• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.58-62
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• 2012

To protect aquatic animal health of importing countries from the potential risks associated with exotic diseases introduced through international trade of live aquatic animals, inspection of designated commodities at ports of entry is a critical component of the safeguarding system. The only way to be 100% confident that no fishes in a shipment are infected with a specific agent is to test every fish in the commodity imported with a perfect diagnostic test. For the majority of cases, this is unrealistic since the group of interest may very large particularly for aquatic animals, or imperfect tests are often available. It is, therefore, more common to test a fixed proportion of a group by preplanned sampling schemes. However, decision making based on results of testing the sample can provide quite a chance that infected groups may be misclassified as uninfected, depending on sampling strategy employed. The objective of this study was to determine the possibility that one or more fishes in the group imported being infected but tests negative after inspecting samples. This question is critical to government authorities to examine whether sampling plan is sufficient to achieve the purpose intended for. At fixed population size, the maximum number of infected fishes when all tests negative was decreased as the sampling fraction increased. The probability of including at least one undetected but infected fish in a group for negative tests increased with the number of fish tested or true prevalence. The risk was much lesser where high sensitivity test was assumed; when increasing test sensitivity from 0.9 to 0.99, this risk was dramatically reduced to about a tenth or a fourth for prevalence ranges from 2 to 10%, given sample size ranges from 10 to 200. Based on the preliminary analysis, the author concluded that current sampling plan testing 4-8% of the import proposal for human consumption still can yield high false negative results. Therefore, from the quarantine inspection point of view, an enforced commodity-specific sampling design that accounts for the cost of testing with an imperfect test at the specified design prevalence is urgent.

• Journal of The Korea Institute of Healthcare Architecture
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.47-56
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• 2017

Purpose : This study is a basic research to establish guidelines for healthcare facility in Korean healthcare market. As a first step, it is a main purpose for making beginning point of ICU guideline to set a basic level of ICU facility size and quality by analysis current ICU facilities and existed domestic guidelines : law, criteria of healthcare insurance review and assessment service, credit of Korea institute for healthcare accreditation. Methods : First of all, the all requirements of existed guidelines are put together and summarized. The summary is compared with that of US, UK, and Australia to know its quality difference with international market. In addition, all hospitals in Korean market are classified based on total bed number and ICU bed number to know the most occupied facility size range in the market. Second of all, by comparing 15 ICUs' current setting of the public general hospital, a general condition of ICU facility would be extracted based on function, floor area per bed, services Results : 72.8% of hospitals in Korea are belonging below 500 beds hospital. Among them 200-299 beds hospitals occupied 35.3% and are shown as the most occupied hospital size. As 15 public general hospitals are analyzed, it is clear that the more bed size and services the more ICU area per bed. As a result it is sure that the 300~500 bed may be a clear line as a general ICU condition whose function and bed number relatively consistent in the range. Implications : to keep the qualified medical environment and contemporary hospital trend, the guideline as a minimum requirement keep naturally out from current healthcare settings and should reflect their limit to reconcile with the new trend in the market.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.67-77
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• 1996

Total suspended particulate matters (TSP) were collected based on a size segregation method by a cascade impactor for 6 consecutive years (form Dec. 1989 to sep. 1994) in the Kyung Hee University-Suwon Campus, and 6 trace metals (Ca, Si, Fe, Pb, Cu, Zn) were determined by an x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy. Total number of samples collected during the study are 118 sets and each set of sample comsists of 9 filters. The levels of TSP and 6 trace metals were then used to examine seasonal and annual variations with respects to their size distributions. For statistical analyses, raw data were initially transformed by both logarithmic and root transformating to approximately normalize them, and then size distribution functions for each trace element were separately developed season-to-season by a regression analysis in order to obtain maximum amount of physical information, Subsequently, each developed model was verified by comparing with supervised data collected on 1994. The result showed that each prediction model was in good agreement except the fall, partly due to lack of the data collected on fall, 1994.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.27-37
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• 2010

The purpose of the study was to analyze the constraints that are normally experienced before moving in the context of the household characteristics of households that had recently moved to newly-built apartments. The data for the analysis was collected through a self-administered questionnaire from July 1, 2008 to August 10, 2008. The sample consisted of 251 households in Ulsan living in an apartment complex who had moved within a year. The data from the sample was analyzed by descriptive statistics, factor analysis, and analysis of variance with Duncan's multiple range tests. The results are as follows. The constraints were categorized into information gathering, attractive housing characteristics, expectations of residential mobility, housing development and policies, and resources. Overall, the constraints did not have a huge impact on the performance of the residential mobility of the sample households. Resources, however, were the most influential factors among the five constraints followed by attractive housing characteristics, information gathering, etc. The constraints varied based on the demographic characteristics, such as the household size, duration of marriage, age of the household head, and the socio-economic characteristics, such as the education level of the household head, household income, and the number of mobility. As the number of family members increased, the age of the household head went up, or the level of education went down, the constraints on information gathering were affected in terms of performing residential mobility. Households with a middle aged head with a professional occupation were more constrained by the attractive characteristics of the housing. The impact of the resources related constraints was significantly different based on the number of family members, marriage duration, and the household head's age and occupation, and the number of mobility.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.162-167
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• 1993

