• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.48 no.7
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• pp.691-695
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• 2005

There is scientific evidence that administration of probiotics is effective in the treatment of acute infectious diarrhea in children and the prevention of antibiotic associated diarrhea and nosocomial/community acquired diarrhea. Probiotics prevent relapse of recurrent pouchitis and decrease the initial onset of pouchitis in ulcerative colitis. Probiotic organisms suppress growth of pathogens as well as their epithelial attachment and/or invasion either directly by secreting antimicrobial substances or by stimulating host expression of protective molecules. Additionally, probiotics enhance mucosal barrier function and can stimulate host production of immunosuppressive molecules that downregulate inflammatory responses or allergic immune response. Mechanisms of action explain therapeutic effects and randomized controlled trials are warranted before recommendations for therapeutic or preventive use can be given.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.354-357
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• 2017

There is an increase in the presence of drug-resistant staphylococci outside of the nosocomial and healthcare setting. Although the presence of staphylococci has been studied in several public spaces, nothing is known on the presence of staphylococci in public libraries. Book surfaces from public libraries in the East London area, United Kingdom were swabbed and cultured and identity of the isolates determined by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry (MS). Seven different staphylococcal species were identified by MALDI-TOF-MS analysis. This short study provides evidence of the presence of multidrug-resistant staphylococci in public libraries in the East London area.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.51 no.3
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• pp.243-247
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• 2011

It is important to identify the bacteria in snakes because they can cause disease; importantly, bacteria such as Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Escherichia coli, Proteus vulgaris etc. could be pathogens especially in hospitalized, debilitated hosts, and immunocompromised patients. To analyze the distribution of snakes' bacteria in petting zoo, samples from 20 snakes were collected from 2002 to 2008. Nine bacteria species were isolated from both oral and cloaca while four and six species were identified only from oral and cloaca, respectively. Except for Actinobacter sp., all of the identified strains are opportunistic pathogens, and most of them can cause nosocomial infections in humans. Present results indicate that prevalence of various zoonotic bacterial strains in snakes could be involved in potential transfer of these bacteria into caretakers and other animals. Therefore, it needs to examine the antibiotic resistance of these pathogens to prevent outbreaks.

• Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.5-14
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• 2006

Staphyloccus aureus is one of the most important pathogens in clinical settings. It is also one of the leading causes of nosocomial infections and the dissemination of multiple drug-resistant strains, mainly methicillin resistant Staphyloccus aureus, and the recent emergence of a vancomycin resistant MRSA is the concern to hospital worldwide. MRSA strains have acquired multiple resistance to a wide range of antibiotics, including aminoglycosides and macrolides. $\beta$-Lactam resistance of methicillin-resistnat Staphyococcus aureus is determined by the function of penicillin binding protein 2'(PBP2') encoded by the methicillin resistance gene mec A. MRSA strains carry methicillin resistance gene mecA, encoded by a mobile genetic element designated staphylococoal cassette chromosome mec(SCCmec). MRSA clones are defined by the type of SCCmec element and the genotype of the methicilline-susceptible Staphyococcus aureus chromosome in which the SCCmec element is integrated.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.405-407
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• 2009

On July 2009, 5 fly larvae were discovered inside the nose of a 76-year-old female. She was living in Cheonansi, and in a state of coma due to rupture of an aortic aneurysm. Surgery was performed on the day of admission, and the larvae were found 4 days later. By observing their posterior spiracle, the larvae were identified as Lucilia sericata. Considering the rapid development of this species, the infection was likely acquired during hospitalization. Further investigation on the hospital environment should be needed to know the origin of the infection.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.569-577
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• 2017

Sepsis is a syndrome characterized by systemic inflammatory responses to a severe infection. Acute hyper-inflammatory reactions in the acute phase of sepsis have been considered as a primary reason for organ dysfunction and mortality, and advances in emergency intervention and improved intensive care management have reduced mortalities in the early phase. However it has been recognized that increased deaths in the late phase still maintain sepsis mortality high worldwide. Patients recovered from early severe illness are unable to control immune system with sepsis-induced immunosuppression such as immunological tolerance, exhaustion and apoptosis, which make them vulnerable to nosocomial and opportunistic infections ultimately leading to threat to life. Based on strategies to reverse immunosuppression, recent developments in sepsis therapy are focused on molecules having immune enhancing activities. These efforts are focused on defining and revising the immunocompromised status associated with long-term mortality.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.286-290
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• 2017

Multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa are highly dangerous nosocomial pathogens, cause the symptoms of skin infections, pressure sores, sepsis, blood stream and wound infections. Unfortunately, these pathogens are immune to the most common antibiotics, such as, carbapenem, aminoglycoside and fluoroquinolone. Therefore, it is imperative that new and effective antibiotics be developed. In the present study, the antimicrobial effects of Aloe vera MAP (modified Aloe polysaccharide) on Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli and Enterobacter aerogenes, and clinical Pseudomonas aeruginosa and clinical Acinetobacter baumannii were comprehensibly investigated. Prior to the growth inhibition effect measurement and antibiotic disc diffusion assay on gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and selected multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii, antimicrobial resistance screening was performed for the multidrug-resistant bacteria obtained from clinical isolates. The results for showed the Aloe vera MAP had a concentration-dependent effect on all of examined bacteria, particularly on Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant experiments were also performed dose dependently effects to confirm the beneficial physiological effects of Aloe vera MAP.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.740-745
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• 1985

A retrospective double blind study comparing 7 day with 2 day regimen of antibiotic prophylaxis was conducted among 200 patients undergoing open heart surgery. No case of endocarditis and wound infection occurred. Pneumonia developed in 5 cases of the 7 day and 1 case of the 2 day group. Urinary tract infection without clinical significance developed in 1 case of the 7 day and 3 cases of the 2 day group. Bacteremia developed in 2 cases of the 7 day and 1 case of the 2 day group. We concluded as follows: l. Administration of antibiotics for 2 days appears to be without substantial risk of infection comparing long term 7 day regimen. 2. 7 days of antibiotics may actually increase the risk of serious infection such as nosocomial pneumonia, and predispose to the development of infections with fungi or antibiotic resistant bacteria. 3. 2 days of prophylaxis is more beneficial than long term 7 day regimen for example economically.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.1-5
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• 2009

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), a leading cause of nosocomial infections, has been increasingly recognized in communities of the United States. This article will review the clinical spectrum and treatment of MRSA infections in children in the context of recent epidemiological changes of MRSA infections. In general, community-associated (CA) MRSA most frequently causes skin and soft tissue infections and has an increased association with invasive infections, particularly pneumonia and musculoskeletal infections. Hospital-associated (HA) MRSA strains tend to be associated with bloodstream infections, pneumonia, and surgical site infections. Different from the United States, CA-MRSA infections are not common in Korea (only 5.9%); however, there are some CA-MRSA clones that are different from HA-MRSA clones in Korea and from CA-MRSA clones in other countries. The treatment of MRSA infections should be guided by antimicrobial susceptibility testing, the site of infection, and the infection severity. Vancomycin is the treatment of choice for invasive MRSA infections. Other agents such as trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, clindamycin, linezolid, quinupristin-dalfopristin, and daptomycin have been used for some conditions.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.64-67
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• 2014

Vancomycin-resistant Enterococci (VRE) are a leading cause of a nosocomial infection. While seven glycopeptide resistance genotypes have been found in Enterococci, vanA and vanB are the most common resistance genotypes. Aims of this study were to detect antibiotic susceptibilities of 23 Enterococcus spp, which broke out in a university hospital by the disk diffusion test, to investigate specific genes of vanA and vanB by conventional and real-time PCR. PCR for vanA and vanB was performed on 23 Enterococci, all 23 were positive for vanA type. This study reports the validation of a simple and rapid VRE detection method that can be easily incorporated into the daily routine of a clinical laboratory. Early detection of VRE strains, including those with susceptibility to Vancomycin, is of paramount clinical importance, as it allows a rapid initiation of strict infection control practices as well as a therapeutic guidance for a confirmed infection. The real-time PCR method is a rapid technique to detect vanA in Enterococci. It is simple and reliable for the rapid characterization of VRE.