• Computers and Concrete
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.239-255
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• 2020

Experimental and discrete element method were used to investigate the effects of joint number and its angularities on the shear behaviour of joint's bridge area. A new shear test condition was used to model the gypsum cracks under shear loading. Gypsum samples with dimension of 120 mm×100 mm×50 mm were prepared. the length of joints was 2cm. in experimental tests, the joint number is 1, 2 and 3 and its angularities change from 0° to 90° with increment of 45°. Assuming a plane strain condition, special rectangular models are prepared with dimension of 120 mm×100 mm. similar to joints configuration in experimental test, 9 models with different joint number and joint angularities were prepared. This testing show that the failure process is mostly governed by the joint number and joint angularities. The shear strengths of the specimens are related to the fracture pattern and failure mechanism of the discontinuities. The shear behaviour of discontinuities is related to the number of induced tensile cracks which are increased by increasing the rock bridge length. The strength of samples decreases by increasing the joint number and joint angularities. Failure pattern and failure strength are similar in both of the experimental test and numerical simulation.

• Journal of the Korea institute for structural maintenance and inspection
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.151-156
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• 1997

An experimental study was performed on the pull-out behavior of 90-deg standard hooks from exterior beam-column connections. The effects of the number of hooked bars of joint area were investigated. Under the pull-out action of hooked bars, the damage and cracking of joint area tends to be more extensive as the number of hooks pulling out from a joint increases. The pull-out strength and post-peak ductility of hooked bar are adversely influenced by the increase in number of hooks pulling out from an exterior joint. Current hooked bar anchorage design guidelines may be improved by considering the effect of the number of hooked bars on anchorage conditions at exterior joints.

• KCI Concrete Journal
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.181-189
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• 1999

An experimental study was performed on the Pull-out behavior of 90-deg standard hooks from the exterior beam-column connections. the effects of the number of hooked bars and fiber reinforcement of the joint area were investigated with the following conclusions : (1) Under the pull-out action of hooked bars. the damage and cracking of joint area the number of hooks pulling out from a joint increases; (2) Substitution of the transverse column (confining) reinforcement with steel fibers at the joint region effectively reduces the extent of cracking in exterior joints caused by the pull-out of hooked bars; (3) The pull-out strength and post-peak ductility of hooked bars are adversely influenced by the increase in number of hooks pulling out from an exterior joint. Current hooked bar anchorage design guidelines may be improved by considering the effect of the number of hooked bars on anchorage conditions at the exterior joints; and (4) The strength and ductility of hooked bars under pull-out forces are positively influenced by substituting the conventional confining reinforcement of exterior joints with steel fibers . The application of steel fibers to the exterior joints is an effective technique for improving the anchorage conditions of hooked bars, and also for reducing the congestion of reinforcement in the beam-column connections.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Orthopedic Manual Physical Therapy
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.93-97
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• 2010

Purpose: The first purpose of this study was to determine the effect of reciprocal inhibition that influence changes in pain when applied to patients with culf cramps. The second purpose of this study was to determine the effect of manual therapy on iliaosacral joint that influence changes number of occurrences when applied to patients with frequent nocturnal culf cramps. Methods: The first study using reciprocal inhibition techniques to 20 patients with calf cramps and saw the change in pain. The second study using manual therapy on iliaosacral joint to 2 patients with frequent nocturnal culf cramps and saw the change in number of occurrences during the week. Results: The pain and number of occurrences were significantly difference between pre-treatment and post treatment. Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, we found that reciprocal inhibition decreased pain and that manual therapy on iliaosacral joint decreased number of occurrences.

• Korean Journal of Metals and Materials
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.261-266
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• 2009

The mechanical and electrical properties of ball grid array (BGA) solder joints were measured, consisting of Sn-3.5Ag, with organic solderability preservative (OSP)-finished Cu pads and Electroless Nickel/Immersion Gold (ENIG) surface finishes. The mechanical properties were measured by die shear test. When ENIG PCB was upper joint and OSP PCB was lower joint, the highest shear force showed at the third reflow. When OSP PCB was upper joint and ENIG PCB was lower joint, the highest shear force showed at the forth reflow. For both joints, after the die shear results reached the highest shear force, shear force decreased as a function of increasing reflow number. Electrical property of the solder joint decreased with the function of increasing reflow number. The scanning electron microscope results show that the IMC thickness at the bonding interface gets thicker while the number of reflow increases.

