• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.580-590
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• 2003

Purpose: The study investigates the degree of maternal self-esteem, postpartal depression, and family function in mothers of normal and of low birth-weight infants. Method: A retrospective cohort design was applied to compare the variables of interest between a group of 73 mothers with normal birth weight infants and a group of 45 mothers with low birth-weight infants, using the maternal self-report inventory(MSRV), Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale(EPDS) and Family APGAR(FAPGAR). Result: The total mean score was 82.57 for MSRV, 8.45 for EPDS, and 6.83 for FAPGAR with no differences between two groups. A positive correlation was found between MSRV and FAPGAR, while a negative correlations between MSRV and EPDS, and FAPGAR and EPDS. Regardless of the direction of the relationship, the degrees of the correlations were stronger in low birth-weight mothers group than in normal group. Conclusion: No differences in MSRV, EPDS and FAPGAR between the normal and the low birth-weight group considered as beneficial effects of the follow-up management which low birth-weight group was engaged in. This suggested the early intervention(follow-up) for the family with risk factor(low birth-weight) could reduce negative outcomes such as the impaired maternal self-esteem and family function, and the occurrence of postpartal depression, retrospectively.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.41 no.7
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• pp.645-657
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• 2008

This study was conducted to study the relationship between food intakes, glycemic index (GI), glycemic load (GL), and body weight with high school boys residing in Seoul. The subjects of 329 boys were divided into normal weight group (BMI < $23\;kg/m^2$, n = 212) and overweight group (BMI ${\geq}\;23\;kg/m^2$, n = 117) by body mass index (BMI). The food intakes data obtained by the 3-day food record were analyzed by Can pro 3.0 software. Anthropometric measurements and physical activities were collected from each subject. Daily dietary glycemic index (DGI) and dietary glycemic load (DGL) were calculated from the 3-day food record. Body weights and BMI of normal weight group were 58.8 kg and $19.9\;kg/m^2$ and those of overweight group were 79.2 kg and $26.8\;kg/m^2$, which were significantly different between two groups (p < 0.05). Total food and animal food intakes of normal weight group were significantly higher than overweight group (p < 0.05), and vegetable food and other food intakes of normal weight group showed higher than overweight group. All nutrient intakes of normal weight group were higher than overweight group. Dietary fiber, calcium, potassium and folate intakes of normal weight group and overweight group were under 65% of the dietary reference intakes (DRIs). Major food sources of energy intake for both groups were rice, pork and instant noodle in order. Mean adequacy ratio (MAR), an index of overall dietary quality were 0.83 in normal weight group and 0.79 in overweight group, which showed significantly higher in normal weight group than overweight group (p < 0.05). Mean daily dietary GI of normal weight group and overweight group were 67.7 and 68.2, respectively. Mean daily dietary GL of normal weight group and overweight group were 214.6 and 202.7, respectively, and which was significantly different between the two groups (p < 0.05). Major food sources contributed to DGI and DGL were rice ($\geq$ 55%) in both groups. DGI and DGL were not significantly correlated with anthropometric data. Activity adjusted to energy intake was negatively correlated with percentage of body fat (r = -0.1308, p < 0.01) and that was positively correlated with height (r = 0.1227, p < 0.05) and lean body mass (r = 0.1351, p < 0.05).

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.35 no.10
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• pp.1023-1030
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• 2002

