• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
• /
• v.15 no.18
• /
• pp.7753-7756
• /
• 2014

Incidence trends of head and neck cancer (HNC) have implications for screening strategies, disease management, guiding health policy making, and are needed to further oral cancer research. This paper aims to describe trends in age-adjusted HNC incidence rates focusing on changes across calendar period between 2007 and 2010 in Australian Northern Territory. Age-adjusted incidence rates of HNC were calculated for 2007-2010 using Northern Territory population based data assembled by Department of Health, Northern Territory Government of Australia. Changes in the HNC rate ratio (RR) and Estimated Annual Percentage Change (EAPC) between 2007-2008, 2008-2009 and 2009-2010 were calculated. A total of 171 HNC patients were recorded by the Northern Territory Department of Health during the time period between 2007 and 2010, out of which, 135 were males (78.9% of male HNC patients) and 36 were females (21.1% of female HNC patients). In conclusion, HNC incidence rate has decreased in the Northern Territory Australian males but remains unchanged in Australian females. High incidences of HNC may be associated with the high smoking rate and high alcohol consumption in the Northern Territory. Continued monitoring of trends in HNC incidence rates is crucial to inform Northern Territory based cancer prevention strategies.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
• /
• v.14 no.10
• /
• pp.5621-5624
• /
• 2013

Mucosal head and neck cancers are squamous cell carcinomas that develop in the upper-aero digestive epithelium. Together they constitute the sixth most common cancer with an estimated 900,000 new cases and 350,000 deaths each year reported worldwide. The risk factors are tobacco, alcohol and human papillomavirus (HPV). Our research team initially reported a high incidence rate of HNC in the indigenous population of the Northern Territory. Mortality rates also vary in the Australian States and Territories, with particularly high mortality observed in the Northern Territory. There is a paucity of incidence studies of HNC for the Australian States and Territories. Therefore this review primarily focuses on variation in incidence and mortality iacross the country and highlights specifically the high incidence and mortality in the Northern Territory. Attention is also given to sex-specific incidence and mortality rates.

• Proceedings of the Zoological Society Korea Conference
• /
• 1999.10b
• /
• pp.296-296
• /
• 1999

No Abstract, See Full Text

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
• /
• v.16 no.2
• /
• pp.641-646
• /
• 2015

Breast cancer (BC) is potentially a traumatic stressor which may be associated with negative outcomes, such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) or positive changes, such as post-traumatic growth (PTG). This study aims to identify the core issues of BC related PTSD, PTG and psychological distress by interrogating the literature in BC survivors. We have also highlighted issues related to the assessment, diagnosis and clinical management of PTSD and PTG. The authors systematically reviewed studies published from 1985 to 2014 pertaining to PTSD, psychological distress and PTG in BC survivors with particular attention paid to incidence rates and causative factors. Multiple studies intimated that women with BC have evidence of PTSD at the initial stages of diagnosis, whereas PTG develops once patients undergo treatment. Early diagnosis and treatment of PTSD/PTG is paramount from literature review but the previously mentioned relationship between PTSD and PTG in BC patients could not be verified. It is evident from the literature that a small percentage of BC patients experience PTSD, while the majority experience PTG after BC diagnosis and treatment. Future research should include prospective studies focusing on high-risk patients, causative factors and the development of psychological interventions.

• Journal of Cadastre & Land InformatiX
• /
• v.44 no.2
• /
• pp.25-44
• /
• 2014

South Korea did not take action when South Korea was in a situation of lost the diplomatic rights in 1909, despite Gando is incorporated into Chinese territory illegally by the Gando Convention between Japan and China. But it is obvious that Gando is called South Korea's territory in various cultural aspects and historical facts scattered in Gando. But China employs every means possible to make it their own territory taking up the territory projects including the China's Northeast Asian Project distorting the facts that Gando is South Korea's territory. This is the ulterior motive to make it their territory by distorting the history and culture rather than arguing right or wrong on the meaninglessly convention. We need to take action about it because we know the ulterior motive of China. To do this, it is really important to reveal the fact who is the original owner of culture scattered in Gando. As cultural sovereignty is also one of the factors that determine the territorial sovereignty, real owner of the land is a people who enjoy the culture inhabited in its territory. This paper says that master of Gando culture is ours who are the owner of a northern culture leading from old Chosen dynasty. Because our nation settles the culture in Gando since the release of modern Bonggeum area as well as ancient. In addition to knowing that we are the owner of Gando culture, the researcher proposes a methodology to respond to the China that often distorts the cultural truth. Past history can be manipulated, but culture which is embedded with human's interior mature and formed with exposures out cannot be distorted. In addition, the researcher proposes the political agenda to review whether the Chung history is really a Chinese history or not.

