• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.86-92
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• 2000

This study was conducted to determine the optimal mixing ratio of the paper mill sludge(PMS) and pig manure(PM). Since the former contains lots of total carbon and low nitrogen, it was used as carbon source. Also, dried paper mill sludge(DPMS) was added to the mixture to control the water content. The treatments was composed of four as follows, PMS-100(PM 0%+PMS 80%+DPMS 20%), PMS-85(15+65+20), PMS-70(30+50+20), and PMS-55(45+35+20). The mixtures were composted under aerobic condition in $1.25m^3$ static piles. The piles were aerated for 15 minutes per day and turned over the mixture once a week at the early stage of composting. To estimate the maturity of composts, the changes of physico-chemical properties such as temperature, pH, C/N ratio and color were monitored every week. The 25-30 and 55-60% as optimal condition of C/N ratio and moisture content were respectively recommended for effective composting by the evaluation of the changes of phsico-chemical properties for materials taken from compost files during the composting period. When the 30 and 45% of PM were mixed with PMS, the maturity time at least demanded to the stable state were shortened and the qualify of the final product was improved in a view of nutritional components.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.40 no.sup
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• pp.9-21
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• 2007

This study aimed to assess the total sugar intake for Korean and to identify major food sources contributing to those food components. Korean adults aged over 20 years old from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) 2001 and 2002 were selected. The data were analyzed to obtain nationally and seasonally representative information on the health and nutritional status of the Korean. Forty food groups were used in identifying food sources of total sugar and energy intake. Total sugar contents of foods in the KNHANES data sets were estimated by food code matching technique with Release 18 of the USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference. Sample weighted means, standard errors, and population percentages were calculated using SAS and SUDAAN. The mean total sugar intake of the Korean was 60.3g in 2001, 40.9g in spring 2002, 45.7g in summer 2002, and 52.1g in fall 2002, which were 30-44% of intake of US people. Fresh fruit was identified as the most significant food source for total sugar intake in Korean population in all age groups and all seasons. The next major food sources following fresh fruits were candy/jelly/syrup/honey, coffee/coffee caream, vegetables, Kimchi, soft drinks, milk, fruit juice, cookie/cracker/cake, and vegetable juice/grain juice, which showed similar results through the seasons. While carbonated soft drink was the most significant food sources for total sugar or added sugar intakes for US people. The total sugar intakes were significantly higher in women, higher educational level, and residing in metropolitan area. As intake of total sugar increased, intakes of protein, fiber, calcium, phosphorus, iron, Vit A, B1, B2, C, niacin showed significantly increased, while high intakes of added sugars showed low intakes of some micronutrients in the US people. Percentages of people who consumed nutrients below EAR were less in higher total sugar intake group than in lower intake group. From these results, we can conclude that the food consumption habits including the total sugar intake of Korean people seems relatively good so far. More reliable database of total sugar and added sugar composition tables in public domain should be established in the future, and also more researches about total sugar and added sugar for Koreans should be continued.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.185-192
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• 2005

Dietary chlarella has known as one of the best candidates for development of multifunctional probiotic foods owing to an excellent nutritional value such as high amount of proteins and various, valuable fatty acids. So many efforts were devoted to studying the chlorella as therapeutic agents or foods fighting against many diseases in the aged people such as cardiovascular diseases and cancers. In this study, we investigated sizes and weights of tumors derived from mice injected subcutaneously with tumorigenic cells to see if antitumor activity would be found in mice dieted with the chlarella complex. After BALB/c mice were dieted with $5\%$ organic cultured chlorella complex diet throughout for 19weeks, the fibrosarcoma was induced by subcutaneous injection of tumorigenic cells at the 3 weeks before sacrifice. The average weight of tumors in the diet group were significantly reduced to $60\%\;(P=0.012)$ of the one in control group, indicating that diet with the chlarella complex may have anticancer activity in mice. When the mice were dieted with $5\%$ organic cultured chlorella complex for 4 weeks before injecting the tumorigenic cells in order to see tumor-preventive effect of the diet, the potential preventive activity of the diet against cancer was implicated by the observation that the tumors were greatly reduced in the diet group to $37\%$ (P=0.l44) of the control group. Especially, when the $5\%$ diet were applied to mice after injecting with the tumorigenic cells, the tumors derived from the $5\%$ diet group were also decreased to $95\%$ (P=0.002) of those in the control group, suggesting that the diet with the organic cultured chlorella complex may also have therapeutic effect against tumor formation. As results, it was shown that the chlorella complex tested in this study had preventive and therapeutic effects on fighting against tumorigenesis. Therefore, the identification and further mechanistic study of the components which may be associated with antitumor activity from diet of the chlorella complex in the future will contribute to the development of anticancer probiotic foods, alternative therapeutic treatment against cancer, and a new anticancer drug.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.37-44
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• 2020

