• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.1 no.3
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• pp.163-174
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• 2007

Folate has received international attention regarding its role in the risk-reduction of birth defects, specifically neural tube defects (NTDs). In 1998 health officials in Canada, like the United States, mandated the addition of folic acid to white flour and select grain product's to increase the folate intake of reproductive-aged women. Subsequent to this initiative there has been an increase in blood folate concentrations in Canada and a 50% reduction in NTDs. Many countries, including Korea, have not mandated folic acid fortification of their food supply. Reasons vary but often include concern over the masking of vitamin $B_{12}$ deficiency, a belief that folate intakes among womenare adequate, low priority relative to other domestic issues, and the philosophy that individuals have the right not to consume supplemental folic acid if they so choose. Prior to folic acid fortification of the food supply in Canada, the folate intakes of women were low, and their blood folate concentrations while not sufficiently low to produce overt signs of folate deficiency (eg. anemia) were inconsistent with a level known to reduce the risk of an NTD-affected pregnancy. The purpose of this article is to describe the role of folate during the periconceptional period, pregnancy, and during lactation. The rationale for, and history of recommending folic acid-containing supplements during the periconceptional period and pregnancy is described as is folic acid fortification of the food supply. The impact of folic acid fortification in Canada is discussed, and unresolved issues associated with this policy described. While the incidence of NTDs in Canada pre-folic acid fortification were seemingly higherthan that of Korea today, blood folate levels of Korean women are strikingly similar. We will briefly explore these parallels in an attempt to understand whether folic acid fortification of the food supply in Korean might be worth consideration.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.17 no.7
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• pp.947-953
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• 2004

The present research was designed to evaluate the effects of pre and post-partum energy level and feeding pattern on the performance of crossbred dairy cows and their calves under farm conditions. A total of 16 crossbred dairy cows were divided into two equal groups on the basis of their body weight and milk production. One group was given 30% less and the another was given 30% more energy than MAFF's (1984) recommendation. After calving all cows were given same ad.libitum diet to assess the effects of feeding during pregnancy on their performance. It was observed that just before calving cows on low energy group gained less (p<0.05) weight than that of the cows on high energy group (12.9$\pm$11.71 vs. 42.25$\pm$12.74 kg/cow. Birth weight of calves of low energy group was lower (p<0.05) than that of the calves of high energy group (17.87$\pm$1.78 vs. 20.73$\pm$2.24 kg/calf). Cows that were on low pre-calving dietary energy level produced less milk during lactation than the cows of high energy pre-calving group (3.45$\pm$0.75 vs. 4.27$\pm$0.79 lit./cow). No significant difference was noticed on calf growth rate and reproductive parameters of cow. Energy level that was 30 % less than MAFF's (1984) recommendation was found to be very low and not suitable for our crossbred cows during their last three months of pregnancy.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.26 no.8
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• pp.967-973
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• 1993

The longitudianl study on taurine intake of breast-fed infants from Korean lacto-ovo-vegetarian (n=23) and non-vegetarian(n=22) at 3-5, 15, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150 days postpartum was performed. The taurine content of human milk was analyzed by amino acid autoanalyzer (LKB-Alpha plus) and the human milk intak of infants was measured by test weighing method. The mean taurine content of human milk at each postpartum period was 434$\pm$128.362$\pm$, 304$\pm$90, 306$\pm$90, 302$\pm$77, 310$\pm$108, 248$\pm$53 nmol per ml in non-vegetarian and 418$\pm$112, 380$\pm$97, 314$\pm$97, 262$\pm$83, 206$\pm$79, 176$\pm$55, 153$\pm$31 nmol per ml in lacto-ovo-vegetarian, respectively. The content decreased significantly during lactation(p<0.05). The mean tauring intake at 15, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150 days postpartum was 195$\pm$94, 202$\pm$74, 212$\pm$54, 177$\pm$43, 137$\pm$47, 132$\pm$35, 106$\pm$15 umol per day in infants of lacto-ovo-vegetarian. Thu taurine content in human milk and the taurine intake of infants were different during lactation between non-vegetarian and lacto-ovo-vegetarian, and the intake per kg body weight during lactaion decreased.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.67-75
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• 1993

Folate and iron nutrition was studied in a total of 122 pregnant, lactaging, and non-pregant, non-lactating Korean women, Serum folate levels were determined microbiologically using Lactobacillus casei(ATCC 7469), and serum iron levels was analyzed colormetrically. The average folate values of pregnant and lactating women were 5.42ng/ml and 4.14ng/ml, which were significantly lower than that of the non-pregnant, non-lactating women(7.06ng/ml). More than 1/3 of the total subjects were found to have serum folate levels lower than 3ng/ml, at which folate nutrition status can be considered inadequate. Serum iron values of pregnant(96.9ug/dl)and lactating women(93.9ug/dl) were not significantly different from that of the non-pregnant, non-lactating women (97.1ug/dl). There were however, more iron-deficient subjects in the pregnant gorup(17%) and the lactating group(19%) than in the non-pregnant, non-lactating group (8%). A statistically significant positive correlation was shown between the levels of serum folate and iron in lactating women(r=.9694, p<0.05). The results of our study document that folate deficiency is a nutritional problem as prevalent as iron deficiency in Korean women, especially during pregnancy and lactation. For these women a routine folate and iron supplementation might be necessary.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.147-152
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• 2017

