• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.59-66
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• 2010

This study was aimed to investigate the effects of feeding level of concentrate on the digestible nutrient intake, using efficiency of nutrients and nitrogen retention of growing Korean black goats (KBG) fed on whole crop barley (WCB) silage. WCB silage with concentrates at 2.0% (BS2.0), 1.5% (BS1.5) and 1.0% (BS1.0) of BW, respectively, and rice straw with concentrate at 2.0% (RS2.0) of BW as a control. Goats for digestibility trials were assigned within each group with three animals to individual metabolism crates with Latin square design. Digestible crude protein (DCP) intakes goats in control, BS2.0 and BS1.5 was significantly higher than that in BS 1.0 (p<0.05). Digestible NFC intakes of goats in BS2.0 and BS 1.5 was significantly higher than that in BS1.0 (p<0.05). The highest Average daily gain (ADG) were recorded in group BS2.0 followed by BS1.5, RS2.0 and BS1.0 (p<0.05). The highest DM digestibility was shown in group BS1.5 treatments (p<0.05). Nitrogen retentions in RS2.0, BS2.0 and BS1.0 were significantly higher than that in group BS1.0 (p<0.05). The results obtained from this study suggested that feeding level of concentrate seems to be proper at 1.5% of BW to achieve the best performance when black goats are fed WCB silage as a roughage source with concentrate.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.40 no.8
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• pp.719-727
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• 2007

To elucidate the relationship among the levels of nutrients intake, bone mineral density(BMD) and the urinary biochemical markers of bone metabolism, this survey is conducted with 225 postmenopausal women over 50 years of age. The urinary biochemical markers including deoxypyridinoline(DPD) and Ca excretion were measured. Bone mineral densities of lumbar spine(L2-L4), femoral neck, ward's triangle and trochanter were measured with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and the nutrient intake data obtained by 24 hr recall method. Mean age of all subjects was 64.8 years old, and the BMDs of the subjects were $0.86g/cm^2$(lumbar spine), $0.60g/cm^2$(femoral neck), $0.49g/cm^2$(trochanter), and $0.41g/cm^2$(ward's triangle). The results were compared among 3 groups with different nutrient intake levels classified by the percentage of Dietary Reference Intakes(DRIs) for Koreans as follows: low < 75% DRIs, 75% DRI $\leq$ adequate < 125% DRIs, high $\geq$ 125% DRIs. Bone mineral density of adequate protein intake group was significantly higher than those of low and high protein intake groups(p<0.05). Urinary DPD excretion was lowest in protein and calcium adequate intake groups(p<0.05, p<0.05), respectively. In relation to urinary Ca excretion, it is revealed to be considerably lower in the groups taking protein and vitamin C adequate intake(p<0.05, p<0.05). The percent DRI of protein and calcium were positively correlated with the BMD of the femoral neck after adjusted age(p<0.05, p<0.05). These results showed that there are probably some relationships between nutrient intake levels and urinary biochemical markers. For postmenopausal women with adequate nutrition expecially protein, calcium and vitamin C, has an important role to postpone bone resorption and to prevent the decrease of bone density.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.747-754
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• 2005

