• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.32-56
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• 2019

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate the in vitro anti-inflammatory, anti-pruritic and antimicrobial effects of the three herbal prescription (EST, SCT, WDT), which has been traditionally used for treating leukorrhea induced by various infections in the female genital tract. Methods: In this experiment, the anti-inflammatory effects were evaluated by Nitric oxide (NO), $Interlukine-1{\beta}$ ($IL-1{\beta}$), Interlukine-2 (IL-2), Interlukine-6 (IL-6), Tumor necrosis $factor-{\alpha}$ ($TNF-{\alpha}$), Prostaglandin $E_2$ ($PGE_2$), Leukotriene $B_4$ ($LTB_4$) production amount and Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), Nuclear factor kappa B ($NF-{\kappa}B$), Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) gene expression levels in RAW264.7 cells. And the anti-pruritic effects were evaluated by Histamine, Acetylcholine (ACh), Acetylcholinesterase (AChE), Substance P production amount in Mast cell/9 (MC/9) and Pheochromocytoma 12 (PC12) cells. The anti-microbial effect was measured by inhibition zone diameter on Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger. Results: As a result of measuring anti-inflammatory efficacy, $IL-1{\beta}$, IL-2, IL-6, $TNF-{\alpha}$, $PGE_2$, and $LTB_4$ production amounts were significantly reduced in the EST, SCT, WDT extraction groups compared with the control group, and significantly decreased the amount of $NF-{\kappa}B$, iNOS, and COX-2 gene expression and the amount of Phospho-Inhibitor kappa B alpha ($p-I{\kappa}B-{\alpha}$)/Inhibitor kappa B alpha ($I{\kappa}B-{\alpha}$) and $NF-{\kappa}B$ p65 protein expression. In addition, As a result of measuring the anti-pruritic effect, the amounts of histamine, ACh and Substance P were significantly decreased, and AChE production was slightly decreased, but it's significance did not appear. Finally the anti-microbial effects of EST, SCT, WDT extraction groups against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger was inhibited, however the growth of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus was not inhibited. Conclusions: These data suggest that EST, SCT, WDT can be used to treat patients with leukorrhea.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.265-270
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• 2010

The methanol extract of Zanthoxylum rhetsa (MZRR) were evaluated for its ability to suppress the formation of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated RAW 264.7 macrophages. MZRR presented an inhibition of LPS-induced production of nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin $E_2$ ($PGE_2$) in RAW 264.7 macrophages. Western blotting and RT-PCR analyses demonstrated that MZRR significantly inhibited the protein and mRNA expressions of iNOS and COX-2 in LPS-activated macrophages in a dose-dependent manner. LPS-induced COX-2, iNOS, and nuclear factor kappa beta (NF-${\kappa}B$) activity were also decreased in the presence of MZRR. The production of tumor necrosis factor-$\alpha$ (TNF-$\alpha$), the mRNA expression levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including TNF-$\alpha$ and IL-$1{\beta}$, were reduced after MZRR administration in a dose dependent-manner. These results suggest that the MZRR extract involved in the inhibition of iNOS and COX-2 via the NF-${\kappa}B$ pathway, revealing a partial molecular basis for anti-inflammatory properties of the MZRR extract.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.310-318
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• 2010

Dioscorea bulbifera is one of the traditional medicinal herb. It commonly used in the treatment of hematemesis, epistaxis, tuberculous cervical lymphadenitis, laryngitis, acute infectious disease in East Asia. In the present study, we have demonstrated the anti-inflammatory effects of Dioscorea bulbifera MeOH extract (DBME) in macrophage cell line. To investigate mechanism of the anti-inflammatory activity, we examined the effects of the lipopolysaccaride (LPS)-induced production of nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin $E_2$ ($PGE_2$), pro-inflammatory cytokines and expression of inducible NO synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), p-inhibitory ${\kappa}B{\alpha}$ (p-$I{\kappa}B{\alpha}$), and nuclear factor-${\kappa}B$ (NF-${\kappa}B$) in a murine macrophage cell line RAW 264.7. The RAW 264.7 cells were cultured in DMEM + serum medium for 24 hrs. After serum starvation for 24 hrs, the cells were treated with DBME 0.03, 0.10, 0.30 mg/$m{\ell}$ for 1 h, followed by stimulation with LPS (1 ${\mu}g/m{\ell}$) for activation of immune response. After treatment, cell viability was measured by MTT assay, and NO production was monitored by measuring the nitrite content in culture medium. The protein band of iNOS, COX-2, p-$I{\kappa}B{\alpha}$, and NF-${\kappa}B$ was determined by immunoblot analysis and levels of cytokine were analyzed by sandwich immunoassays. There were three experimental groups: carrageenan, DBME 0.3, 1.0 g/kg. Rats were administrated either carrageenan (40% PEG) or carrageenan + DBME (0.3, 1.0 g/kg body weight) for 4 days (p.o.). To induce acute paw edema, rats were injected 1% carrageenan (100 ${\mu}{\ell}$/rat, dissolved in sterilized saline). The effect of DBME in the carrageenan-induced rat paw edema. As results, DBME has an inhibitory effect on the production of NO, PGE2, TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-$1{\beta}$ and IL-6 and on the expression of iNOS, COX-2, p-$I{\kappa}B{\alpha}$ and translocation of NF-${\kappa}B$ to nuclear from cytosol. In addition, DBME effectively inhibited the increases of paw edema induced by carrageenan treatment in vivo. These results suggest that DBME can inhibit production of pro-inflammatory mediators and might be a useful source for treatment of acute inflammatory disease.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.103-115
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• 2006

