• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.628-635
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• 2013

This study was conducted to investigate the changes in the physicochemical properties of Peucedanum japonicum Thunb. after blanching. After blanching treatment, the crude protein content decreased but did not affect the crude fat, crude ash and carbohydrate contents of P. japonicum. All the detected free sugar contents decreased after blanching, but the total free sugar content decreased by 14.8% from that of the raw P. japonicum after blanching. The total amino acid and essential amino acid contents of the blanched P. japonicum. decreased by 10.75% and 15.22% from those of the raw P. japonicum. There were no differences in the contents of the total fatty acid between the raw and blanched P. japonicum. The total organic acid content decreased by 37.03% from that of the raw P. japonicum. after the blanching, and the reduction of the acetic acid was largest in the organic acid. The vitamin A, C and E contents decreased by 20.20%, 8.23% and 35.59% after the blanching. The total mineral content of the blanched P. japonicum. decreased by 21.84% after the blanching. The nutrients in the P. japonicum were essential amino acid, vitamin C, minerals, but these were reduced after the blanching. Therefore, the blanching conditions that can reduce nutrient loss of P. japonicum must be established.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.178-184
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• 2012

The physiochemical property, nutrient composition, and functionality of apple juice sterilized at a low temperature (LT, $70^{\circ}C$, 30 min) or a high temperature (HT, $100^{\circ}C$, 20 min) were analyzed. The pH of the apple juice that was sterilized at LT (pH 4.72) was higher than that of the apple juice that was sterilized at HT (pH 4.57), and the acidity of the apple juice that was sterilized at HT (8.90%) was higher than that of the other sample. The sugar content of the two apple juice samples was 15 $^{\circ}Brix$, and the apple juice samples had high potassium, malic acid, and glutamic acid contents. The total polyphenol contents of the apple juice samples that were sterilized at LT and HT were 27.39 mg/100 mL and 23.24 mg/100 mL, respectively. The apple juice that was sterilized at LT had a significantly stronger DPPH radical scavenging activity than the apple juice that was sterilized at HT ($p$ <0.01), and the apple juice that was sterilized at LT had a lower hydroxyl radical scavenging activity level than the other apple juice. Finally, the apple juice that was sterilized at LT showed significantly stronger activities that inhibit enzyme-related oxidation than the apple juice that was sterilized at HT ($p$ <0.05).

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.254-263
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• 2006

Background: Type 2 diabetes is occuring in epidemic proportions worldwide and aging has been defined as one of the risk factors for the progression to diabetes. High carbohydrates intake increases blood sugar level and obesity in type 2 diabetes. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between carbohydrate intake and obesity in type 2 diabetes. Methods: The study subjects were 72 patients (male 27, female 45), who had been diagnosed as type 2 diabetes at Seoul National University of Bundang Hospital. Their anthropometric(height, weight, waist and hip circumference), biochemical(fasting blood sugar, postprandial -2hour blood sugar, HbA1C, C-peptide, insulin, total cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol) and body composition were measured. Dietary data were collected by trained interviewers using three non-consecutive food records. Results: The mean age of the subjects was 55.86$\pm$9.30 years, and the mean duration of disease was 1.9$\pm$1.72 years. The mean fasting blood sugar, postprandial-2hour blood sugar and HbA1C of the subjects were 151.91$\pm$34.65mg/dl, 235.23$\pm$70.74mg/dl and 7.45$\pm$1.13%, respectively. There was significant positive correlation of the percent body fat and hip to carbohydrate intake/kg of body weight in obese males (p<0.05). However, the correlation of biochemical factors to carbohydrate intake was not significantly different in obese and non-obese male. The correlation of anthropometry to carbohydrate intake/kg of body weight was not significantly different in obese and non-obese females (p<0.05), and other nutrients. We found significant association between carbohydrate intake and obesity in obese males among type 2 diabetes. The females in type 2 diabetes were affected by several factors rather than energy nutrient intake. Conclusion: In conclusion, the correlation of carbohydrate intake with obesity factor was different in males and females. Therefore, diabetic educators should individualize diabetes nutrition therapy considering the gender.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.61 no.2
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• pp.131-137
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• 2016