• Proceedings of the Computational Structural Engineering Institute Conference
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• 2007.04a
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• pp.757-762
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• 2007

The lining segment which is the main structure of the shield tunnel consists of joints, not continua. Past international and domestic design data have been commonly used for design practices without specific verification about the structural analysis model, design load, and affection of the soil constant of the lining segment. In this study, the propriety is estimated through the comparison between analytical solution and numerical solution for segment analysis and design models of the shield tunnel which is being used internationally and domestically. As a result, the full. circumferential beam jointed spring model (1R-S0) is suggested by considering aspects of convenient use, application to field condition, and accuracy of analysis result. With suggested model, the parameter analysis was conducted for joint stiffness, ground rigidity, joint distribution, and joint number.

• Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.342-354
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• 2000

This study was conducted to identify the characteristics of activities of daily living(ADU) and its influencing factors in patients with chronic arthritis. The data were obtained from 104 patients with chronic arthritis in one university hospital from May to August. 2000. For analysing data. SAS program was used for t-test. ANOVA, Schefte test. Pearson correlation. and stepwise multiple regression. The results were as follows: 1. The variables which influenced self-efficacy were duration of disease. number of painful joint, quality of sleep and alcohol drinking. 2. The variables which influenced fatigue were diagnosis and number of painful joint. 3. The variables which influenced ADL were age. duration of disease. diagnosis. number of painful joint. number of exercise and alcohol drinking. 4. ADL was positive correlation with self-efficacy and negative correlation with fatigue. And self-efficacy was negative correlation with fatigue. 5. The predictors to explain ADL were self-efficacy. number of painful joint. lupus. duration of disease and religion. These predictors explained $66.01\%$ of the activites of daily living. According to these findings. the most significant influencing factor of ADL was self-efficacy. therefore the development of nursing intervention for enhancing self-efficacy would be needed. Also. it is suggested that an exercise program should be recommended as one of useful and appropriate nursing intervention for reducing fatigue and increasing ADL.

• 제어로봇시스템학회:학술대회논문집
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• 1997.10a
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• pp.764-767
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• 1997

This paper presents the modulation of the dexterity of a parallel manipulator using joint freezing/releasing and joint unactuation/actuation. In this paper, individual limbs have redundant number of joints, and each joint can be frozen/released and unactuated/actuated, as needed. First, given a task, the restrictions on joint freezing and joint unactuation of a parallel manipulator are derived. Next, with/without joint freezing and/or joint unactuation, the kinematics of a parallel manipulator is formulated, based on which the manipulability ellipsoid is defined. The effects of joint freezing and joint unactuation on the manipulability are analyzed and compared. Finally, simulation results for a planar parallel manipulator are given. Joint mechanisms, such as joint freezing and joint unactuation, are rather simple to adopt into a parallel manipulator, but is quite effective to improve the task adaptability of the system.

• Proceedings of the IEEK Conference
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• 1998.10a
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• pp.987-990
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• 1998

An optical adder for a modified signed-digit(MSD) number system using joint spatial encoding method is proposed. In order to minimize the numbers of symbolic substitution rules, nine input patterns were divided into five groups of the same addition results. For recognizing the input reference patterns, masks and reference patterns without any other spatial operations are used. This adder is implemented by smaller system in size than a conventional adder.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.31 no.12
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• pp.59-69
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• 2015

This study examined the magnitude and distribution of earth pressure on the support system in a jointed rock mass due to the different joint sets as well as varying the rock type and joint condition (joint shear strength and joint inclination angle). Based on a physical model test and its numerical simulation, a series of numerical parametric analyses were conducted using a discrete element method. The results showed that the induced earth pressure was affected significantly by a joint set depending on the inclusion of the joint inclination angle, which induces a joint sliding condition, but the number of joint sets alone was not important, even though the earth pressure could be increased slightly as the number of joint sets is increased. In addition, the study results were compared with Peck's earth pressure for soil ground, which indicated that the earth pressure in a jointed rock mass could be considerably different from that in soil ground. The study suggests that the effects of joint sets as well as rock type and joint condition are important factors affecting the earth pressure in a jointed rock mass and they should be considered when designing a support system in a jointed rock mass.