This study was conducted to examine the effects of dietary xylooligosaccharides on lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activitiy in epididymal adipose tissue and lipid composition in serum of rats fed normal or high fat diet. Male Sprague-Dawley male rats weighing 100 $\pm$ 10 g were randomly divided into four groups, two normal diets and two high fat diets containing 1% cholesterol and 10% lard. Two normal diets were classified into a basal diet (normal group) and that with 10% xylooligosaccharide diet (NX group). The high fat diet groups were classified into a HF group without xylooligosaccharides diet and HFX group supplemented with 10% xylooligosacchride diet. Experimental diets were fed ad libitum to the rats for 4 weeks and then they were sacrificed. Body weight, epididymal weight and abdominal weight in HF group were hevier than the those of normal group, but HFX group was significantly reduced compared to HF group. Relative body weight to epididymal weight and relative body weight to abdominal weight in HF group were increased to 50%, 51%, respectively, compared to normal group, but HFX group was reduced 22%, 16%, respectively, compared to HF group. The levels of serum triglyceride, total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and atherogenic index in HFX groups were significantly lower than those of HF group, whereas HDL-cholesterol levels were significant increased. Triglyceride contents of epididymal adipose tissue in HF group was increased to 39%, compared to normal group, but HFX group was reduced to 15.8%, compared to HF group. Cholesterol contents of epididymal adipose tissue in HF group was increased 121%, compared to normal group, but HFX group was reduced to 26%, compared to HF group. The activity of LPL in epididymal adipose tissue was increased to 259% in HF group, compared to normal group and HFX group was reduced to 66%, compared to HF group. These result of this study suggested that improved lipid metabolism observed in rats fed xylooligosaccharides may be caused by an alteration of LPL activity in epididymal adipose tissue and lipid composition in serum.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.587-599
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• 2004

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to compare abdomen-fat rate, life style and social-support between normal weight women and obese women. Method: 304 women objectives from their 30 to 59 years of age were selected living in Je-chon city, Chung-Buck province and their height and weight were measured from April 1st to June 30th, 2003. Data were classified into low-weight group ($18.5kg/m^2$), normal-weight group ($18.5{\sim}22.9kg/m^2$), over weight group ($23{\sim}24.9kg/m^2$), and obese group ($25kg/m^2$) following the Korean Conference of Obesity, 2001. in which 119 people in the normal weight group and 91 people in the obese group, i.e. total 210 people were analyzed in sequence. Using SPSS Win 10.1 Program, frequency and percentile, and by ANOVA, $X^2-test$ and t-test were treated. Results: The average age of obese women was 46.68 distributing 40.7% of forties and 39.6% of fifties while normal-weight women were average 41.73-year old distributing 53.8% of forties and 34.5% of thirties, which revealed aged in obese women. The body fat rate of obese women averaged $37.52{\pm}4.17%$, in which 98.9% of obese women and 21.0% of normal weight women with a more than 30% of body-fat rate resulted in a higher body-fat rate in obese women. The waists of obese women averaged $88.37{\pm}8.22cm$, in which more than 85cm showed in obese women of 68.2% and normal weight women of 7.6% indicating a higher waist-fat rate in obese women. The abdomen-fat rate of more than 0.85 of waist vs hip-fat showed 74.7% in obese women and 58.4% in normal weight women, indicating a higher abdomen-fat rate in obese women. Obese women and normal weight women showed significant differences in education level, number of children, religion, menstrual status, and mother's weight. Especially, obese women ate hotter or saltier food than normal weight women preferring meat. However, no significant differences appeared in marital status, social economic status. occupation. eating habits. smoking. drinking and physical exercise. Social support levels showed a lower rate in obese women than in normal weight women, indicating a statistically significant difference (p<.05). Observing areas of social support, obese women showed lower rates in attachment/intimacy, social integrity, opportunity of foster and confidence in value except help and instruction, which indicated a statistically significant difference (p<.05). Social support for obese women showed significant differences in age, education level, social hierarchy, religion and menstrual status. Obese women were more negative than normal weight women in health recognition, indicating a statistically significant difference (p<.01). Normal weight women showed higher health recognition when provided high social support and significantly low (p<.01) health recognition when provided low social support. However, there was no significant difference in health recognition in obese women whether high or low social support was given. The health recognition of obese women showed significant differences in age, education level, social hierarchy, number of children, menstrual status, physical exercise, eating habits, eating taste and preference of food. Conclusion: Obese women showed elder than normal-weight women, higher body-fat rate and abdomen-fat rate, lower social support, and a tendency to more negative health recognition. Therefore, providing weight-control programs for the treatment of obesity and prevention of recurrence for obese women to prevent progressing to adult disease and promote a healthy life, we suggest that better eating habits and the encouragement of regular physical exercise should be included, as well as total approachment on change of health recognition and social support would be needed.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.133-146
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• 1997

