• 운동영양학회지
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.101-107
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• 2009

The objectives of this study were to investigate 1) the nutritional knowledge, 2) the use of nutritional supplements, and 3) nutrient intakes of male elite bodybuilders (n=20). Participants carried out a comprehensive survey, anthropometric assessment, and 1 day food record. Daily nutrient intakes of the subjects were analyzed using Computer Aided Nutritional Analysis Program (Can-pro 3.0). The mean age of the subjects was 23.4 years. The mean duration of exercise was 5.3 years. The average scores of nutritional knowledge were 71.0%. The subjects were gathered nutrition information from nutrition book (65%), mass communication (50%), friends (50%) and coach (30%) in order. Ninety percentage of the subjects reported that they were taking nutritional supplements. Major reasons for taking nutritional supplements were to improve performance and to build-up muscle. The most frequently taken nutritional supplements were protein powder (85%), multivitamin/mineral (75%), BCAA (60%) and glutamine (55%) in order. The average daily energy intakes of the subjects were 4,248.7 kcal. The mean intake of protein was 370.3 g/day (3.93 g/kg BW). The ratio of total energy intake from carbohydrate, protein and lipid was 51 : 34 : 15. The intakes of most vitamin and minerals through food and nutrition supplements were much higher than those of each nutrient of the RDAs. Especially, vitamin B complex and vitamin C intakes were ranged from 500 to 3,000% of KNHNES. More research needs to be conducted to determine the optimal amounts of carbohydrates, protein, lipid and micro-nutrients for the bodybuilders.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제42권6호
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• pp.904-910
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• 2013

본 연구는 젊은 성인을 대상으로 운동 목적에 따른 영양섭취 실태를 조사하고자 수행되었다. 규칙적으로 운동하고 있는 20~30대 남녀를 대상으로 운동 목적에 따라 근육증가군 107명과 체중감소군 107명을 나누어 비교 분석하였다. 그룹별 성별구성을 분석한 결과, 근육증가군은 주로 남성(75.2%)이 많은 반면 체중감소군은 여성(74.3%)이 많이 분포하고 있었다. BMI 판정결과 두 그룹간의 유의적인 차이는 없었으며, 체중감소군의 절반 이상(56%)이 저체중 또는 정상체중으로 나타났다. 근육증가군의 하루 운동시간 및 규칙적으로 운동한 기간이 체중감소군에 비하여 유의적으로 많았다(p<0.01). 영양지식의 상태는 근육증가군의 점수가 체중 감소군에 비하여 유의적으로 높은 것으로 나타났다(p<0.05). 식행동 또한 근육량 증가군의 점수가 체중감소군에 비하여 유의적으로 높았다(p<0.05). 영양섭취 상태를 살펴보면, 한국인영양섭취기준과 비교하였을 때 근육증가군의 에너지 섭취비율이 에너지필요추정량의 83.72%로 체중감소군의 74.53%에 비하여 유의적로 높았다(p<0.01). 권장섭취량에 대한 단백질 섭취비율은 근육증가군이 199.62%, 체중감소군은 136.36%로 나타났으며 근육증가군이 체중감소군에 비해 유의적으로 매우 많은 양을 섭취하고 있었다(p<0.001). 권장섭취량에 대한 칼슘 섭취비율은 근육증가군이 67.75%, 체중감소군은 68.64%로 조사되었으며, 두 군 모두 권장섭취량과 비교하여 매우 부족한 수준으로 나타났다. 이와 같이 본 연구에서는 근육증가를 목적으로 운동하는 경우 과량의 단백질을 섭취하고 있었으며, 체중감소를 목적으로 운동하는 경우 필요량에 미치지 못하는 에너지 섭취를 하는 것으로 나타났다.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.48-60
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• 2023

