• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.179-188
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• 2015

Though a great amount of chicken by-products are consumed everyday in many countries worldwide, however, no attention has been paid to the investigation of nutritional composition of these by-products. In the present work, the basic information regarding the aspects of nutritional composition of chicken by-products such as; liver, gizzard, heart, lung, crop, small intestines, cecum and duodenum was studied. Our results revealed that the approximate composition range (minimum to maximum) of these by-products was found as such: moisture 76.68-83.23%; fat 0.81-4.53%, protein 10.96-17.70% and calories 983.20-1,426.0 cal/g tissue, in which liver and gizzard had the highest protein content. Liver had higher (p<0.05) vitamin A, B1, B2, B3, B5 and B6 contents in comparison to other remaining byproducts. Total saturated fatty acids (SFA), unsaturated fatty acids (UFA), polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) levels ranged between the by-products from 31.82% to 43.96%, 56.04% to 68.19%, and 18.27% to 32.05%, respectively. Remarkably, all of by-products showed desirable PUFA/SFA ratios. Furthermore, all of chicken by-products, especially liver, contained higher levels of trace elements (e.g., Fe, Mn and Zn) in comparison with those from muscle tissues published in literature. Overall, the study indicated that most of chicken byproducts examined are good sources of essential nutrients and these obtained results will be the useful information to consumers and meat processors.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.214-220
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• 2014

We investigated nutritional characteristics and active components in the liver of Wagyu${\times}$Qinchuan cattle and Qinchuan cattle produced in Shaanxi (China). We observed significant differences (p<0.05) in the proximate composition of protein, fat, carbohydrate, total energy, and glycogen. Wagyu${\times}$Qinchuan cattle liver showed higher (p<0.05) sodium, iron, zinc, and selenium concentrations than Qinchuan cattle liver. The amino acid composition of Wagyu${\times}$Qinchuan cattle liver was richer (p<0.05) in 13 types of amino acids, with the exception of Asp (10.06%), Val (5.86%), and Met (1.72%). Total essential amino acids accounted for almost half the composition (39.69%) in Wagyu${\times}$Qinchuan cattle liver. Wagyu${\times}$Qinchuan cattle liver had lower (p<0.05) levels of monounsaturated fatty acids (18.2%), but higher (p<0.05) levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids (35.11%), compared with Qinchuan cattle liver (23.29% and 28.11%, respectively). The thrombogenic index was higher in Qinchuan cattle liver (0.86) than in Wagyu${\times}$Qinchuan cattle liver (0.70), and the glutathione (38.0 mg/100g) and L-carnitine (2.12 ${\mu}M/g$) content was higher (p<0.05) in Wagyu${\times}$Qinchuan cattle liver than in Qinchuan cattle liver (29.8 mg/100g and 1.41 ${\mu}M/g$, respectively). According to the results obtained, the liver of Wagyu${\times}$Qinchuan cattle, which is insufficiently used, should be increasingly utilized to improve its commercial value.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.94-101
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• 2004

The gross composition, gross amino acid content, apparent ileal amino acid digestibility and apparent ileal digestible amino acid content from 64 commercially produced meat and bone meals were statistically analysed. The samples were produced by 22 plants over a 2.5 year period with eight plants using batch dry rendering and 14 plants using low temperature rendering. A linear model with method and time of year (period) as fixed effects, plant within method as a random effect and sheep percent as a covariate was fitted to the composition data. The majority of the variation in the gross composition, amino acid digestibility and digestible amino acid content was explained by differences between plants using the same method. Neither rendering season nor origin of the raw materials contributed significantly to the observed variation in meat and bone meal protein quality. Rendering method (low temperature or batch rendering) had a significant effect on the variation observed in gross fat content, gross energy content, pepsin nitrogen digestibility, protein solubility and total lanthionine content. The digestibility of a number of amino acids and the apparent digestible content of arginine, cysteine, aspartic acid, proline and hydroxyproline were also significantly affected by rendering method. On average, batch dry and low temperature rendering systems produce meat and bone meals of similar nutritional quality. The variation between plant and within plant, however, is large, indicating that purchasing meat and bone meal from the same plant does not guarantee a consistent quality.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.55 no.2
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• pp.123-130
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• 2013