The objective of this study was to clarify whether there are any differences between normal and over-weight adults in their perceived weight, health status, health conception and health promoting behavior. The sample consisted of 238 normal weight and 106 over-weight(11% above on the Body Index Scale) adults, more than 20 years-old, who live in Seoul metropolitan. One participant per household was selected for conveneience. The findings from this study are summarized below. 1) Among 106 overweight adults, 30 were above 20% on the Body Index Scale and 11 were above 30%. Twenty-one(19.8%) of the overweight group and 34(14.4%) of the normal weight group had one disease, and there were 30(28.3%) in the overweight group and 46(19.6%) in the normal weight group where one of the family members had a disease, but these differences were not statistically significant. The average monthly family income for the overweight group was \2,220,000 compared to \2,070,000 for the normal weight group, and this difference was statistically significant. The age range for the whole group was between 20 and 74(mean=35.6 for total, 39.4 for overweight and 34.0 for normal weight group). Again significant difference was found. Occupations were salaryman(57.6%), teacher(7.4%), student(5.4%) and others(27.3%). Fifty-six salaryman(70.0%) from the overweight group and 92(52.0%) from the normal group did not consitute a statistically significant different. For the educational status, 90(87.5%) of the overweight adults and 222(93.7%) of the normal weight group finished high school or more educational courses, and there was significant statistical difference. Ninety-two(86.8%) of the overweights and 156(65.5%) of the normal weight group were married, and again significant statistical difference was found. 2) A test for difference in health characteristics between the two weight groups indicated that two groups did not show statistical differences in their perceived health status, health conception or health promoting behavior. That is, the overweight group also perceive their health status as good as the normal group, and regard 'Health' as a state that enables them to carry out social roles and functions rather than as the traditional concept of health as no disease or no symptoms. Both group showed slightly high level of health promoting behavior. To determine if no statistical difference might be related to the overweight group's failure of perceive themselves as overweight, the perceived and objective overweight status were compared by the Pearson Correlation Analysis, and a strong corelationship was found(r=.76, p=.000). That is, if participants perceived themselves as overweighted, they thought and replied to be got more weight comparing to the other person who are in same age and sex. However, 43(18.1%) of the normal group perceived themselves as being overweight and 28(26.4%) of the overweight group thought they were of normal weight. Even though the overweight group employed in this study perceived themselves as being overweight, they regarded themselves as healthy as those in the normal weight group. It was shown that there was no statistical difference between the two groups in health conception, health status and health promoting behavior. 3) Perceived health conception was shown to be significantly related to health promoting behavior(r=.20, p=.004 for whole group ; r=.27, p=.009 for overweight group ; and r=.21, p=.001 for normal group). It means that in both group the higher perceived health conception level, the more frequent health promoting behavior. And, perceived health status was also shown to be significantly related to health promoting behavior(r=.16, p=.000) as a whole and especially for overweight group(r=.24, p=.018), but no significant relationship for normal group(r=.08, p=.620). 4) By means of multiple regression analysis, health conception, perceived health status, age, sex and marital status provided predicted 15.18% on health promoting behavior.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.11 no.5
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• pp.689-698
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• 1996

This study was designed to investigate food consumption patterns and nutrient intakes of college students, divided into subgroups of normal weight men (no.=140), normal weight women (no.=101), and underweight women (no.=155) by body mass index. Frequency of food eaten, nutrient intakes from each meal, percentages of RDAs, and nutrient densities were analyzed using 24-hour recall records. It was very interesting in these results as follows. Normal weight men ate on the whole more frequently than other groups. Underweight women had higher intakes of nutrient than did normal weight women. However normal weight women consumed food of greater nutrient density than did other college students. Consequently, it is desirable to suggest nutrient density of food than learn RDAs for adequate diet in nutritional education programs.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.175-186
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• 2010

