• 치과방사선
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.283-297
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• 1999

Purpose: To compare radiographic images of Digora/sup (R)/ system and Ektaspeed Plus film obtained from normal adults. Materials and methods: Storage phosphor plate(SPP) was placed in a film holder behind Ektaspeed Plus film package without lead foil. The effect of film on SPP was studied in a separate in vitro experiment. Forty-seven sets of images were prepared for the evaluaton. The regions of interest(ROI) for evaluation were designated at seven sites including normal anatomical structures. The image quality for each ROI was evaluated on enhanced and unenhanced storage phosphor(SP) images and Ektaspeed Plus film. Results: Two film-SPP configurations showed significantly different gray levels at each step of the aluminum step wedge(p<0.05). The contrasts were comparable. Enhanced SP images were significantly superior to unenhaned images and film in all anatomical sturctures(p<0.01). The differences between unenhanced SP images and film were significant(p<0.05) except root canal and cortical bone on alveolar crest. For anatomical items. there were statistically significant difference among five observers(p<0.05). Conclusions: The image quality of enhanced SP images were superior to Ektaspeed Plus film. and Digora system is potentially applicable to clinical diagnosis.

• Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.117-133
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• 2005

자기공명영상에서 병리구조물을 깨닫기 위해서는 먼저 자기공명영상에서 정상 해부구조물을 깨달아야 한다. 자기공명영상에서 해부구조물을 익히기 위해서는 다음과 같은 학습 자료가 필요하다. 첫째, 온몸의 자기공명영상, 둘째, 수평, 이마 그리고 마루 자기공명영상, 셋째, 자기공명영상에 들어맞는 구역화영상, 넷째, 자기공명영상에 있는 해부구조물의 3차원영상, 넷째, 자기공명영상, 구역화영상 그리고 3차원영상을 볼 수 있는 소프트웨어가 필요하다. 그러나 지금까지 이러한 학습 자료를 구하기 힘들었다. 따라서 이 연구에서는 의과대학 학생과 의사가 자기공명영상에서 정상 해부구조물을 익히는 데 도움을 주는 학습 자료를 다음처럼 만들었다. 표준 체형을 가진 건강한 한국인 남성을 골랐다. 온몸의 자기공명영상 613장을 찍고(slice thickness 3 mm, interslice gap 0 mm, field of view 480mm${\times}$480mm, resolution 512${\times}$512, T1 weighted) 개인용 컴퓨터에 옮겼다. 자기공명영상에 있는 60개의 해부구조물을 구역화해서 구역화영상을 만들었다. 이마, 마루 자기공명영상과 이마, 마루 구역화영상을 만들었다. 구역화영상을 바탕으로 47개 해부구조물의 3차원영상을 수동 표면재구성 방법으로 만들었다. 자기공명영상, 구역화영상, 3차원영상을 볼 수 있는 소프트웨어를 만들었다. 이 연구에서 만든 온몸의 수평, 이마, 마루 자기공명영상, 자기공명영상에 들어맞는 구역화영상, 3차원영상, 소프트웨어와 같은 학습 자료는 의과대학 학생과 의사가 자기공명영상에서 정상 해부구조물을 익히는 데 도움을 줄 것이다. 이 학습 자료는 인터넷이나 CD를 통해서 널리 퍼뜨릴 것이다.

• 대한족부족관절학회지
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.60-65
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• 2002

Purpose: The purposes of the present study were to find the ideal insertion position syndesmosis screw and relation to the surrounding anatomical structures when indirectly inserting the screw anteriorly at a 30 angle at 3 cm proximal portion of the ankle join t. Materials and Methods: We performed computed tomography from the axial view in 20 normal individuals at 3 cm proximal portion of the ankle joint and divided the lateral side of the fibula into 4 sections. We drew a line from the middle of each of these 4 sections to the posterolateral tibia at a 30 angle and determined the relationship between each of these lines and the surrounding anatomical structures and confirmed the site at which each of these 4 lines passed through the posterolateral tibia which divided into 3 sections and the site of the fibula at which each of these lines passed through the middle 1/3 portion of the tibia. Results: The posterior 3/4 portion of the fibula that passed through the middle 1/3 portion of the posterolateral tibia in 18 cases. The portion did not approach the surrounding anatomical structures(Peroneal vessels and the muscular portion of FHL). Conclusion: The ideal insertion position of syndesmosis screw at 3 cm proximal portion of the ankle joint at a 30 angle is the posterior 3/4 portion of the lateral side of the fibula, and injury to the surrounding anatomical structures could be avoided when the screw passes through the middle 1/3 portion of the posterolateral tibia.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.457-473
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• 1998

