• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.140-148
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• 2017

The effectiveness of the first flush treatment system using settling process was evaluated to reduce urban nonpoint source pollutant loads to surface water during storm events. A pilot scale system was constructed and tested in the field and surface runoff samples were collected automatically according to pre-defined conditions. Nine rainfall events were tested and average removal efficiencies of TSS (Total Suspended Solid), TP (Total Phosphorus) and TN (Total Nitrogen) were evaluated as 87.4%, 75.3%, and 43.6%, respectively. Concentration and removal efficiency of pollutants were found to be affected by an amount of rainfall and rainfall intensities of the respective events. This seemed to be caused by the greater particulate fractions of first flushed samples than the samples collected in later time periods during the same rainfall events. The study showed that it is possible to remove a significant portion of the nonpoint source pollutant loads in initial rainfall runoff by using a simple settling process for TSS and TP without requiring additional power or chemicals.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.89-99
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• 2012

This study aims to develop the Masan bay special management system of the point and nonpoint sources of pollution using GIS as part of the Integrated Management System of the Masan Bay Special Management Area and utilize Total Pollution Loads Management System in Masan Bay more systematically and scientifically. The result of the pollution sources management at the Masan bay in conjunction with GIS was made possible the comparison of the source of pollution and the pollutant load among each administration area. It also developed Arc-GIS watershed management program which enables to estimate the population for discharge facilities, the water use of domestic population and commercial population, and pollutant load and discharge load of COD, TN and TP by the administration areas, years, and usages. In addition, this study anticipated minimizing temporal, economical efforts in utilizing large amounts of property and space utilization data and expediting the decision making process of policies in relation to the systematic and effective management system of pollutant loads at the Masan bay area. Further studies are required to plan the systematic management of the point and nonpoint sources of pollution and complement the watershed management system using GIS program for pollutant load which enables to predict the current and future state of point and nonpoint sources.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.26 no.2B
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• pp.225-231
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• 2006

The nonpoint source control is based on TPLMS (Total Pollution Load Management System) program. Recently, the Ministry of Environment in Korea has programed TPLMS for 4 major large rivers to improve the water quality in rivers by controling the total pollutant loadings from the watershed area. Usually the urbanization is the main pollutant sources, particularly for nonpoint pollutants, because of high imperviousness and high pollutant mass emissions. The stormwater runoff from urban areas is containing various pollutants such as sediments, metals and toxic chemicals due to human and vehicle activities. Of the various landuses, the highways are highly polluted landuses because of high pollutant accumulation rate by vehicle activities during dry periods. Therefore, this research is achieved to provide pollutant EMCs (Event Mean Concentrations) and mass loadings washed-off from highways during rainfall periods. Five monitoring locations were equipped with an automatic rainfall gage and an flow meter. The results show that the EMC ranges for 95% confidence intervals in highway land use are 45.52-125.76 mg/L for TSS, 52.04-95.48 mg/L for COD, 1.77-4.48 mg/L for TN, 0.29-0.54 mg/L for TP. The ranges of washed- off mass loading are $712.7-2,418.4mg/m^2$ for TSS and $684.1-1,779.6mg/m^2$ for COD.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.311-321
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• 2009

Long-Term Hydrologic Impact Assessment (L-THIA) was modified to improve runoff and pollutant load prediction for Korean watersheds with changes in land use classification and event mean concentration produced from observed data in Korea. The L-THIA model was linked with SCE-UA, which is one of the global optimization techniques, to automatically calibrate direct runoff. Modified L-THIA model was applied to Gumho River Basins to analyze spatial distribution of nonpoint source pollution. The results of model calibration during 1991~2000 and validation during 1981~1990 for direct runoff represented high model efficiency of 0.76 for calibration and 0.86 for validation. As a results of spatial analysis of nonpoint source pollution, the BOD was mainly loaded from urban area but SS, TN, and TP from agricultural area which is mainly located along the stream. Modified L-THIA model improve its accuracy with minimum imput data and application efforts. From this study, we can find out the L-THIA model is very useful tool to predict direct runoff and pollutant loads from the watershed and spatial analysis of nonpoint source pollution.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.860-870
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• 2010