Nutritional regulation of gene expression associated with growth and feeding behavior in avian species can become an important technique to improve poultry production according to the supply of nutrients in the diet. Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) found in chickens has been characterized to be a 70 amino acid polypeptide and plays an important role in growth and metabolism. Although it is been well known that IGF-I is highly associated with embryonic development and post-hatching growth, changes in the distribution of IGF-I gene expression throughout early- to late-embryogenesis have not been studied so far. We revealed that the developmental pattern of IGF-I gene expression during embryogenesis differed among various tissues. No bands of IGF-I mRNA were detected in embryonic liver at 7 days of incubation, and thereafter the amount of hepatic IGF-I mRNA was increased from 14 to 20 days of incubation. In eyes, a peak in IGF-I mRNA levels occurred at mid-embryogenesis, but by contrast, IGF-I mRNA was barely detectable in the heart throughout all incubation periods. In the muscle, no significant difference in IGF-I gene expression was observed during different stages of embryogenesis. After hatching, hepatic IGF-I gene expression as well as plasma IGF-I concentration increases rapidly with age, reaches a peak before sexual maturity, and then declines. The IGF-I gene expression is very sensitive to changes in nutritional conditions. Food-restriction and fasting decreased hepatic IGF-I gene expression and refeeding restored IGF-I gene expression to the level of fed chickens. Dietary protein is also a very strong factor in changing hepatic IGF-I gene expression. Refeeding with dietary protein alone successfully restored hepatic IGF-I gene expression of fasted chickens to the level of fed controls. In most circumstances, IGF-I makes a complex with specific high-affinity IGF-binding proteins (IGFBPs). So far, four different IGFBPs have been identified in avian species and the major IGFBP in chicken plasma has been reported to be IGFBP-2. We studied the relationship between nutritional status and IGFBP-2 gene expression in various tissues of young chickens. In the liver of fed chickens, almost no IGFBP-2 mRNA was detected. However, fasting markedly increased hepatic IGFBP-2 gene expression, and the level was reduced after refeeding. In the gizzard of well-fed young chickens, IGFBP-2 gene expression was detected and fasting significantly elevated gizzard IGFBP-2 mRNA levels to about double that of fed controls. After refeeding, gizzard IGFBP-2 gene expression decreased similar to hepatic IGFBP-2 gene expression. In the brain, IGFBP-2 mRNA was observed in fed chickens and had significantly decreased by fasting. In the kidney, IGFBP-2 gene expression was observed but not influenced by fasting and refeeding. Recently, we have demonstrated in vivo that gizzard and hepatic IGFBP-2 gene expression in fasted chickens was rapidly reduced by intravenous administration of insulin, as indicated that in young chickens the reduction in gizzard and hepatic IGFBP-2 gene expression in vivo stimulated by malnutrition may be, in part, regulated by means of the increase in plasma insulin concentration via an insulin-response element. The influence of dietary protein source (isolated soybean protein vs. casein) and the supplementation of essential amino acids on gizzard IGFBP-2 gene expression was examined. In both soybean protein and casein diet groups, the deficiency of essential amino acids stimulated chickens to increase gizzard IGFBP-2 gene expression. Although amino acid supplementation of a soybean protein diet significantly decreased gizzard IGFBP-2 mRNA levels, a similar reduction was not observed in chickens fed a casein diet supplemented with amino acids. This overview of nutritional regulation of IGF-I and IGFBP-2 gene expression in young chickens would serve for the establishment of the supply of nutrients to diets to improve poultry production.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.117-125
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• 1980

In order to investigate the utilization efficiency of dietary protein in the rat body and effects of dietary fat on its protein metabolism, 51 Sprague-Dawly rats of 6 weeks old weighing approximate)y 106g were subjected to feeding trials for 4 weeks and then subsequently to metabolic trials for 3 weeks using six different diets composed of three different levels of protein (10%, 20% and 30%) with low (20%) and high (40%) fat content for each protein level, total energy being fixed at 4000 Kcal/kg by addition of an appropriate amount of carbohydrate, and the following results were obtained. 1) The body weight gain increased in the low fat diets with increasing protein level whereas it decreased in the high fat diets. Food efficiency also increased in the low fat diets with increasing protein level, but no do deffinitive trend was observed in the high fat diets. The protein efficiency was generally higher at low protein level and tended to decrease as the protein level increased, regardless of the amount of fat intake. 2) As the protein level was increasing, digestibility of dry matters and carbohydrate were decreasing whereas that of protein was slightly increasing. On the other hand, digestibility of fat was always very high regardless of the amounts of dietary protein and fat. 3) The gross energy intake was affected both by protein and fat contents in the diets: The energy metabolism efficiency was decreasing with increasing protein level and at the same protein level the energy utilization was considerably higher in the low fat diets than in the high fat. 4) From the above-mentioned experimental results it may be concluded that the best formula of diet for growing rats is probably composed of 20% protein, 20% fat and 60% carbohydrate.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.59-68
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• 1996

This study investigated the enzyme histochemical localization and characteristics of lactate (LDH) and malate dehydrogenase (MDH) related with the oxidation-reduction metabolism in the sparganum and adult of 5. erinacei. By enzyme histochemical assay, activity of LDH was strong in the tegument and subtegumental muscle layers of the adult and sparganum. Activity of MDH was strong in the tegument of the sparganum and subtegumental muscle layers of the adult. However it was weak in the tegument of the adult. By electrophoresis, 45 kDa band was major and common in LDH of adults and spargana. The 150 kDa molecule was the major and common band in MDH of adults and r -spargana (from experimentally infected rats) . By isoelectrofocusing, isoelectric points (Pl) or 4 MDH isogyme from adult worm were 6.0.6.5, 6.7 and 7.1, respectively. Pl 6.0 was the major band. The active range of pH for MDH was about pH 6-8 and the optimum pH was pH 7 The effective temperature on the MDH was about $30^{\circ}C$∼$50^{\circ}C$ and the optimum temperature was about 40℃ in spargana md adult worm. In the stability against heat, when MDH was heated at 85℃ for 10 seconds, the activity was denatured perfectly. Maximum activity or MDH was 19.4 unit in the s-sparganum (from snakes), 24.5 unit in the r-sparganum (from rats) and 108.0 unit in the adult worm. The maximum activity was higher in adults than in spargana. The present result showed us that the nutrients absorbed through the tegument were transferred into inner tissues and were utilized as the source of metabolism. According to the habitat of the parasite, the isozymes of LDH and MDH are activated differently, and by this different activation the sparganum and adult can adapt themselves to parasitic circumstances.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.93-100
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• 2007