This study was performed to investigate the morophological and positional correlation between the upper cervical vertebra, the oral structures and the pharyngeal tissues, and the correlation of these anatomical structures with dental features, such as teeth wear area nad tooth contact status, etc. Seventy patients with temporamandibular disorders and sixty three dental students without any signs and symptoms in head and neck region were selected for this study. All they had natural dentition without any fixed and removable protheses. Teeth wear area and arch width wre measured from the upper dental cast, tooth contact status were observed by T-Scan system$^\textregistered$ and four cephaloradiograpohs were taken from four head postures, namely, natural(NHP), forward(FHP), upward(UHP), and downward head postiure(DHP). 22 cephalometric items were measured on the films and the data were processed with SAS statistical program. The result of this study were as follows : 1. In normal group, angle of cervical vertebra tangent and of between hard and soft palate were broader in female subjects than those in male subjacets, but distance from subocciput to axis, size of soft palate, and pharyngeal space width were larger in male subjects. 2. In normal group with natural head posture, the items correlated each others from the three anatomical regions were distance between first nad second vertebra in posterior part, distance from the lingual surface of lower anterior teeth to anterior surface of soft palate, and distance from the hyoid bone to third vertebra. 3. Three set of items showed significant correlation each other in the four head postures in normal group. First set was the angle between hard and soft palate and the idstance from subocciput to posterior arch of first vertebra, second set was the distance between first and second vertebra in posterior part and the teeth wear area, third set was number and force of tooth contact and length of soft palate and distance from anterior tip of hyoid bone to mandibular plane.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.145-149
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• 2004

목본류 생리학 연구에 있어서 중요한 수종인 Peace 포플러의 기초 연구자료를 얻고자 본 실험을 실시하였다. 액아 마디를 BA 0.2 mg/L처리된 MS 배지에 배양하여 shoot의 증식시 나타나는 과수화 된 shoot를 정상 shoot와 비교하였다. 과수화 된 shoot는 진한 녹색을 띠고, 잎은 두껍고 휘어져 있으며 투명하였다. 또 줄기는 정상적인 줄기보다 두껍고 길이가 짧았다. 조직학적 관찰 결과 과수화 된 잎은 책상조직의 발달이 부진하였으며 정상적인 잎에 비하여 책상조직과 해면조직 그리고 표피 세포 모두 불규칙하고 세포간극의 크기가 큰 것으로 나타났다. 또한 과수화 된 잎의 기공은 크기가 커서 단위면적 당 밀도가 낮았으며 공변세포와 그 주변 세포들이 변형되어 있었다. 과수화된 shoot의 직경은 정상적인 것보다 큰 것으로 나타났는데 이것은 피층과 수층 세포의 비대에 따른 것으로 관찰되었다. 한편 과수화 된 줄기는 정상 줄기에 비해 목질화 발달이 미약하여 형성층 구별이 어려웠다.

• 대한방사선기술학회지:방사선기술과학
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.19-24
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• 2004

인체의 해부학적 구조에 관해 다른 영상들보다 정확한 정보를 제공하는 MRI에 대해 많은 연구가 진행중이다. 본 논문에서는 대퇴골두 무혈성 괴사의 자동 진단에 필요한 대퇴골두 영역의 추출에 관한 효과적인 방법을 제안한다. 대퇴골두의 해부학적 특성과 Hough transform을 이용하여 대퇴골두 영역을 설정하였고, 대퇴골두 영역을 분할하는 방법으로서 영역 확장법과 히스토그램 기반 영역 분할 방법의 장점을 결합한 방법을 고안하였다. 본 논문에서 제시한 방법은 정상적인 대퇴골두와 무혈성 괴사의 초기 단계의 대퇴골두 뿐만 아니라 괴사가 심한 대퇴골두에 대해서도 좋은 결과를 얻을 수 있었다.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제55권5호
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• pp.364-377
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• 2022

An anatomical understanding of the atrial myocardium is crucial for surgeons and interventionists who treat atrial arrhythmias. We reviewed the anatomy of the inter-nodal and intra-atrial conduction systems. The anterior inter-nodal route (#1) arises from the sinus node and runs through the ventral wall of the atrial chambers. The major branch of route #1 approaches the atrioventricular node from the anterior aspect. Other branches of route #1 are Bachmann's bundle and a vestibular branch around the tricuspid valve. The middle inter-nodal route (#2) begins with a broad span of fibers at the sinus venarum and extends to the superior limbus of the oval fossa. The major branch of route #2 joins with the branch of route #1 at the anterior part of the atrioventricular node. The posterior inter-nodal route (#3) is at the terminal crest and gives rise to many branches at the pectinate muscles of the right atrium and then approaches the posterior atrioventricular node after joining with the vestibular branch of route #1. The branches of the left part of Bachmann's bundle and the branches of the second inter-nodal route form a thin myocardial network at the posterior wall of the left atrium. These anatomical structures could be categorized into major routes and side branches. There are 9 or more anatomical circles in the atrial chambers that could be structural sites for macro re-entry. The implications of normal and abnormal structures of the myocardium for the pathogenesis and treatment of atrial arrhythmias are discussed.