The antioxidant activities and β-glucan contents of hot-water extracts of the eggs and fruiting bodies of Phallus indusiatus were investigated using different drying methods, and the amino acid contents as nutritional components of the eggs and fruiting bodies of P. indusiatus were analyzed. DPPH radical scavenging and nitrite scavenging activities of hot-water extracts of the eggs of P. indusiatus obtained after hot-air drying were 59.4% and 15.6%, respectively, at 1 mg/ml concentrations, which showed higher activities than those of freeze dried samples. Total polyphenol and β-glucan contents in hot-air-dried hot-water extracts of the eggs of P. indusiatus were 8.25 mg GAE/g and 45.9%, respectively, which were the highest among all samples. Additionally, 17 amino acids were detected from the hot-water extracts of the eggs and fruiting bodies of P. indusiatus, and the amino acid contents were higher in the eggs than in the fruiting bodies. Cysteine, phenylalanine, and glutamic acid were the most abundant essential and non-essential amino acids in the analyzed extracts. The results of this study showed that the physiological activities of the antioxidants from P. indusiatus, well known as wild edible mushroom, were greater when extracted from the dried samples. Further, the amino acid contents were higher in the egg extracts than in the extracts from the fruiting bodies of P. indusiatus.

• Textile Coloration and Finishing
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.45-52
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• 2014

Red pine (Pinus densiflora) is widely used traditional medicine, pharmacological and nutritional values from which the phytochemical compounds are derived. The present study was aimed to examine the antibacterial effects in the absence and presence of a immature red pine cone extract against 13 microorganisms. The components in the aqueous extract from immature red pine cone were identified by GC-MS. About 1.4% of total polyphenolic compound was measured in aqueous extract collected from immature red pine cone. Also, the high concentration of ${\beta}$-phellenandrene, ${\alpha}$-pinene, limonene, bornyl acetate and aldehyde was detected in total ion chromatograms. Of total 13 microorganisms, 4 microorganisms including Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Vibrio cholera, Listeria monocytogenes, Klebsiella pneumonia were effectively killed by aqueous extract of immature red pine cone. The highest anti-bacterial effect was detected in P. aeruginosa, followed by V. cholera, L. monocytogenes and K. pneumonia. In case of P. aeruginosa, the largest diameter of inhibition zone was maintained to 1/2 solution treated cells and slightly decreased at 1/4 and 1/8 solution treated cells. Also, in test used V. cholera and L. monocytogenes, the inhibition zone was strongly formed in only 1 and 1/2 solution treated cells, while K. pneumonia showed the very small diameter of inhibition zone in all concentrations. Therefore, these results suggested that the aqueous extracts of immature red pine cone should be considered as a new and potentially important anti-bacterial substrate to effectively prevent the microbial infection and penetration.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.192-199
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• 1998

