• Strategy21
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• s.46
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• pp.239-276
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• 2020

The failure of early economic sanctions aimed at hurting the overall economies of targeted states called for a more sophisticated design of economic sanctions. This paved way for the advent of 'smart sanctions,' which target the supporters of the regime instead of the public mass. Despite controversies over the effectiveness of economic sanctions as a coercive tool to change the behavior of a targeted state, the transformation from 'comprehensive sanctions' to 'smart sanctions' is gaining the status of a legitimate method to impose punishment on states that do not conform to international norms, the nonproliferation of weapons of mass destruction in this particular context of the paper. The five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council proved that it can come to an accord on imposing economic sanctions over adopting resolutions on waging military war with targeted states. The North Korean nuclear issue has been the biggest security threat to countries in the region, even for China out of fear that further developments of nuclear weapons in North Korea might lead to a 'domino-effect,' leading to nuclear proliferation in the Northeast Asia region. Economic sanctions had been adopted by the UNSC as early as 2006 after the first North Korean nuclear test and has continually strengthened sanctions measures at each stage of North Korean weapons development. While dubious of the effectiveness of early sanctions on North Korea, recent sanctions that limit North Korea's exports of coal and imports of oil seem to have an impact on the regime, inducing Kim Jong-un to commit to peaceful talks since 2018. The purpose of this paper is to add a variable to the factors determining the success of economic sanctions on North Korea: preventing North Korea's evasion efforts by conducting illegal transshipments at sea. I first analyze the cause of recent success in the economic sanctions that led Kim Jong-un to engage in talks and add the maritime element to the argument. There are three conditions for the success of the sanctions regime, and they are: (1) smart sanctions, targeting commodities and support groups (elites) vital to regime survival., (2) China's faithful participation in the sanctions regime, and finally, (3) preventing North Korea's maritime evasion efforts.

• Architectural research
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.89-94
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• 2017

In Korea, it is necessary to improve the performance of buildings with respect to the energy efficiency while improving the quality of occupants' lives through a sustainable built environment. During the design and development process, building projects must have a comprehensive, integrated perspective that seeks to reduce heating, cooling and lighting loads through climate-responsive designs. The aim of this study is to assess the optimal window-to-wall ratio of multi-rise residential units in the early design phase in Korea. The study analyzed the variation of annual heating and cooling energy load in two apartment prototype units located in Seoul city using different WWRs. The analysis was conducted using Autodesk Ecotect Analysis 2011 tool. The study found for total annual building load reductions WWR on the south and north face should be studied independently based on the room function. It also found reducing the WWR for bedrooms and windows on the northern façade resulted in reduced total annual building load.

• 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2010.11a
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• pp.185.1-185.1
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• 2010

The 3MW OWEC demonstrator project in Korea will be the first offshore wind project with Korean turbine, Doosan WinDS3000, and constructed on the north-eastern sea of Jeju Island as the water depth of 15m. Integrated loadings of wind and wave are investigated to describe a design loads for both extreme and fatigue conditions using GH-Bladed. A dynamic behaviour of substructure strongly affects a substructure loadings. The jacket structure is designed in accordance with DNV guidelines. The results of this paper show overall design process of offshore substructure as a complex jacket concept and this design process can be implemented on a design of monopile and tripod structures.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2008.05a
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• pp.26-32
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• 2008

Middle Route Project, the largest water conveyance system in China delivers the water of Changjiang River to North China. In order to create canal operation simulation system, mathematical models are established based on the analysis of hydraulics about steady flow, unsteady flow, and check gate. By simulating the canal operation behavior, we improved the check gate control algorithm and predicted the change process of water surface and flow profile which is very valuable to actual canal operation.

• KIEAE Journal
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• v.11 no.6
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• pp.139-149
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• 2011

This study focuses on design tendencies in office buildings of public institutions after tightening up Korea's building energy performance criteria. Important office design criteria and recommendations pay attention to the issues such as building orientation, greening buildings, building form, space and envelop by intensifying building energy performance related laws, government guidelines and evaluation systems. The design tendencies explored in this research are as follows. Office buildings mainly face south and have various types of indoor and roof green spaces not for ecological reasons but for the rest. Building depth becomes thinner and atria are inserted into office buildings to improve daylighting and natural ventilation. Building cores are located on north or west and east sides acting as buffer spaces to reduce heat loss and to block solar radiation. Office building envelop design includes various creative ideas to control or utilize solar energy as like three dimensional or double structured skin and window size variation to cope with the intensity of solar radiation. Further, solar energy generation systems are integrated with building component such as roofs, sun screens and windows. This study demonstrates that government's reinforcement of the building energy performance criteria drives the change in design methods and approach.

