aerobic, and 75% of anaerobic gut bacterial isolates had cellulolytic, lipolytic and nitrate reductase activities, thus suggesting that they may be involved in food digestion and nutritional provision to the host. These bacterial isolates may be good sources for profiling novel genes and biomolecules for biotechnological application.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.593-605
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• 2004

An egg has been considered as one of the most important food sources because of it's nutritional superiority and reasonable price. With the complexity of egg flow system from production to consumption in Korea, preventive measures for egg safety have been required. Therefore, our study was carried out to analyze hazards for the egg under farm level and develope preventive measures with a purpose of obtaining egg safety. To analyze biological hazards, microbial contamination of egg(normal, dirty and cracked), water, feed, manure and equipments associated with laying were investigated. One isolate of Salmonella enteritidis and S. bardo were detected from the manure and dirty egg shell respectively. The sanitary conditions in the farm were surveyed by questionaries. Confirmation of vaccination for purchasing chicks and establishment of sanitary guidances for water and type of water suppliers ought to be preceded. Feed supplier systems including feed tanks, feed pipes and hoppers were known that their contamination might give it a chance to infect individuals and egg content and shell. The safe and rapid disposal of dead chickens and rodent were reported as more crucial factors to prevent infectious disease and manage good sanitation. Egg selector and collecting belt should be kept properly not to be contaminated from egg fluids and feces. It should be also considered that regular gathering of eggs, removal of dirty or cracked ones, storage under refrigeration and the use of disposable egg tray were continuously fulfilled. Conclusively, Our results suggested that HACCP-based system for providing fresh and safe eggs to consumers should be applied to the farm.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.438-444
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• 2011

The mushroom Coriolus versicolor contains biologically active polysaccharides, most of which belong to the ${\beta}$-glucan group. Diverse physicochemical properties, due to different sources and isolated types of ${\beta}$-glucans, can induce distinct biological activities. We investigated the effects of ${\beta}$-glucans from C. versicolor on phagocytic activity, nitric oxide (NO), TNF-${\alpha}$ production, and signaling of dectin-1, a well-known ${\beta}$-glucan receptor, in macrophages. ${\beta}$-Glucans increased phagocytic activity and TNF-${\alpha}$ and NO-iNOS/eNOS production. Laminarin, a specific inhibitor of dectin-1, showed strong inhibitory effects on phagocytosis and subsequent TNF-${\alpha}$, iNOS, and eNOS production increased by ${\beta}$-glucans, indicating that ${\beta}$-glucans reacts with dectin-1 receptors. We examined whether the aforementioned cytokines were involved in the signaling pathway from the dectin-1 receptor to phagocytosis, and found that the inhibition of iNOS, eNOS, and TNF-${\alpha}$ receptors significantly decreased ${\beta}$-glucan-induced phagocytosis. In conclusion, our study showed that dectin-1 signaling, triggered by ${\beta}$-glucans, subsequently elicited TNF-${\alpha}$ and NO-iNOS/eNOS production, and that these molecules seem to act as secondary molecules that cause eventual phagocytosis by macrophages. These findings suggest that C. versicolor could be used as a nutritional medicine that may be useful in the treatment of infectious disease.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.325-333
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• 2007

This study was conducted to investigate the weight concerns of female university students living in Jeonju, as well as their control on behavior. Self-administered questionnaires were collected from 285 students. Statistical data analysis was completed using the SPSS v. 11.0 program. The results are summarized as follows: The average weight, height, and BMI of the subjects were 21.43 kg, 161.93 cm, and 19.8, respectively. With regard to body image, most were dissatisfied with their figures, especially the hips and thighs. About 42% of the students estimated their figures as 'slightly fat', while 5.4% stated 'very fat', even though their BMI classified as 'normal'. Four percent of the underweight students described themselves as being 'fatty'. Approximately 93% of the students had strongly pursued weight control, and 45.3% reported wanting to lose about $2{\sim}5$ kg. Almost 73% of the respondents had weight loss experience. The primary reason for weight control was to improve self-confidence. Only 19.6% had succeeded in losing weight, while nearly 48% had stopped dieting. To reduce weight, about two thirds of the students ate less(e.g. no snacks, no sweets). Fifty percent tried to reduce weight by more physical activity(e.g. sports). Television(50.9%), friends(48.4%), and newspapers/magazines(40.4%) were essential sources of pertinent information. In conclusion, the results show that female students in Jeonju have a great interest in weight reduction. Thus, the majority are willing to try several methods for weight reduction, which however, are not promising and not based on a lasting nutritional change. Therefore, it's necessary to increase cooperation among those concerned(e.g. dietitians, teachers, parents, media) and to develop weight-control programs that take into consideration lifestyle and daily habits, as well as combine physical activity, nutrition, and behavioral and personality training.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.202-219
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• 2003

The present study was conducted to evaluate the food and nutrients intakes of stomach cancer patients in the Daegu and Gyeongbuk areas in order to find out the dietary risk factors for stomach cancer. The subjects of the study were 102 patients who had recently been diagnosed with stomach cancer at the Gyeongbuk National University Hospital. The control subjects were 105 people including patients from the Department of Orthopedic Surgery and healthy volunteers who did not have any gastrointestinal diseases. Estimates of nutrients intakes were determined from the food intake frequency data obtained by individual interviews using questionnaires. The mean daily calorie intakes of the control and the case groups were not significantly different. However the energy intake from protein was significantly higher in the case group as compared to the control group. With regard to the nutrients intakes, the case subjects consumed significantly higher amounts of nutrients such as protein, calcium, sodium, phosphorus and niacin than the control group. The case group showed a tendency to consume higher amount of protein, fat, calcium and iron from animal food sources. In the present study dietary factors which were suspected as being risk factors for stomach cancer included high consumption of animal foods, specific nutrients such as protein, sodium and niacin, specific food groups such as meat, spices, and low consumption of fruits and mushrooms. Therefore, it is recommended that more extensive and systematic surveys be conducted to confirm the risk factors for stomach cancer, taking into consideration the dietary cultural characteristics of this region. (Korean J Community Nutrition 8(2) : 202∼219, 2003).