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to compare the sex-associated differences in the dietary intake of gastric cancer patients in Korea. Methods: Data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) the 7^th (2016-2018) were analyzed in the present study. The subjects included 122 gastric cancer patients aged over 40 years (75 male, 47 female). General characteristics (age, marital status, household income, education, food security, comorbidities, alcohol drinking, and smoking), anthropometric characteristics (height, weight, body mass index, and blood pressure), blood biochemical characteristics [fasting plasma glucose (FPG), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, triglyceride, total cholesterol, and HDL-cholesterol)], and quantity and quality of dietary intake were compared between male and female participants. Results: Males had higher rates of having a spouse, prevalence of hypertension, alcohol drinking, and smoking than females. The proportion of males with a normal range of FPG, BUN, and HDL-cholesterol was lower than that in females. The total cholesterol levels above the normal range were higher in females than in males. We also found that females had a higher percentage of intakes below the estimated energy requirement (EER) and intakes below the estimated average requirement (EAR) for carbohydrates, niacin, phosphorus, and iron than males. The index of nutritional quality (INQ) for phosphorus and folate, nutrient adequacy ratio (NAR) for vitamin C, thiamine, niacin, folate, calcium, and phosphorus, and the mean adequacy ratio (MAR) were lower in females than males. Conclusions: In Korean gastric cancer patients, management of comorbidities such as diabetes and hypertriglyceridemia, lowering FPG, and raising HDL-cholesterol level management is required for males, whereas management of lowering total cholesterol and raising hematocrit is required for females. The quantitative and qualitative nutritional intakes were poor in gastric cancer patients, especially in females, who had a lower nutritional intake than males. We suggest that nutritional interventions are needed to improve the overall nutritional intake in both male and female gastric cancer patients. In particular, we propose that support is urgently needed for females whose nutritional intake is lower than that of males. In addition, family, social, and national support for nutritional management of female gastric cancer patients is highly necessary.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제44권5호
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• pp.394-405
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• 2011

Osteoporosis is a rising problem, as the older age population is increasing due to prolongation of life. Genetic and environmental factors play key roles in bone metabolism, and diet is also an important factor. We investigated the relationship among factors affecting bone mineral density (BMD), including daily food intake and nutrient intake in men aged >50 years. Seventy-eight men, who visited the health promotion center at one of the university medical centers, were divided into normal and osteopenia groups according to their BMD. The body weight of the normal group was significantly higher than that of the osteopenia group. The osteopenia group showed significantly higher carbohydrate intake and lower calcium and vegetable calcium intake compared to those in the normal group. Lumbar spine BMD was negatively correlated with energy, fat, vitamin B1, and sodium intake in the normal group. Additionally, femoral neck BMD was negatively correlated with total animal protein, energy, protein, fat, phosphorous, iron, animal iron, potassium, vitamin B1, B2, B6, and niacin intake. Lumbar spine BMD was positively correlated with fruit, calcium, vegetable calcium, animal calcium, and vitamin C intake in the osteopenia group. Femoral neck BMD was negatively correlated with meat, dairy product, total animal protein, plant protein, animal protein, vitamin A, and cholesterol intake. A stepwise multiple regression analysis revealed that several dietary factors affected BMD, including energy, fat, vitamin B1, B2, B6, niacin, sodium, protein, iron, animal iron, phosphorous, potassium, and animal protein in the normal group and zinc, calcium, vegetable calcium, animal calcium, vitamin C, fruit, protein, animal protein, meat, dairy product, carbohydrates, cholesterol, vegetables, mushrooms, and seasonings in the osteopenia group. These results indicate that adequate nutrient intake plays an important role maintaining optimum bone health in middle aged men.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.65-80
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• 2024