A mixed deciduous forest community in Mt. Sobaek was studied to determine the adequate number of plots of tree stratum for investigating forest community structure. Twenty l0m $\times$ l0m plots were set up iii the studied forest community, and species area curve. performance curve and statistical method were carried out. According to species-area curve, the minimal number of plots where a given percentage increase in number of plots produced less than the same percentage increase in number of species was eight. The minimal number of plots where a given percentage increase in number of plots produced less than the half of the percentage increase in number of plots was eleven. According to performance curve by importance value of the major species, the minimal number of plots where the dominant species was distinguished from the subdominant species was five. The minimal number of plots where the subdominant species was distinguished from each other was ten. Therefore, ten l0m $\times$ l0m plots seems to give an adequate sample for investigating structure of the studied forest community. Similarity index between the ten plots and total twenty plots was above 90%, and 95% confidence interval of species diversity of the ten plots was $\pm$ 0.073.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.141-156
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• 1998

This histological study was performed to investigate the effects of .Paljeungsan-gagambang on the epididymal fat cell size, number and the fat drop area of hepatic lobule of rats fed High Fat Diet. Paljeungsan-gagambang was orally administered to the rats of sample group 26mg per 200g of rat's weight everyday for 4 weeks, and the control group were just fed with equal amount of saline solution. Then they are the epididymal fat cell size, epididymal fat cell numberand fat drop area of hepatic lobule that were measured. The results were summarized as follows; 1. The size of the epididymal fat cell was decreased significantly as compared with the control group. 2. The number of the epididymal fat cells was decreased significantly as compared with the control group in distribution chart classified by cell size 3. The Area(%) of the Fat drops in the hepatic lobule was decreased significantly as compared with the control group. According to the above results, it is considered that Paljeungsan-gagambang have effects on the decrease of the epididymal fat cell size, number and fat drop area of hepatic lobule of rats fed high fat diet; Thus, the adminisrtation of Paljeungsan-gagambang is considered to have an improving effect on obesities and liver diseases caused by high fat diet.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.212-217
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• 1984

Spatial variabilities of particle size distribution of 96 samples from Hwadong SiCL and Jungdong Sl were studied by using geostatistical concepts. The measurement was made at the nodes of the regular grid consisting of 12 rows and 8 columns. Sample spacing within rows and columns was 3 and 2 meters, respectively. The results are summarized as follows. 1. Variograms of Hwadong SiCL were fitted for the linear model and those of Jungdong SL for the spherical model. 2. Variograms of properties for Hwadong and clay for Jungdong showed the pure nugget effect. Those of silt and clay for Jungdong, however, appeared the nugget effect. 3. The minimum number of samples necessary to reproduce results similar to the true mean of the 96 measured values was approximately estimated. The minimum sample sizes of silt, clay, and sand in Hwadong SiCL were 27, 13, and 6, respectively. And the minimum sample size of clay in Jungdong SL was 17. 4. The approximate number of samples required to detect the difference of 5% of the true mean with 0.95 confidence level was estimated. The resulting number of samples for silt and sand in Jungdong was 14, and 26, respectively.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.96 no.2
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• pp.197-202
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• 2007

This study is conducted to investigate the factors affecting lumber conversion rate of sawmill industry in South Korea. Data were obtained from the survey of 38 sawmills in all geographic regions of South Korea. The variables examined in this study were region, softwood/hardwood log, domestic/imported/both log, the number of power-driven carriages (PDC) installed, the year when and country where PDCs was manufactured, the horse power of PDC, the number of labors required to operate each PDC, the sawing capacity of mill (mill size), and the types of major product and by-products. The lumber recovery factor (LRF) of sawmills were significantly influenced by the origin of logs, level of PDC automation, sawmill size, and size of logs (measured in diameter and length) while not by the location of the mill, types of major product and by-product, log species, and characteristics of PDC. Although these results provide useful information for understanding the technological characteristics of the Korean sawmill industry, further investigation with larger sample is necessary to reveal the more reliable characteristics of sawmill industry in South Korea.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.99-108
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• 2023

This study's goal is to investigate the effects of board size, the number of annual board meetings, the profitability of the company, and the audit Committee on the disclosure of climate change in Saudi companies listed on the stock exchange. It was conducted to evaluate affecting some factors on carbon emissions by the regression model. The study uses the content analysis method. Data was collected from the annual and sustainability reports, and the platform database Refinitiv, an LSEG (London Stock Exchange Group Company) for the period 2018 to 2021. The study sample is 51 companies. The study findings showed Saudi Arabia saw its first significant overall drop in CO2 emissions with a 22.61 MtCO2 decline (3.93%) in 2018. The study revealed a positive connection between the size of the director's board, and the disclosure of carbon emissions in Saudi firms listed on the stock market. While other factors are not related to the number of director's board meetings, the audit committee, and the profitability of the company on the disclosure of carbon emissions in the Saudi companies listed on the stock exchange.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea CI
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• v.45 no.5
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• pp.15-24
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• 2008

For high-dimensional classification tasks, such as face recognition, the number of samples is smaller than the dimensionality of the samples. In such cases, a problem encountered in linear discriminant analysis-based methods for dimension reduction is what is known as the small sample size (SSS) problem. Recently, to solve the SSS problem, a way of employing a dissimilarity-based classification(DBC) has been investigated. In DBC, an object is represented based on the dissimilarity measures among representatives extracted from training samples instead of the feature vector itself. In this paper, we propose a new method of optimizing DBCs using multi-level fusion strategies(MFS), in which fusion strategies are employed to represent features as well as to design classifiers. Our experimental results for benchmark face databases demonstrate that the proposed scheme achieves further improved classification accuracies.