• Journal of architectural history
• /
• v.3 no.2 s.6
• /
• pp.9-28
• /
• 1994

A collective theory is tried in analysis on the architectural history of Temple Gowoon in Gyongbook Province. For this purpose, firstly, the chronicle of construction was composed based on the critical study of the old documents. Secondly, the drawings of existing facilities were made after the field survey. And lastly, the collective theory was be able to extracted from the relation between chronicle and physical composion of the Temple Gowoon. The whole temple is composed of two territories, northern one and southern, which are divided by the central ravine. Northern territory was enlarged from Gukrakgeon's cluster through Myongboogeon's to Yeonsoogeon's. On the other hand, southern territory was reduced its position and its size from Daewoongeon's cluster, which was one of the main cluster, to Monigeon's, sub one. These processes were the results of the architectural adjustment, that is say, the dogmatic principles adapted in the topographical environments. The collective forms of clusters are different from each other. Gukrakgeon's cluster is composed of four buildings which enclose the empty inner court. Monigeon's is similar to the small temple type, Myongboogeon's selects the straggling form, and Yoensoogeon's has the type of Confucian shrine. The various types of clusters were the physical settings to symbolize the religious heirarchy of their buildigs. In the front of temple area, Gawoonloo, which located on the ravine and has a big volume, integrates straggling clusters.

• Earthquakes and Structures
• /
• v.8 no.3
• /
• pp.801-820
• /
• 2015

The seismic sequence which hit the Northern Italian territory in 2012 produced extensive damage to reinforced concrete (RC) precast buildings typically adopted as industrial facilities. The considered damaged buildings are constituted by one-storey precast structures with RC columns connected to the ground by means of isolated socket foundations. The roof structural layout is composed of pre-stressed RC beams supporting pre-stressed RC floor elements, both designed as simply supported beams. The observed damage pattern, already highlighted in previous earthquakes, is mainly related to insufficient connection strength and ductility or to the absence of mechanical devices, being the connections designed neglecting seismic loads or neglecting displacement and rotation compatibility between adjacent elements. Following the vulnerabilities emerged in past seismic events, the paper investigates the seismic performance of industrial facilities typical of the Italian territory. The European building code seismic assessment methodologies are presented and discussed, as well as the retrofit interventions required to achieve an appropriate level of seismic capacity. The assessment procedure and retrofit solutions are applied to a selected case study.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
• /
• v.23 no.2
• /
• pp.1-11
• /
• 1985

RESULTS : Considering the archaeological evidences, it is velieved that the southern culture centered in KuSu and the Nothern Culture centered in the centeral Japan, specially at the estern Japan, existed together with the culture come through the southern regions and northern regions of Japanese Islands in Jomon Culture and Yayoi Culture period. As the center of territory moved from KuSu to GiNae in Tumulus Culture period, two-pieced style of the northern people who have already there became prevalent. The costume of Tumulus Culture period was developed from the coexistence f southern style and northern style to the merge of the two styles by the nomads come from Korean Peninsula. The riding costume was propagated by Koreans, and the style used in Korean Peninsula was more deeply influenced to the costume of the ruling class. The costume of Asuka Culture and MakuHo Culture period succeeds the costume of Tumulus Culture period without wide difference. But the costume of Korean Peninsula lied more deeply as the root of Japanese Costume. While the costume of the ruling class was changed into Tang's style, the costume of the masses was under the influence of the costume of Korean Peninsula. It became the base of current Japanese Folk Costume.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
• /
• v.14 no.8
• /
• pp.4717-4721
• /
• 2013

Complete surgical resection of the primary tumour is a crucial predictive step for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), because incomplete resection may lead to increase in the recurrence rate. Molecular cancer markers have been investigated as potential predictors of prognosis marker, to identify patients who are at high risk of local recurrence. This retrospective study aimed to determine the prognostic correlation between p53 and eIF4E expression and clinical characteristics, recurrence and overall survival. Forty eight HNSCC patients were selected between 2006 and 2009 diagnosed at the Royal Darwin Hospital, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia. Out of 48, only those 24 with negative surgical margins with hematoxylin and eosin (HandE) were chosedn for further analysis. A total of 77 surgical margins were obtained and subsequently analysed by immunohistochemical (IHC) staining with monoclonal p53 and polyclonal eIF4E antibodies. Contingency table and ${\chi}^2$-test were used to investigate the correlation between p53 and eIF4E expression and clinical characteristics, recurrence and overall survival of the HNSCC patients. The follow up period was 74 months (range 1-74 months). The Kaplan-Meier method was used to generate recurrence and survival curves. This is a first retrospective study of Northern Territory patients, including Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australians. Molecular study of surgical margins could help to identify patients with and without clear margins after surgery and help in choice of the most appropriate adjuvant treatment for HNSCC patients.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Gas
• /
• v.19 no.5
• /
• pp.104-111
• /
• 2015

The technology development of pipeline transportation of natural gas at artic and northern ice environments should be considered with unique characteristics of permafrost territory as a very interesting and challenging area. This work is to investigate bottleneck techniques and major impact factors through a literature search to figure out the core technology of the transport pipeline. Especially, theoretical approach themes could be determined to develop the technology flow assurance for permafrost regions through documentary survey on the considerations of thermo-fluid. Also, basic results through theoretical approaches could be achieved.