Objectives: This study aims to compare changes in physical factors, health behaviors, eating habits, and nutritional intake among Korean male and female adults over a period of three years (2019-2021) before and after the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Methods: This study utilized raw data from the 8th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2019-2021). The participants in this study included 6,235 individuals in 2019, 5,865 individuals in 2020, and 5,635 individuals in 2021. Individuals whose daily energy intake was less than 500 kcal or exceeded 5,000 kcal were excluded from the study. Results: In comparison to 2019, overweight/obesity rates, weight, waist circumference, weekend sleep hours, and resistance exercise days/week increased in both male and female during the COVID-19 pandemic. Regarding eating habits, the proportions of people skipping breakfast, not eating out, consuming health supplements, and recognizing nutritional labels increased in 2020 and 2021, whereas the rate of skipping dinner decreased. Total energy intake has continued to decrease for the two years since 2019. A comparison of nutrient intake per 1,000 kcal before and after the outbreak of COVID-19 revealed that intake of nutrients, including protein, phosphorus, iron, vitamin A, riboflavin, and niacin increased, while folic acid intake decreased. In male, calcium, phosphorus, riboflavin, and niacin intakes increased, whereas iron, vitamin C, and folic acid intakes decreased. In female, phosphorus, iron, vitamin A, and riboflavin intake increased significantly, while protein and niacin intake decreased significantly. Conclusions: After COVID-19, the obesity rate, breakfast skipping rate, health supplement intake, and nutritional label use increased, while the frequency of eating out, dinner skipping rate, and total energy intake decreased. These environmental changes and social factors highlight the need for nutritional education and management to ensure proper nutritional intake and reduce obesity rates in the post-COVID-19 era.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제36권7호
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• pp.749-758
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• 2003

Malnutrition is a common problem in patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis (HD) and compromised food intake is an important cause. Malnutrition is one of the important factors influencing mortality in these patients. This study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of nutrition education at improving nutritional status of 23 Korean HD patients (mean : 48.6 $\pm$ 10.4 years, men : 8, women : 15). Anthropometric indices, nutrient intakes, and biochemical blood indices were measured before and after a 6-month nutrition education intervention. Anthropometric indices such as percent ideal body weight [PIBW (%)], body fat, body mass index (BMI), mid-arm circumference (MAC), mid-arm muscle circumference (MAMC), and calculated arm muscle area (CAMA) of subjects were within the normal range and not changed by nutrition education. Subjective global assessment (SGA) was significantly increased (p < 0.05) after nutrition education. Intake of total energy, carbohydrate, lipid, Ca, and vitamin B1 was increased significantly (p < 0.05) but intake of phosphorus, potassium, and sodium was decreased (p < 0.05). The serum concentrations of albumin, total protein, and Ca were significantly increased (p < 0.05), but levels of P and K were decreased (p < 0.05) after the intervention. These findings suggest that nutrition education for HD patients can be effective for positively changing nutrient intakes, leading to improvements in blood indices and nutritional status.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• 제18권5호
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• pp.1055-1062
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• 2009

This study was conducted to investigate whether dietary chlorella intake could have an effect on antioxidative capacity in rats oxidatively stressed with cadmium (Cd). Sprague-Dawley rats fed dietary chlorella (0, 5, and 10%) for 4 weeks after induction of oxidative stress by exposing to Cd (200 ppm) for 8 weeks. After the oxidative stress applied, plasma and liver malondialdehyde concentrations and xanthine oxidase activities were decreased in 5% chlorella fed group compared to chlorella free group. Although liver heme oxygenase-1 protein expression was not affected by chlorella, the enzyme activity was improved in 5% chlorella fed group. Erythrocyte superoxide dismutase activity and hepatic metallothionein concentration were increased in 5% chlorella fed group. However, 10% chlorella intake had no effect on the improvement of oxidative stress-related enzymes and proteins. These findings suggest that, after induction of oxidative stress with Cd, 5% chlorella intake might improve antioxidative capacity against oxidative stress.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.934-941
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• 1999