This study was conducted to determine the effects of different levels (10, 12 and 15%) of crude protein (CP) in total mixed ration (TMR) on dry matter intake, digestibility and nitrogen balance of Korean black goats in the stage of early pregnancy and to obtain information on their optimal dietary levels of CP. In the present study, 12 Does of Korean black goats in the early pregnancy were allotted to four unreplicated groups by dietary level of CP and then they were housed in individual metabolism cages with completely randomized design throughout 30 days with 20 days adaptation and 10 days collection periods. Does in Control were fed a conventional diet and does in TMR10, TMR12 and TMR15 were fed a diet adjusted to about 10, 12 and 15% CP, respectively. Dry matter(DM) contents ranged from 89 to 91% in treatments. There were no differences fur fiber contents among three CP levels of TMR, showing that ADF and NDF had 18.57 to 19.85, and 53.41 to 54.80, respectively. Crude protein contents for three TMR treaements had 10.61, 12.15 and 14.97%, respectively. However, non-fibrous carbohydrate (NFC) contents decreased with increasing CP levels in treatments. Meanwhile, Intakes of DM, nutrients and digestible nutrients were significantly (p<0.05) higher in TMR15 and control than in TMR10 and TMR12. Moreover, DM intake per metabolic body weight and theit ratio per body weight was significantly (p<0.05) higher for control and TMR15 than other treatments. DM digestibility was not significantly different among treatments, but ether extract digestibility of treatments was significantly (p<0.05) higher than that of control, but there was no significant difference among treatments. Nitrogen retention significantly (p<0.05) increased with increasing CP levels in TMR, and TMR15 was highest among treatments. Our results showed that the increasing CP levels in TMR increased DM intake and nitrogen retention and suggested that the optimal dietary CP levels under TMR feeding system in early pregnant Korean black goats could be estimated for at least 15%.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.213-223
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• 2002

This study was conducted to investigate the influence of feeding various Lactobacillus on production performance, nutrients digestibility, intestinal microflora, and fecal $NH_{3}$ gas emission in laying hens. Three hundred and sixty ISA Brown layers, 21 weeks of age, were randomly allotted to nine treatments, with low replicates per treatment. Nine treatments consisted of Control(no Lactobacillus), Lactobacillus crispatus avibrol(LCB: KFCC-11195), Lactobaciilus reuteri avibro2(LRB: KFCC-11196), Lactobacillus crispatus avihenl(LCH: KFCC-11197), Lactobacillus vaginalis avihen2(LVH: KFCC-11198). Each Lactobacillus was added at two levels ($10^{4}$and $10^{7}$ cfu/g diets). Egg production, and egg weight were measured daily. A metabolism trial was conducted following the 12-week feeding trial, during which egg qualities, intestinal microflora and fecal $NH_{3}$ gas emission were examined. Egg production and daily egg mass improved significantly by the addition of various Lactobacillus(P<0.05), of which effect was more notable during the latter part of the feeding trial. But, no significant differences were found among Lactobacillus strains and between two levels of supplementation. Egg weight and feed intake showed no difference among all treatments. Feed conversion ratio of birds fed lactobacillus was significantly improved compared to that of the Control(P<0.05), but not different among lactobacillus treatments. Digestibility of crude protein, ether extract and crude ash improved significantly in lactobacillus treatments(P<0.05). However, there were not statistically different by adding levels and strains. Total counts of Lactobacillus spp. in ileum of layers fed Lactobacillus were significantly higher than that of the control, but no consistent trend was found in cecum. There were no significant differences in intestinal yeast and anaerobes counts among all treatments. The Lactobaciilus supplementation did not exert my effect on the eggshell quality and Haugh unit. Fecal $NH_{3}$ gas emission decreased significantly in Lactobacillus treatments, and showed no difference between the two supplementation levels. From the result of this study, it could be concluded that dietary supplementation of Lactobacillus, regardless of their species, Improves the laying performance and decreases the fecal ammonia gas emission. The proper level of supplementation appears to be $10^{4}$ cfu/g of diet.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.39-45
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• 2009