• 한국정밀공학회지
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.187-194
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• 2006

Unexpected postoperative changes, such as growth in rib hump and shoulder unbalance, have been occasionally reported after corrective surgery for scoliosis. However there has been neither experimental data fer explanation of these changes, nor the suggestion of optimal correction method. Therefore, the numerical study was designed to investigate the post-operative changes of vertebral rotation and rib cage deformation after the corrective surgery of scoliosis. A mathematical finite element model of normal spine including rib cage, sternum, both clavicles, and pelvis was developed with anatomical details. In this study, we also developed a special program which could convert a normal spine model to a desired scoliotic spine model automatically. A personalized skeletal deformity of scoliosis model was reconstructed with X-ray images of a scoliosis patient from the normal spine structures and rib cage model. The geometric mapping was performed by translating and rotating the spinal column with an amount analyzed from the digitized 12 built-in coordinate axes in each vertebral image. By utilizing this program, problems generated in mapping procedure such as facet joint overlapping, vertebral body deformity could be automatically resolved.

• 대한핵의학회지
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.237-244
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• 1991

$^{99m}Tc-DMSA$ renal scan has been evaluated not only the renal functional cell mass but also some anatomical structures at a loss of the renal parenchymal function. The author classified a renal morphology of the posterior image of $^{99m}Tc-DMSA$ renal scan as the groups of symmetric and asymmetric morphology, the groups of the large, normal and small sized kidneys, the groups of the central photon defects (PD) which could be noted in a dilated pelvocalyceal system due to obstructive uropathy and the cortical photon defects (CD) due to focal parenchymal lesions or scars after a loss of function and the last groups of the single and multiple CD for a suggestion of the clinical usefulness. Regarding to measurement of normal renal size, the longest size of the kidneys were evaluated with 5 cm of a lead scale on the posterior renal image, and those were decided to the limits beteen 104.1 and 119.4 mm as comparison with the renal size of intravenous pyelogram (IVP) in 59 cases who were underwent $^{99m}Tc-DMSA$ and IVP concommitantly. Among 85 cases of PD in $^{99m}Tc-DMSA$ renal scan, the 61 (71.8%) were cases of a dilated pelvocalyceal system related with obstructive uropathy, meanwhile the 28 (27.0%) of 162 cases with CD were cases of obstructive and infectious uropathy. The probability of a presence of some uropathy in cases of CD were 99.3%, meanwhile that of the presence of CD in cases of some uropathy were 37.9%. Besides, there were some specific anatomical findings such as polycystic kidneys with symmetric enlarged kidneys with multiple CD and the kidneys of chronic renal failure and/or hypertension with symmetric small size in $^{99m}Tc-DMSA$ renal stan.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제53권4호
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• pp.218-222
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• 2013

Objective : To clarify the anatomical correlations of the sphenoid sinus with surrounding structures in the normal Korean population, and to identify surgical landmarks for safe sellar floor dissection in the anterior skull base by endoscopy and microscopy. Methods : We reviewed the 196 brain magnetic resonance imaging findings showing a normal appearance, and measured the distances between anatomical landmarks. Results : The mean distances from the base of the columella to the anterior wall of the sphenoid sinus and the sellar floor were $69.71{\pm}4.25$ mm and $86.26{\pm}4.57$ mm, respectively in the over 15 age group, and showed the smallest degree of variation among the measurements. The mean angles between the floor of the nasal cavity and the straight line connecting the base of the columella and the sellar floor were $29.45{\pm}3.25^{\circ}$ and $24.75{\pm}4.00^{\circ}$ in the over 15 and under 15 age groups, respectively. The mean values of both distances and angles increased with age until 15 years after which no further increases were evident. There were no significant differences in the measurements between males and females or among subjects with different degrees of pneumatization in the over 15 age group. Conclusion : The distances from the base of the columella to the sellar floor and the anterior wall of the sphenoid sinus, which were consistent among individuals, could be used as a surgical indicator to investigate the sellar floor in endoscopic or microscopic transsphenoidal approaches.