Whole cotton seed (WCS) has become one of the major feed ingredients in TMR for dairy cattle in Korea, and WCS for feed use is mostly imported from abroad. Since this genetically modified oil seed is usually fed to the animal in raw state, its germination ability, if last long, often causes concerns about ecological disturbances. In the process of looking for effective conditions to remove germination ability of WCS this study had the objectives to evaluate the nutritional effects of gamma irradiation at doses of 8, 10 and 12 kGy on changes in nutrient contents, anti-nutritional factors, in vitro digestibility and ruminal degradability. No significant differences were found in proximate analysis of nutrients between raw WCS and gamma irradiated one. Glycine and threonine contents significantly increased when the WCS was exposed to gamma ray as compared to untreated WCS (p<0.05). As for fatty acid composition, no significant differences were observed with the irradiation treatment. Free gossypol in WCS was decreased (p<0.05) by gamma irradiation treatment. Of the 3 different levels of gamma irradiation, a dose of 12 kGy was found to be the most effective in reducing free gossypol concentration. Results obtained from in situ experiment indicated that gamma irradiation at a dose of 10 kGy significantly (p<0.05) lowered rumen degradability of both dry matter and crude protein as compared with raw WCS. However, there were no significant differences in rapidly degradable and potentially degradable fractions of crude protein due to 10 kGy gamma irradiation. Overall, this study show that gamma irradiation at a dose of 10 kGy is the optimum condition for removing germination ability of WCS, and could improve nutritive value for the ruminant with respect to the decrease in both ruminal protein degradability and gossypol content of WCS.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.706-715
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• 2016

Nutritional composition and physicochemical properties changes in mustard leaf kimchi were investigated during fermentation of up to 3 months. The pH decreased, and the titratable acidity gradually increased according to increase of fermentation periods. Fructose and glucose were the major free sugars in mustard leaf kimchi, and their amounts were significantly decreased with fermentation periods (p<0.05). Lactic acid content showed a significant increase with maximum increase at 3 months. All types of kimchi contained 20 amino acids, but the content of most amino acid fluctuated during fermentation. Except for K and Zn, the content of other ingredients including Ca, Fe, Mg, Na, Se were the highest in kimchi fermented for 2 months. The unsaturated fatty acid of mustard leaf kimchi was higher than that of saturated fatty acid, and total fatty acid of kimchi significantly decreased after 2 months (p<0.05). Most vitamin contents showed a tendency to decrease with fermentation, in particular, vitamin B complex except for $B_2$ significantly decreased after 3 months (p<0.05). The results provide fundamental data for determining the appropriate fermentation period to improve the quality of kimchi.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.556-563
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• 2014

The nutritional composition of Korean native black cattle (KNBC) and Hanwoo beef were compared. According to the results, there were no significant differences in moisture, protein, ash, calorie and collagen content, but the fat content of KNBC was significantly higher than that of Hanwoo (p<0.05). The P, Na and Cu content of KNBC were significantly higher than that of Hanwoo (p<0.05). The KNBC and Hanwoo had total mineral amounts of 4,052.34 and 3,214.44 ppm, respectively, with the KNBC being significantly higher than Hanwoo (p<0.05). The vitamin B1 content of KNBC was significantly higher than that of Hanwoo (p<0.05), but there was no significant difference in B2 content between the samples. The total structural amino acid contents was not significantly different between KNBC (12.35%) and Hanwoo (12.58%). The KNBC and Hanwoo had total free amino acid amounts of 752.698 and 661.795 ppm, respectively, with the KNBC being significantly higher than Hanwoo (p<0.05). The stearic acid (10.631%), linoleic acid (2.271%), linolenic acid (0.065%) and tricosanoic acid (0.038%) contents of KNBC were lower than those of Hanwoo (p<0.05). However, their palmitoleic acid (5.292%), oleic acid (48.815%), ${\gamma}-linolenic$ acid (0.094%), eicosenoic acid (0.042%) and docosadienoic acid (0.099%) contents were higher than those of Hanwoo (p<0.05). There was no significant difference between the KNBC and Hanwoo in the saturated fatty acid : unsaturated fatty acid ratio.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.177-184
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• 2013