The rate of human milk feeding has been decreasing despite the diverse efforts of many physicians and nurses, as well as numerous professional organizations and various international health institutions. The number of physicians and nurses who can provide proper guidance for human milk feeding and offer appropriate knowledge and techniques to allow the most beneficial and convenient manner of breastfeeding is quite deficient. It is suggested that physicians and nurses be trained to teach and educate about the medical importance of human milk feeding to lactating mothers. This can be accomplished through systemic changes in medical education and clinical practice. However, the curricula of medical schools in Korea do not provide enough education and training to effect an increase in human milk feeding. The author strongly recommends that the educational objectives for medical schools and resident training offer more education and training concerning so that they are well aware of breastfeeding basics and techniques, and have ability to solve lactation-associated clinical problems.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.305-314
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• 1998

Microflora in 14 breast-fed(BF) and 15 formula-fed(FF) infants were investigated before (2-3 months after birth) and after weaning (5-7 months birth) to find the floral differences between the two lactation groups and the floral changes after weaning. Bifidolbacteria showed the highest count among the species of microflora in the BF group before and after weaning, but in the FF group, streptococci showed the highest count before weaning and bifidobacteria after weaning. Before weaning , the count of bifidobacteria, lactobacilli and total acaerobes were significantly higher in the BF group than in the FF. However, the frequencies of clostridia and klesidella , along with the counts of streptococci and eubacteria, were higher in the FF group. After weaning , the only difference was that the total count of aerobic bacteria was higher in the BF group. The counts of streptococci in the BF group and lactobacilli and total anaerobes in the FF group after weaning were significantly higher than before weaning. However, the count of total aerobes in the FF group after weaning was significantly lower than the count before weaning.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.27 no.10
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• pp.1018-1024
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• 1994

The longitudinal change of vitamin E($\alpha$-Tocopherol) content and secretion in transitional milk of 32 Korean lactating women and vitamin E intake of infants was studied 7, 10 and 15 days postpartum, Vitamin E content of the milk decreased at 7, 10 and 15 days postpartum with the respective amount of 784, 633 and 539$\mu\textrm{g}$/100ml. The average vitaimin E secretion in the milk of mothers appeared 350$\mu\textrm{g}$/days. The average vitamin E intake in the milk was 3033 and 2424$\mu\textrm{g}$/day in boys and girls respectively and was 174.7% for infants of the recommended lower limit for vitamin E in infant formular of 0.5mg/100㎉. Vitamin E intake per body weight of infants in the milk were 929.731 and 676$\mu\textrm{g}$/kg/day respectively.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.12 no.6
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• pp.956-965
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• 1999

Genetic selection and sophisticated management technology have produced modern sows which excel in litter size and milk production. Recent research has identified nutritional innovations which may enhance productivity of the high producing sow. Selected research in three areas which have the potential to enhance reproductive performance are summarized in this report. First, preliminary evidence indicates that organic chromium may enhance litter size and conception rate. Secondly, high producing sows, particularly primiparous sows, required higher protein/lysine in late gestation and or lactation to optimize weaning weight and subsequent litter size. Valine and isoleucine, but not leucine, have been shown to enhance milk production. Phased feeding programs with diet cost partitioned toward gilts and away form parity 3 to 8 sows have been suggested as a means of improving reproductive performance in young sows. Lastly, recent research with sufficient sow numbers to document the effect of dietary fiber on reproductive performance has shown that sows fed fiber farrowed and weaned more pigs.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.414-422
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• 1993

The longitudinal changes on human milk intake of exclusively breast-fed infants(boys=15, girls=12) from 0.5 to 6 months after parturition have been studied by test-weighing method in Cheongju and Anseong area. Infant milk intake per day tended to increase during lactation. The mean intake at 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 months were 532, 695, 734, 756, 785, 767, and 710g, respectively. The average intakes were 752 and 660g for boys and girls, respectively. The overall mean intake was 711g/day. The milk intake between boys and girls at 1, 2, 4 months, and mean value was significantly different(p<0.05). Infant milk intake had a significant positive correlation with human milk volume of lactating women, but no correlation with maternal age, weight before delivery, height, and birth weight.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.80-87
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• 1998

Intestinal microflora in 17 breast-fed(BF) and 14 formula-fed (FF) newborn infants at about 1 week after birth were investigated to determine the floral differences of the two lactation groups. The fecal conditions were significantly different between the two groups in that the number of subjects who showed watery feces, and the times of defecation per day, were higher in the BF group. In addition, the mean fecal PH of the BF group was lower than that of the FF group. The dominant species in the BF groups which showed the highest count among the species of microflora was bifidobacteria , while the dominant species in the FF group was streptococci. The frequency of staphylococci and the count of bifidobacteria were significantly higher in the BF group. However, the frquencies of streptococci and Peptococcaceae were higher in the FF group. Through the differences were not significant, the frequency of bvifidobacteria and the count of staphylococci were higher in BF group, whereas the frequencies of bacteriodes, clostridia, enterobacter and the count of clostridia were higher in FF group.