1. 조사 대상자들의 평균 키와 체중은 각각 161.00$\pm$4.15cm, 50.45$\pm$8.15kg이었으며 BMI는 19.81$\pm$3.98, 체지방율은 26.12$\pm$4.12, skinfold thickness는 40.40$\pm$12.56mm로 나타났다. 2. 조사 대상자들의 혈액성상은 적혈구 수, 헤모글로빈, 헤마토크리트치, albumin, globulin, 총 콜레스테롤, LDL-콜레스테롤, HDL-콜레스테롤, 총 중성지방을 측정하였으며 헤마토크리트치를 제외한 나머지 성상들은 모두 정상 범위에 속하였다. 헤마토크리트치는 정상범주에 미달되는 것으로 나타나 이로 말미암아 철분 결핍성 빈형에 노출될 확률이 아주 많음을 보였다. 3. 용돈별로 체지방율을 분류하여 분석한 결과 한달 용돈이 평균 20~30만원을 쓰는 group의 체지방율이 22.00%로서 정상 수준 이었으며, 30만원 이상 사용하는 group은 비만으로 나타났다.(p<0.05) 한편, 그 외의 group들은 체내 체지방율 수준도 정상 수준인 20~25%를 넘어 체중으로 나타났다. 또한 30만원 이상 사용하는 group은 다른 group보다 RBC(million/㎣), Hb(g/이), Hct(%) 모두가 낮게 나타났으며, 빈혈로 판정될 수 있는 수준이었다. 4. 다이어트 빈도별 각 요인들간의 상관관계를 살펴보면 다이어트 시도를 자주 한다고 답변한 group이 거의 실시하지 않는다., 실시해 본 적이 없다라고 대답한 group보다 체중과 BMI가 유의적으로 낮았다.(p<0.05) 그러나 skinfold thickness(mm)와 체지방율은 유의차가 나타나지 않았다. 따라서 비록 다이어트 실시를 자주할 경우 절대적인 체중감량은 감소되지만 체내 지방량이 감소되는 것은 아니라고 판단된다. 5. 다이어트 실시기간에 따라 혈액 성상을 분석한 결과, 4개월 미만 다이어트를 실시하였으나, 1개월 전부터 현재(설문지에 응답한 시점)까지 기간 중에는 다이어트를 실시한 적이 없다고 대답한 group의 Alb(g/dl)과 Glo(g/dl)의 수치가 다이어트를 실시한 적이 없다고 대답한 group에 비해 유의적으로 높게 나타났다.(p<0.05) 6. 체중은 BMI와 양의 상관관계를 나타내었으며, BMI는 견갑골과도 높은 양의 상관관계를 가졌다. 상완부는 견갑골, skinfold thickness(mm), 체지방율과 높은 양의 상관관계를 보였으며, 반면 Hb(g/dl), Hct(%)와는 음의 상관관계를 나타내었다. 견갑골은 BMI 뿐 아니라 skinfold thickness(mm), 체지방율과 양의 상관관계를 나타내었으며, skinfold thickness(mm)는 체지방율과 유의적인 양의 상관관계가 있음이 나타났다. 7. RBC(million/㎣)는 Hb(g/dl) 및 Hct(%)와 유의적인 양의 상관관계를 나타내었으며, Hb(g/dl)도 Hct(%)와 유의적인 양의 상관관계를 나타내었다. Alb(g/dl)은 Glo(g/dl) 및 TCH(mg/dl), HDL(mg/dl)과도 양의 상관관계를 가졌다. Glo(g/dl)은 TCH(mg/dl)과 양의 상관관계를 보였으며, TCH(mg/dl)은 Alb(g/dl), Glo(g/dl)이에도 TTG(mg/dl), LDL-cho(mg/dl) HDL-cho과도 양의 상관관계를 나타내었다. TTG(mg/dl)은 LDL-cho(mg/dl)과는 양의 상관관계를 HDL-cho(mg/dl)과는 음의 상관관계를 나타내었다.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.335-341
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• 2003

The physicochemical characteristics and chemical compositions of six Korean traditional soybeans were studied namely, cheongtae, seoritae, jinjoori, subaktae, yutae and huktae. The characteristics of imported soybean were also investigated for comparison. The average weight of one hundred-seed for huktae, which is normally used as nutritional supplement by adding to rice during cooking, was 43.1 g. The average whole length and long and short width for six varieties of the bean were $5.68{\sim}10.15\;mm$, $5.10{\sim}9.33\;mm$ and $4.30{\sim}7.48\;mm$, respectively. Color of cheongtae and subaktae were green, while that of seoritae, jinjoori, and huktae were black with yutae having yellow seed coat. Moisture, crude fat, crude protein and ash content of soybean seeds were all in the ranges of $8.5{\sim}11.5%$, $14.0{\sim}20.8%$, $38.0{\sim}49.2%$ and $4.2{\sim}5.0%$, respectively, showing differences among cultivars. Methionine, cysteine and histidine were the minor components of soybean protein and percentage of methionine to the total proteins showed significant varietal differences. Subaktae contained the highest content of methionine with 4.0 mg/g protein, while jinjoori the lowest with 1.8 mg/g protein. The main fatty acids of total lipid were linoleic, oleic and palmitic acids, which comprised over 80% of total fatty acids. Cultivar yutae had higher content of neutral lipid but lower content of glycolipid and phospholipid. Among the fatty acids, content of linoleic acid were the highest $(41.4{\sim}54%)$ and ratios of unsaturated fatty acid to the total fatty acid was $82.7{\sim}85.2%$. The main fatty acid of neutral lipid, glycolipid, and phospholipid was linoleic acid.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.47 no.6
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• pp.776-784
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• 2014