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of temperature and shade, which are basic environmental conditions, on growth, yield, inorganic components, and general components of Codonopsis lanceolata, in order to obtain basic data for improving yield capacity. In natural light, in the 15, 20, and $25^{\circ}C$ groups, the plant heights ranged between 218.9 cm and 223.9 cm, and there was no significant difference between groups. However, the leaf size was larger in shade, and the leaf area was significantly larger in the 15 and $30^{\circ}C$ groups. In natural light, root length and diameter were shorter and thinner when the temperature was higher, and growth was highly suppressed at $30^{\circ}C$. With regards to macroelements, the contents of Na, Mg, and P increased as temperature increased, regardless of the plant part; however, no constant tendency was observed in K and Ca according to temperature. The contents of Mg and Ca (from highest to lowest) were in the order leaf>stem>root, whereas the contents of Na, P, and K were in the order stem>leaf>root. Contents of general components varied according to temperature, and were highest at $30^{\circ}C$. While the plant height was increased under the constant $25^{\circ}C$+DIF (Difference between day and night temperature) condition, growth was suppressed in the -DIF group, in which the night temperature was higher than the day temperature, which suggests that a change in night temperature is one of the factors that affects the growth of C. lanceolata. As in the growth of the above-ground parts, fresh weight of the root was high in the constant $25^{\circ}C$ group and +DIF group. Notably, it was more than 2.5 times the fresh weights in the constant $15^{\circ}C$ group, constant $20^{\circ}C$ group, and -15 DIF group.

• 한국해양학회지
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.107-118
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• 1994

An investigation of the annual change and C:N:P ratio in particulate organic matter (POM) in Chinhae Bay, a semi-enclosed bay of the southern coast of Korean Peninsula, was carried out for a period of 12 months between January and December, 1993. The concentrations of POM have a broad range: 198∼4,416 ugC/l, 24∼792 ugN/l and 4.5∼69.0 ugP/l, Marked seasonal changes of POM, particularly particulate organic carbon (POC) and nitrogen (PON), were observed in the surface water. Generally, the concentration of POM peaks in summer. The C:N:P composition ratio of particulate organic matter, which is high in summer, also shows a seasonal change. The C:N assimilation ratio is constant at 6.53, which is consistent with the Redfield ratio. The significant linear relationship between POM and chlorophyll-a in the surface water during the survey period (except for January and February) and the C:N ratio suggest that the concentration of POM is controlled by phytoplankton biomass. POM peaks in summer, a period characterized by high freshwater input and the strong stratification, as a result of the intense proliferation of phytoplankton by a large amount of nutrient loading from the tributaries. On the other hand, the high C:P and N:P ratios in summer indicate that P is limited for phytoplankton growth owing to N-enrichment from a high input of freshwater with a high dissolved inorganic N:P ratio.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.212-220
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• 2009

In this study, we analyzed fish compositions and ecological characteristics such as trophic guilds and tolerance guilds in association with water quality characteristics in Masan Reservoir during November 2008. Total number of species were 12 species (6 families) and the dominant species were Zacco platypus, Hemiculter eigenmanni, and Pseudorasbora parva. We found three Korean endemic species and one exotic species, Carassius cuvieri. According to the analysis of ecological indicator characteristics, relative proportion of tolerant and omnivore species was 98% of the total indicating that probably, the fauna was influenced by physical habitat disturbance and physicochemical degradations. Fish distribution analysis along with littoral zone showed that the most fishes (${\sim}$95%) were observed in the littoral zone where emerged macrophytes were well developed. Also, substrate analysis indicated that the most species were found near silt area (11 species, 91.7%), so that the significant differences were found between the substrate types. Analysis of water quality indicated that concentrations of total phosphorus (TP) and chlorophyll-a (ChI-a) as a lake trophic indicator were judged as eutrophic states, respectively and COD as an indicator of organic matter pollution averaged 10.9 mg $L^{-1}$. Based on the water quality, this system were influenced by the nutrient enrichments and organic matter. The degradations of water quality in Masan Reservoir resulted in trophic compositions of fish (increase of omnivore species) and the dominance of tolerant fish. This Monitoring data may contribute changes of fish fauna and compositions in relation to habitat modifications and chemical water quality degradations in the future.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.265-270
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• 2003

This study was conducted to determine the influence of seeding date on growth, characteristic yield and chemical composition of Italian millet (Setaria italica) from April 20 to May 30, 2003(April 20, May 1, May 20 and May 30) in Jeju. A local variety was seeded on days to heading were lessened as seeding date was delayed. The plant height was longest when seeded on 1 May(131cm) than at the other seeding dates. Stem diameter, number of leaves, leaf length and leaf width had the similar trend with plant height. SPDA reading values were greater at earlier seedings. Fresh forage yield was greatest (43.28MT/ha) at 1 May seeding and decreased gradually before or after this seeding date. Dry matter yield, crude protein yield and total digestible nutrient (TDN) yield had nearly the same tendency with fresh forage yield. Crude protein, crude fat, NFE and TDN contents were greatest at 30 May seeding and then decreased earlier seedings. Crude ash and crude fiber content tended to decreased as seeding was delayed. Based on the these findings, optimum seeding date for forage production of Italian millet seems to be early May in Jeju island.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.140-146
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• 1983