Objectives : Rheumatoid arthritis(RA) is a systemic & a chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease . A chronic , locally destructive inflammmatory reaction in human is examplified by the synovitis present in some connective tissue disorder. The presence of a number of cytokines, $TNF-{\alpha}$, iNOS & expression of nitric oxide, NF-kB p65 activation implies an important role of cellular immune response in RA inflammatory reaction. This study was designed to evaluate on the effects of the Homnis Placenta herbal acupuncture on EX-LE201 & ST 35 reducing expression of LPS-induced arthritis model in mice. Materials and Methods : Homnis Placenta herbal acupuncture was inserted into 10 rats induced rheumatoid arthritis. The acupunctures were injected into the EX-LE201 and ST35 points. Such indexes were measured the inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase(iNOS) expression, nitric oxide(NO) production in vitro experiment and Tumor Necrosis $Factor-{\alpha}(TNF-{\alpha})$ & Nuclear Factor kappa $B(NF-{\kappa}B)$ p65 activation, synovial hyperplasia, angiogenesis and fibrosis in synovial membrane of knee joint of mice in vivo experiment. Results : 1.Homnis Placenta Herbal acupuncture inhibited iNOS mRNA and NO in RAW 264.7 cell of LPS-induced rheumatoid arthritis in a dose dependent manner. 2.Homnis Placenta Herbal acupuncture also showed significant inhibition of $TNF-{\alpha}$ & $NF-{\kappa}B$ p65, activation, synovial hyperplasia, angiogenesis and fibrosis in synovial membrane of knee joint of mice. Conclusion : These results suggest that Homnis Placenta Herbal acupuncture has an therapeutic effects on LPS induced-rheumatoid arthritis by inhibiting $TNF-{\alpha}$ activation.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.345-354
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• 2012

Angelica keiskei has exhibited numerous pharmacological effects including antitumor, antimetastatic, and antidiabetic effects. However, the anti-inflammatory effects and mechanisms employed by xanthoangelol E isolated from Angelica keiskei are incompletely understood. In this study, we attempted to determine the effects of Xanthoangelol E on the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated mouse peritoneal macrophage. The findings of this study demonstrated that xanthoangelol E inhibited the production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-${\alpha}$, interleukin (IL)-6, and prostaglandin $E_2$ ($PGE_2$). Xanthoangelol E inhibited the enhanced levels of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) caused by LPS. Additionally, we showed that the anti-inflammatory effect of xanthoangelol E is through the regulation of the activation of nuclear factor (NF)-${\kappa}B$ and caspase-1. These results provide novel insights into the pharmacological actions of xanthoangelol E as a potential candidate for the development of new drugs to treat inflammatory diseases.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.107-112
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• 2012

Although various derivatives of caffeic acid have been reported to possess a wide variety of biological activities such as neuronal protection against excitotoxicity and anti-inflammatory property, the biological activity of 3,4,5-trihydroxycinnamic acid (THC), a derivative of hydroxycinnamic acids, has not been clearly examined. The objective of the present study is to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effects of THC on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated BV2 microglial cells. THC significantly suppressed LPS-induced excessive production of nitric oxide (NO) and expression of iNOS, which is responsible for the production of iNOS. THC also suppressed LPS-induced overproduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-$1{\beta}$and TNF-${\alpha}$ in BV2 microgilal cells. Furthermore, THC significantly suppressed LPS-induced degradation of $I{\kappa}B$, which retains NF-${\kappa}B$ in the cytoplasm. Therefore, THC attenuated nuclear translocation of NF-${\kappa}B$, a major pro-inflammatory transcription factor. Taken together, the present study for the first time demonstrates that THC exhibits antiinflammatory activity through the suppression of NF-${\kappa}B$ transcriptional activation in LPS-stimulated BV2 microglial cells.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.267-274
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• 2011

Bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induces expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and enzymes producing nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandins (PGs) in immune cells. This process is mediated by the activation of nuclear factor kappaB (NF-${\kappa}B$). In this study, we investigated the anti-inflammatory characteristics of Codium fragile ethanolic extract (CFE) mediated by the regulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) using LPS-stimulated murine macrophage RAW 264.7 cells. CFE significantly inhibited LPS-induced NO and $PGE_2$ production in a dose-dependent manner and suppressed the expression of iNOS and COX-2 proteins in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells with no cytotoxicity. Pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-$1{\beta}$, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$, were significantly reduced by treatment of CFE in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. CFE inhibited the promoter activity of (NF)-${\kappa}B$ in LPS-stimulated macrophages. Treatment with CFE suppressed translocation of the NF-${\kappa}B$ p65 subunit by preventing proteolytic degradation of inhibitor of ${\kappa}B-{\alpha}$. These results indicate that the CFE-mediated inhibition of NO and $PGE_2$ production in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells is mediated through the NF-${\kappa}B$-dependent transcriptional downregulation of iNOS and COX-2, suggesting the potential of CFE as a nutraceutical with anti-inflammatory activity.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.7-16
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• 2019

Objectives : Hemistepta lyrata Bunge (Bunge) has been used for treating wound, hemorrhage, fever in Korean traditional medicine. Present study investigated anti-inflammatory effect of H. lyrata chloroform extract (HLE) and its molecular mechanism involved. Methods : To assess anti-inflammatory effect of HLE, production of nitric oxide (NO) and expressions of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and pro-inflammatory cytokines were measured on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. Moreover, nuclear factor-${\kappa}B$ (NF-${\kappa}B$) signaling pathway was examined to elucidate its molecular mechanism. Results : Pretreatment of HLE inhibited NO production in a concentration dependent manner. HLE also decreased expression of iNOS and COX-2, and alleviated expressions of pro-inflammatory cytokines in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. Moreover, HLE pretreatment inhibited phosphorylation of inhibitory-${\kappa}B{\alpha}$ and p65. Conclusions : These results suggest that HLE exhibits anti-inflammatory effect via inhibition of NF-${\kappa}B$.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.339-348
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• 2007

This study were designed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effects of $genistein-4'-O-{\alpha}-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1-2)-{\beta}-D-glucopyranoside$ (GRG) isolated from Sophora japonica (Leguminosae) on the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin ($PGE_2$) production by RAW 264.7 cell line. GRG significantly inhibited the LPS-induced NO and $PGE_2$ production. Consistent with these observations, GRG reduced the LPS-induced expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) at the protein and mRNA levels in a concentration-dependent manner. In addition, the release and the mRNA expression levels of tumor necrosis $factor-{\alpha}\;(TNF-{\alpha})$ and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were also reduced by GRG. Moreover, GRG attenuated the LPS-induced activation of nuclear factor-kappa B ($NF-{\kappa}B$), a transcription factor necessary for pro-inflammatory mediators, iNOS, COX-2, $TNF-{\alpha}$ and IL-6 expression. These results suggest that the down regulation of iNOS, COX-2, $TNF-{\alpha}$, and IL-6 expression by GRG are achieved by the downregulation of $NF-{\kappa}B$ activity, and that is also responsible for its anti-inflammatory effects.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.14.1-14.8
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• 2018

The objective of this study was to investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of the pepsinolytic hydrolysate from the fish frame, Johnius belengerii, on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. The J. belengerii frame hydrolysate (JFH) significantly suppressed nitric oxide (NO) secretion on LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages. Moreover, the JFH markedly inhibited the levels of protein and mRNA expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). Furthermore, the LPS-stimulated mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor $(TNF)-{\alpha}$, interleukin $(IL)-1{\beta}$, and IL-6 was downregulated when cells were cultured with the JFH. The JFH significantly reduced the phosphorylation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and the translocation of nuclear factor-kappa B ($NF-{\kappa}B$) in macrophages. As the result, the JFH has the potential anti-inflammatory activity via blocking the JNK and $NF-{\kappa}B$ signal pathways.