Purpose: Preterm infants are very susceptible to malnutrition because of a lack of storage of nutrients, immature digestion and metabolism, and accompanying diseases associated with prematurity. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of nutritional support by the pediatric nutritional support team (pNST) on the clinical course of preterm infants in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). Methods: Between July 2003 and July 2006, 48 preterm infants who were admitted to the NICU at Seoul National University Bundang Hospital were included. The subjects were divided into the following two subgroups according to the presence of NST activity; pre-NST group (n=23) and NST group (n=25). Hospital records were reviewed retrospectively. Results: Forty-eight preterm babies were included (M：F=27：21; gestational age, 25~33 weeks). A dietician, pharmacists, or the pNST participated in the prescription of total parenteral nutrition (TPN) more rapidly in the NST group (p=0.000). The fasting periods and TPN administration periods were significantly decreased in the NST group compared to the pre-NST group (p=0.017 & p=0.001, respectively). The doses of calories, protein, and lipids administered via TPN were significantly increased in the NST group compared to the pre-NST group (p=0.016, p=0.000, and p=0.000, respectively). The total period on antibiotic therapy was significantly decreased in the NST group compared to the pre-NST group (p=0.007). Conclusion: Because nutritional support by the pNST is of benefit to the clinical course of preterm infants in the NICU, the pNST should recommend to improve the nutritional status and clinical outcome of preterm infants.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.413-424
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• 2007

This trial was carried out to determine effects of TMR(Total Mixed Ration) in comparison to conventional diet on feed intake, digestibility, and nitrogen retention in Korean black goats. Twelve Korean black goats were allotted to treatments in four groups of three goats and the they were housed in separate metabolism cages for 21 days. Treatments included conventional diet(A: rice straw and commercial concentrates) as a control group and three TMR groups(B: rice straw and commercial TMR; C: 30% organic whole barley silage and rice straw with organic grain; D: 60% organic whole barley silage with organic grain). The results obtained are summarized as follows. Dry matter intake, fecal excreta, digestible dry matter, metabolic intake and feed intake of BW were significantly higher(p<0.05) compared with A, B, C treatment. The digestibility for most of nutrients except NFC was significantly higher(p<0.05) for D treatment than the others. On the other hand, the digestibility of NFC was higher for B treatment than for the others, even if it was not significantly different across treatments. Nitrogen intake was lower for D treatment, but the significant differences were not found across treatments. N retention rate was higher for B treatment with significant difference. For the blood composition, HDL cholesterol and Immunoglobulin G were significantly higher(p<0.05) for C, D treatment than the others. The results showed that, in comparison with A treatment(conventional diet) and B treatment(commercial TMR), dry matter intake, nutrient digestibility and N retention rate were not lower in C treatment(30% organic whole barley silage) and HDL cholesterol was increased after experiment. Therefore, it could be concluded that TMR with organic whole barley silage might contribute to the production of a high quality and safer meat in goat production.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.263-270
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• 2002

In the recent studies, many researchers are interested in foods as functional components rather than nutrient sources. Cow's milk is considered as an excellent food sources because of its many nutrients. Casein is a major milk protein and has been reported to have hyperlipidemic and hypercholesterolemic effects. But several reporters have suggested that peptide fractions and hydrolysate of casein have hypolipidemic effects differing from intact protein, casein. Therefore, the objective of the study was to investigate how the casein peptide fractions affect lipid metabolism in rats fed normal or high fat diets. The peptide fractions and hydrolysate of casein were obtained by casein hydrolysis with trypsin. The male rats (Sprague-Dawley), weighing approximately 150 g, were fed each experimental diet containing casein (CAS), casein hydrolysate (CH), casein hydrolysate precipitate (Cpt) and two kinds of peptide fractions (CL & CB) for three weeks, respectively. In the exit I, the male rats were fed normal fat diets (7% soybean oil & cholesterol-free; Expt. I), and in the expt II, fed high fat diets (18% beef tallow & 1% cholesterol; Expt. II). Crude protein contents were calculated from nitrogen contents. Amino acid composition of each fraction was also analyzed. The concentration of total lipid, total cholesterol and triglyceride in serum, liver and feces were measured. As the results of study, tole rats fed peptide fractions with normal fat diets (Expt. I) had no effects on total lipid, total cholesterol and triglyceride concentration in serum and liver and fecal excretion. However, in the rats fed hydrophobic casein peptide fractions (CB) with high fat diet, fecal lipids excretion were significantly increased and the lipids concentration of serum and those of liver tended to decrease, numerically.