The production of dry matter, general composition, hemicelluose and cell contents and in vitro digestible dry matter, cellulose and crude protein production were investigated in the Sudangrass and the hybrid of Sudangrass x sorghum, Pioneer 931 and Pioneer 958 during the first growth and the regrowth. 1. Dry matter yield of Sudangrass showed the highest value among the cultivars tested, being 1,638kgper 10a, those of the Pioneer 988 and Pioneer 931 showed 1,404kg and 1,282kg respectively. The effect of the first growth and the regrowth on the dry matter production of Sudangrass and Pioneer 988 was relatively small. 2. The in vitro digestibility of cellulose and the estimated digestible energy value per kg had a trend to be lower in order of Pioneer 931, Pioneer 988 and Sudangrass. But the production of digestible energy per 10a was decreased in order of Sudangrass, Pioneer 958 and Pioneer 931, which produced 4,623, 4,170 and 3,970 Mcal, respectively. 3. The cultivars did not affect on the in vitro digestibility of dry matter, while the yields of digestible dry matter were decreased in the order of Sudangrass, Pioneer 988 and Pioneer 931, which showed 1,068, 939 and 893kg per 10a, respectively. The yields of digestible protein lowered in order of Pioneer 931, Sudangrass and Pioneer 988, which were 134, 130 and 102kg per 10a, respectively.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.7-11
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• 2003

Cellular glass foam (CGF), the reprocessed glass, has a possibility to be used as a medium component in plug culture of horticultural crops due to the its excellent air and water permeability as comparable to perlite. An experiment was conducted to investigate growth of plug seedlings of Lycopersicum esculentum 'Segye' as influenced by irrigation frequency in various medium combinations of CGF (2.0-4.0 mm particle size) and peatmoss. Seeds were sown in 200-cell plug trays, filled with mixtures of CGF and peatmoss either at 33：67 or 25：75 (％. v/v) and were germinated on a fogged propagation bed. The irrigation frequencies used were one, two or three times per every two days. A commercial plug medium (Tosilee medium) was used as the control, and the irrigation frequency in the control was one time per day. Growth of seedlings, and medium pH and EC were measured at 33 days after sowing. The medium composition had little influence on overall growth of seedlings. Irrigation frequency very significant affected number of leaves, leaf area, chlorophyll concentration, fresh and dry weights of shoots and roots, and dry matter. Growth of seedlings was the greatest with the highest irrigation frequency in the 25% CGF＋75% peatmoss mixture.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.56-66
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• 2016

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Despite successes recorded in combating iodine deficiency, more than 2 billion people are still at risk of iodine deficiency disorders. Rural landlocked and mountainous areas of developing countries are the hardest hit, hence the need to explore and advance novel strategies such as biofortification. SUBJECTS/METHODS: We evaluated adoption, purchase, and consumption of iodine biofortified vegetable legumes (IBVL) using the theory of protection motivations (PMT) integrated with an economic valuation technique. A total of 1,200 participants from three land-locked locations in East Africa were recruited via multi-stage cluster sampling, and data were collected using two, slightly distinct, questionnaires incorporating PMT constructs. The survey also elicited preferences for iodine biofortified foods when offered at a premium or discount. Determinants of protection motivations and preferences for iodine biofortified foods were assessed using path analysis modelling and two-limit Tobit regression, respectively. RESULTS: Knowledge of iodine, iodine-health link, salt iodization, and biofortification was very low, albeit lower at the household level. Iodine and biofortification were not recognized as nutrient and novel approaches, respectively. On the other hand, severity, fear, occupation, knowledge, iodine status, household composition, and self-efficacy predicted the intention to consume biofortified foods at the household level; only vulnerability, self-efficacy, and location were the most crucial elements at the school level. In addition, results demonstrated a positive willingness-to-pay a premium or acceptance of a lesser discount for biofortification. Furthermore, preference towards iodine biofortified foods was a function of protection motivations, severity, vulnerability, fear, response efficacy, response cost, knowledge, iodine status, gender, age. and household head. CONCLUSIONS: Results lend support for prevention of iodine deficiency in unprotected populations through biofortification; however 'threat' appraisal and socio-economic predictors are decisive in designing nutrition interventions and stimulating uptake of biofortification. In principle, the contribution is threefold: 1) Successful application of the integrated model to guide policy formulation; 2) Offer guidance to stakeholders to identify and tap niche markets; 3) stimulation of rural economic growth around school feeding programmes.