This study was conducted to investigate the body weight control, attitudes, lifestyles and dietary habits according to the obesity index of elementary school students. This study utilized questionnaires and body composition measurements collected with a bio- electrical impedance analyzer(Inbody 4.0). Specifically, differences between the underweight group, normal group, and overweight group were tested by a $x^2$-test or ANOVA and Duncan's multiple range test. The subjects consisted of 571 elementary school students residing in Chonbuk Province. The average age, height, weight, and BMI of the male subjects was 11.5 years, 150.0 cm, 45.2 kg and $20.0\;kg/m^2$, respectively. The average age, height, weight, and BMI of the female subjects was 11.5 years, 152.2 cm, 46.1 kg and $19.8\;kg/m^2$, respectively. Twenty percent of the subjects were in the underweight group, 52.2% were in the normal weight group, and 27.8% were in the overweight group according to the Korean Pediatrics Society standards. A total of 50.2% of the subjects were dissatisfied with their body weight, while 36.8% of underweight, 42.3% of normal weight, and 81.1% of overweight subjects were dissatisfied with their weight. Fifty two percent of the subjects had attempted to reduce their body weight, including 50% of the normal weight group. The main reason for wanting to reduce body weight was to maintain health. The percentage of subjects who had received body weight control education was 41.3%, but 77.6% of the subjects thought it was necessary. Poor time management, lack of physical activity, portion size of meals, unbalanced diet, frequent consumption of convenience foods, and frequent snacking all affected the obesity index. Overall, the results of this study indicate that it is necessary to develop weight control programs for all elementary school students who are underweight, normal weight, and overweight.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.116-122
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• 1993

This study examines the high school girls in Inchon area dividing them into three groups according to their weight, the low-weight group, the normal weight group and the overweight group to find out their food habit and food preference. The result reveals that more students from the low-weight group have breakfast regularly than those from the other two groups, and more students from the low-weight and normal weight groups always have lunch. However, none of the students from those three groups skip their suppers. This study also shows that there are more students from the overweight group having snacks, and more students from the low-weight have the unbalanced diet problem than those from the other two groups. Next, this study examines their attitude toward breakfast. It seems that all the students from three different groups similarly regard breakfast as a very important meal. Additionally in deciding what to eat, the taste of food is considered as the most important factor for them all. In their preference of food taste, there seems to be a slight difference. The students from the low-weight and normal weight groups prefer hot food to sweet food, but those from the overweight group prefer sweet food to hot food. Also in food preference the difference among the groups is that the students from the low-weight and normal groups prefer favorite food and snacks. While those from the overweight groups prefer cereals and noodles.

• Perspectives in Nursing Science
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2012

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare variables related to weight control between normal weight and overweight/obese female adolescents. Methods: This study is a supplementary analysis using a total of 293 female adolescents in Seoul. Data were collected through self-report questionnaires on the topics of stages of change, processes of change, and the decisional balance pertaining to weight control. Body weight and height were also measured. Results: There was a significant difference in the stages of change between the normal weight and overweight/obese groups. Of 12 processes of change, 9 processes were significantly higher in the overweight/obese group than in the normal weight groups. Also, female adolescents who were overweight or obese had significantly higher pros and eating efficacy scores comparing to those in the normal weight group. Conclusion: The findings of this study suggest that overweight/obese female adolescents, especially those in the action stage need supports to continue their weight control behaviors. In addition, a weight control program for female adolescents should emphasize their participation in physical activities in addition to their dietary control efforts.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.33-42
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• 1995

The purposes of this study were 1) to compare weight distribution and ratio of the extremities between normal and hemiplegic children in quadruped position and 2) to compare the effect of ATNR on weight bearing of the extremities between normal and hemiplegic children. The subjects fer the study were 48 children(24 normal, 24 hemiplegic) between the ages 3 to 6. They were teated weight distribution and ratio of the extremities in the neutral position of head and by passive right and left rotation of the head in the quadruped position. The data wert analized by paired t-test. The results were as follows: 1. In the neutral position of head, normal group was not difference on weight distribution and ratio of the extremities and hemiplegic group was more weight bearing on the sound upper extremity than the affected upper extremity(p<.01). 2. When the head rotated to the dominant side or sound side passively, there was not a significant difference between normal and hemiplegic group. 3. When the head rotated to the nondominant side or affected side passively, there was a significant difference between nondominant upper extremity nf normal and affected upper extremity of hemiplegic group(p<.05).