• Journal of the Earthquake Engineering Society of Korea
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.31-39
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• 2017

In this study, to estimate the combination of earthquake magnitude ($M_w$) and distance (R) corresponding to the design spectrum defined in Korean Building Code (KBC) 2016, the response spectra predicted from the attenuation relationships with the variation of $M_w$ (5.0~7.0) and R (10~30km) are compared with the design spectrum in KBC 2016. Four attenuation relationships, which were developed based on local site characteristics and seismological parameters in Southern Korea and Eastern North America (ENA), are used. As a result, the scenario ground motions represented by the combinations of $M_w$ and R corresponding to the design spectrum for Seoul defined in KBC 2016 are estimated as (1) when R =10 km, $M_w=6.2{\sim}6.7$; (2) when R = 15 km, $M_w=6.5{\sim}6.9$; and (3) when R = 20 km, $M_w=6.7{\sim}7.1$.

• International Journal of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.442-458
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• 2014

Wave induced vibrations increase the fatigue and extreme loading, but this is normally neglected in design. The industry view on this is changing. Wave induced vibrations are often divided into springing and whipping, and their relative contribution to fatigue and extreme loading varies depending on ship design. When it comes to displacement vessels, the contribution from whipping on fatigue and extreme loading is particularly high for certain container vessels. A large modern design container vessel with high bow flare angle and high service speed has been considered. The container vessel was equipped with a hull monitoring system from a recognized supplier of HMON systems. The vessel has been operating between Asia and Europe for a few years and valuable data has been collected. Also model tests have been carried out of this vessel to investigate fatigue and extreme loading, but model tests are often limited to head seas. For the full scale measurements, the correlation between stress data and wind data has been investigated. The wave and vibration damage are shown versus heading and Beaufort strength to indicate general trends. The wind data has also been compared to North Atlantic design environment. Even though it has been shown that the encountered wind data has been much less severe than in North Atlantic, the extreme loading defined by IACS URS11 is significantly exceeded when whipping is included. If whipping may contribute to collapse, then proper seamanship may be useful in order to limit the extreme loading. The vibration damage is also observed to be high from head to beam seas, and even present in stern seas, but fatigue damage in general is low on this East Asia to Europe trade.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Manufacturing Technology Engineers
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.66-73
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• 2017

This study attempted to design lights with Type II distribution suitable for LED street lights based on the regulations of street light distribution developed by the Illuminating Engineering Society of North America (IESNA). The shape of an asymmetric lens, different from that of a rotationally symmetric lens, cannot be generated using a simple mathematical formula. In the first trial, the outline of the lens was fixed and simulated to confirm the distribution type. Following ISENA regulations, some problems that occurred during simulations and repeating was be modified that process is how we detected errors. Through optical research and simulations, a lens conforming to the regulations of Type II very short, Type II short, and Type II medium distributions was developed. A prototype was developed using simulation data and it was subjected to distribution tests. The results show that it can compare with property of Type II distribution.

• Proceedings of the Korea Society of Information Technology Applications Conference
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• 2005.11a
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• pp.91-97
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• 2005

Bones are dynamic structures, being supported by muscles, tendons, and ligaments. When some or all the structures are disturbed i.e. in fractures, the alignment of the bone in respect to the rest of the body is deranged. This gives rise to axial as well as rotational deformity in three dimensional planes. The correct alignment and position of the long bones are to be maintained to heal the bone in the best possible anatomical and functional position. The objective of this research is to address the problems in the current practice involving surgeon, assistant, fluoroscopy and crude mechanical means and to see if a robotic solution exists to solve the problems of manipulating and reducing long bone fractures. This paper presents various design aspects of the proposed surgeon-instructed, image-guided and robotic system including the system design specification, robot design and analysis, motion control and implementation, and x-ray image processing and incorporation in CAD environment.

• Proceedings of the Korea Concrete Institute Conference
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• 2003.05a
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• pp.979-984
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• 2003

Quality control of ready-mixed concrete is most important in the production step because, the performance of hardened concrete is revealed due to ready-mixed concrete. Hardened concrete has several properties physically. Above all things compressive strength of concrete has a greate effect in the design of structures, analysis, and durability. Compressive strength is simple predicted by w/c up to date, but there are some limits because different compressive strengths can be revealed in the same w/c. Therefore this study contributes to the quality control of ready-mixed concrete through statistical analysis for the relation between mix factors in mix design and compressive strength, predictable equation for compressive strength.