This work was conducted to assess the use of Near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) as a technique to analyze nutritional constituents of Distillers dried grain with solubles (DDGS) and corn quickly and accurately, and to apply an NIRS-based indium gallium arsenide array detector, rather than a NIRS-based scanning system, to collect spectra and induce and analyze calibration equations using equipment which is better suited to field application. As a technique to induce calibration equations, Partial Least Squares (PLS) was used, and for better accuracy, various mathematical transformations were applied. A multivariate outlier detection method was applied to induce calibration equations, and, as a result, the way of structuring a calibration set significantly affected prediction accuracy. The prediction of nutritional constituents of distillers dried grains with solubles resulted in the following: moisture ($R^2$=0.80), crude protein ($R^2$=0.71), crude fat ($R^2$=0.80), crude fiber ($R^2$=0.32), and crude ash ($R^2$=0.72). All constituents except crude fiber showed good results. The prediction of nutritional constituents of corn resulted in the following: moisture ($R^2$=0.79), crude protein ($R^2$=0.61), crude fat ($R^2$=0.79), crude fiber ($R^2$=0.63), and crude ash ($R^2$=0.75). Therefore, all constituents except for crude fat and crude fiber were predicted for their chemical composition of DDGS and corn through Near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.154-168
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• 2018

Salinity is a major abiotic stress that adversely affects crop productivity and quality. In this study, the metabolic profile and nutritional composition of rice in response to NaCl were analyzed. The plants were exposed to stressed or unstressed conditions, and their metabolic changes were examined in the shoots, roots, and grains collected at different growth stages. The levels of nutrients and anti-nutrients, including proximates, amino acids, fatty acids, minerals, vitamins, and phytic acid, were also determined for the grains. Application of NaCl significantly decreased the shoot and root growth and induced metabolic alterations at the tillering stage. During the heading stage, only the root metabolites were influenced by NaCl, and no metabolic variations related to salinity were found in the shoot, roots, and grains at the ripening stage. Nutritional analysis of the grain samples revealed that the amounts of linolenic acid and tricosanoic acid were significantly reduced while those of copper, sodium, and phytic acid were enhanced in response to stress. However, except for sodium, those differences were not great. Our results suggest that although NaCl-salinity influences the phenotypic and metabolic profiles of rice shoots and roots at the tillering stage, this impact becomes negligible as tissue development proceeds. This is especially true for the grains. Compositional analysis of the grains indicated that salinity induces some changes in fatty acids, minerals, and anti-nutrients.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.274-282
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• 2014

Objectives: The objective of this study was to revise the target pattern in food guidance system for adolescents' balanced menu planning. Methods: The food groups in the target pattern were divided into detailed food items, and intake number were assigned to each food items based on the revised standard food composition table. The validity of revised target pattern was examined. Menu planning according to the revised target pattern was made available to 305 male and female middle school students and the nutritional assessment of the menu plan were carried out using SPSS WIN 12.0. Results: The energy contents, energy contribution ratios of carbohydrate, fat, and protein, and 4 minerals' and 6 vitamins' contents of the revised target pattern were adequate. The average energy contents of the menu planned according to revised target pattern were 400~500 kcal higher than that of the revised target pattern when the revised standard food composition was applied. The energy contribution ratios of fat were 28.9%, close to maximum of acceptable macronutrient distribution range (AMDR) (30%), and that of carbohydrate were 54.5%, lower than minimum of AMDR (55%). The nutrient adequacy ratios (NARs) of calcium and vitamin C were less than 1.0. According to index of nutritional quality (INQ) of food items, kimchi, milk dairy products, and soybean curd were energy efficient source for calcium, kimchi, fruit, vegetable and seaweed were energy efficient source for vitamin C, with INQ of food items were higher or close to 2.0. Kimchi was the best energy efficient source of calcium and vitamin C. Conclusions: Revised target pattern based on the adolescent's foods intake was not good enough for balanced menu planning by adolescents, because what they ate and what they wanted to eat were very much different. Detailed guidance for food selection is necessary in each food items.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.366-369
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• 1991

This study was carried out to find out the properties of rice grain with embryo part. Obong-byeo. The embryo part on the rice remained by 96.7% in Obongbyeo after complete removal of the brans by common milling method. In nutritional composition. the content of lipid. vitamin B$_1$ and niacin were greater in Obongbyeo than Nagdongbyeo as a check variety. In particular. the contents of vitamin B$_1$ and niacin were about 1,5 times higher. Increased weight and feed effect of rat raising with milled rice were 107 and 172% in Obongbyeo and 101 and 125% in Nagdongbyeo. respectively. Eating quality of Obongbyeo was better than Nagdongbyeo.