This study was performed to investigate the effect of family type on the nutrient intake and nutritional status in elderly women. Blood samples and anthropometric data of elderly women aged from 60 to 78 years were collected in 1996, who visited a health examination center in Seoul to screen their health status. They were divided into two groups by their family type, one was extended family(extended family elderly, n=37) and the other was independently living(independently living, n=29). Nutrients intake was measured by interview using a simplified questionaire. Albumin, cholesterol, triglyceride(TG), hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit, Ca, Mg, and alkaline phosphatase activity of serum were analyzed. Intakes of energy, protein, carbohydrate, Fe, vitamin A, niacin, thiamin, riboflavin, and vitamin C were not different between the two groups. However, fat and Ca intakes were higher(p<0.05) in extended family elderly than indepen dently living elderly. There are no significant difference in hematocrit value and serum concentrations of Hb, TG, and Ca. Serum Mg and cholesterol levels tended to be higher in extended family elderly. However, serum albumin level was lower(p<0.05) in extended family elderly. These results show that the indepen dently living elderly women had intakes of daily energy, fat and Ca compared to the extended family elderly. Therefore, the nutritional education for the independently living elderly will be focused on the health risk resulted from less intakes of Ca and total energy.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.290-302
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• 2005

The nutrients intake and health-related habits of nonagenarian subjects in Korean representative longevity belts of Damyang, Gokseong, Kurye, Sunchang were evaluated for the purpose of providing the information on the desirable food selection and dietary pattern of elderly population. A survey was conducted with 91 subjects (26 males and 65 females) and their food intakes were measured by the combination of one meal weighing and 24-hr recall, and their general background information was collected by visit. The mean age of the subjects was 93.6 $\pm$ 2.2 (male) and 97.6 $\pm$ 4.6 (female) The average smoking rate was $20.9\%$, the rate of regular drinking was $26.4\%$. The average energy intake was 1,284.9 kcal comprising $77.1\%$ of RDA for elder people over 75. The energy ratio of carbohydrate, protein and fat were 66.5 : 18.2 : 15.3. The average intake of protein, calcium, iron and zinc were $107.4\%,\;59.9\%,\;106.3\%$ and $60\%$ of RDA respectively. The lower intake of vitamins as low as $70\%$ was found except vitamin $B_6$ and niacin. The majority of the subjects consumed rice as staple diet and mostly consumed white plain rice rather than mixed grain rice. The animal and plant food intakes were 88.4 : 11.6 in males and those of females were 83.0 : 17.0 showing a tendency of plant-based meals. Nutrients that showed NAR over 0.7 were protein, iron, vitamin $B_6$, niacin and phosphate, but those with INQ over 1. Nutrient with INQ below 0.7 was only vitamin E. Even though their nutritional quantity did not appear to be enough, but their nutritional quality was relatively high. The adding dairy products, nuts and fruits for the purpose of proving sufficient vitamin and minerals can achieve the optimal nutritional intake patterns. Further research on RDA of this age population should be followed.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.9-18
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• 2003

This study was conducted to investigate the nutritional knowledge, nutrients intake and the assessment of dietary behavior of old peoples living in Incheon area. Two hundred and three elderly were examined using the questionnaire. The results of this study are summarized as follows. 1. The old people was lacking in correct information about nutrition and diseases. 2. The nutritional knowledge scores of old women were higher than those of old men and the scores went up according to the amount of pocket money. 3. The amount of vitamin C and phosphorus intakes were higher than those of the RDA, protein intake reached the level of the RDA. The vitamin B$_2$intake, however, was below 75% of the RDA and that of calcium was very low in women, especially. 4. Most of subjects had a meal regularly three times a day and the skipping rate of breakfast was very low. Dey had a moderate meal volume and did not have an unbalanced diet. Dey nearly do not take the processed food, dine out and exceed in the cholesterol intake. 5. They took green and yellow vegetables and, milk and milk products relatively small. On the other hand, the intake of caffein beverage was relatively high. the rates of drinking and smoking were low. From these results, we may propose the conclusion as follows: The old people were much concerned about the nutrition and diseases, but they had no correct informations about them. Therefore, the program of nutrition and dietary behavior for their healthy elderly life had to be prepared and to be applied to them immediately.