Tuna cooking juice concentrate (TCJC) is by-produced during the canning processing of skipjack tuna Katsuwonus pelamis and it is well known that TCJC contains various nutritional components. Therefore, the immuno-stimulating activity of TCJC was investigated using macrophage RAW 264.7 cell line and the spleen cell isolated from BALB/c mice. The TCJC increased the production of IL-6, TNF-${\alpha}$, and IL-$1{\beta}$ in a dose-dependent manner compared to the control in RAW 264.7 cells without any toxicity. In particular, the production of TNF-${\alpha}$ was increased over 300-fold. The production of both Th1 cytokine (such as IFN-${\gamma}$, TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-2, and IL-12) and Th2 cytokine (IL-4, IL-6, IL-10) was also increased by TCJC treatment in splenocytes. Moreover, the TCJC increased the splenocyte proliferation in a concentration-dependent manner compared to control. These results indicate that TCJC may enhance immune function by promoting various cytokine production.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.33 no.8
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• pp.1265-1272
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• 2020

Objective: To evaluate the effect of feeding acidified milk on the growth and fecal microbial diversity of dairy calves. Methods: Twenty healthy 3-day-old female Holstein calves with similar body weights were selected and randomly divided into two groups. One group was fed pasteurized milk (PM, Control), while the other was fed acidified milk (AM) ad libitum until weaned (day 60). The experiment lasted until day 180. Results: There was no difference in the nutritional components between PM and AM. The numbers of Escherichia coli and total bacteria in AM were lower than in PM. At 31 to 40 and 41 to 50 days of age, the milk intake of calves fed AM was higher than that of calves fed PM (p<0.05), and the solid feed intake of calves fed AM was higher than that of calves fed PM at 61 to 90 days (p<0.05). The average daily gain of calves fed AM was also higher than that of calves fed PM at 31 to 60, 61 to 180, and 7 to 180 days (p<0.05). The calves fed AM tended to have a lower diarrhea rate than those fed PM (p = 0.059). Bacteroides had the highest abundance in the feces of calves fed AM on day 50, while Ruminococcaceae_UCG_005 had the highest abundance in the feces of calves fed AM on day 90 and calves fed PM on days 50 and 90. At the taxonomic level, the linear discriminant analysis scores of 27 microorganisms in the feces of calves fed AM and PM on days 50 and 90 were higher than 4.0. Conclusion: Feeding AM increased calf average daily gain and affected fecal bacterial diversity.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.13 no.6
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• pp.749-753
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• 2006

This study was carried out to investigate the nutritive components of apple snail, Cipangopaludina chinensis malleata, with different parts such as shell, viscera and muscle. The average content of moisture, crude fat, crude protein, carbohydrate and ash in the muscle of apple snail were $74.8{\pm}1.2%,\;0.6{\pm}0.0%,\;12.7{\pm}1.0%,\;7.9{\pm}1.0%$ and $4.2{\pm}0.6%$ respectively. The shell of apple snail contained above 97% ash. Amino acid analysis showed that the major amino acids of muscle were in order of arginine (31.7%), alanine (21.2%) and glutamic acid (7.1%) among total 17 amino acids, while those of viscera were tyrosine (24.5%) and alanine (12.4%) and arginine (11.4%). On the other hand, the major minerals of muscle were P (8.12 mg%), Ca (42.27 mg%), and Mg (4.04 mg%), while those of shell were Ca (54.66 mg%), P (3.9 mg%), and Na (2.33 mg%). The saturated fatty acid in different pare of apple snail was shown to be 1.6% in muscle, 5.3% in viscera, and 4.2% shell. These results imply that apple snail can be used as a good nutritional source with high protein and low fat content.