Long term monthly monitoring data showed that the water quality of streams flowing into Lake Paldang has been improved by various strategy for water. However, the effect of quality on Lake Paldang is still insufficient because of nonpoint source from watershed. In order to evaluate quantifying methods for pollution source and make a suggestion on improvements, Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) was constructed by using data set from the water quality and streamflow monitoring network in the Kyoungan watershed for Total Maximum Daily Loads (TMDLs). Load duration curve (LDC) based on the result of the Kyoungan watershed SWMM indicated that the water quality criterion on $BOD_5$ was often exceeded in up-stream than down-stream. From flowrate-load correlation curve, SS load significantly increased as streamflow increases. 75.3% of streamflow and 62.1% of $BOD_5$ loads is discharged especially in the zone of high flows, but monitoring data set didn't provide proper information about the conditions and the patterns associated with storm events. Therefore, it is necessary to acquire representative data set for comparing hydrograph and pollutograph through monitoring experimental watershed and to establish methods for quantifying point and nonpoint source pollutant loads.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Railway
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.15-20
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• 2005

The ministry of Environment, Korea, are designing the TMDL(Total Maximum daily Load) program far 4 major large rivers to improve water quality from possible pollutants. It can be successfully performed as controling of nonpoint pollutants from watershed area. Railway stations are stormwater intensive land use because of high imperviousness and high pollutant mass emissions from various activities. Especially the metal pollutants from the railway station were recognized as an important pollutants because of its toxicities. In order to characterize the washed-off pollutants. the monitoring were performed on a railway station during storms. Pollutant concentrations are exponentially decreasing during the storm duration. The 95％ confidence interval of pollutant concentrations in an hour storm duration ranges from 61.6 to 115.4mg/L for TSS(mean=88.50mg/L),103.8-244.1mg/L for COD(mean=174 mg/L) and 7.68-17.32mg/L for Oil & Grease(mean=12.5mg/L). The ranges of metals were 39.2-84.0 $\mu\textrm{g}$/L for total Cu(mean=61.6$\mu\textrm{g}$/L), 14.0-25.8$\mu\textrm{g}$/L for total Pb(mean=19.9$\mu\textrm{g}$/L) and 182.2-376.l $\mu\textrm{g}$/L for total Zn(mean=279.2$\mu\textrm{g}$/L). The first flush criteria for best management practices can be suggested to 50％ pollutant mass emissions during 30％ of the total flow.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.87-98
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• 2002

Point & nonpoint source pollutant loads were calculated in Juam lake watershed using GIS, and water quality was simulated using water quality model. Point source pollutant loads were estimated using the unit pollutant loads presented by the Ministry of Environment(MOE, 1998). Nonpoint source pollutant loads were estimated using the value of the direct runoff multiplied by expected mean concentration. The direct runoff was calculated using SCS curve number method. Water quality simulation was conducted using WASP model(2001) developed by U.S. EPA. In order to apply the model, Juam lake watershed was divided into 44 subbasins according to slope, elevation, soil type, landuse and precipitation. Then the model was applied to one subbasin. Simulation results were compared to observed values and the result should good agreement with each other.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.75-85
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• 2005

The Construction of industrial complex areas means the increase of imperviousness rate and the increase of nonpoint pollutant emissions during a rainfall. Generally the retention basin can become the alternative for removing and controling these nonpoint pollutants. Recently Ministry of Environment are trying to change the purpose of retention basins from flooding control to nonpoint pollutant control. In order to propel the stormwater management program, administration plan of stormwater management is enacted in Spring, 2005. Hereafter, in a newly developing area, the best management practices should be established to control the nonpoint pollutant. Landuses of the research area are classified to the categories of the 1st manufacturing industry, metal industry, fiber and chemical product manufacturing industry, etc. Therefore, this research was performed to understand washed-off characteristics of stormwater and to suggest the controling method of nonpoint pollutants. The optimum capacity of the retention basin can be determined by analyzing the relationships among data of rainfall, runoff, washed-off pollutants from the areas. The rainfall analysis using the data of normal year, recent 2, 5 and 10 years shows that the 80% rainfall frequency was occurred on 10mm accumulated rainfall, but which is not considered the first flush effect. However, by considering the first flush effect, the appropriate treatment capacity of rainfall can be decreased to 4-5mm accumulated rainfall. Using the criteria, the optimum capacity of retention basin is determined to $12,000m^3$ in the research area. The washed-off nonpoint pollutant loading from the areas have beeb calculated to 435ton/yr for TSS, 238ton/yr for COD, 8,518kg/yr for TKN and 1,816kg/yr for TP. The mass of 78.3ton/yr for TSS, 20.4ton/yr for BOD, 128.6ton/yr for COD, 4.6ton/yr for TKN and 980kg/yr for TP can be reduced by constructing the retention basin. The sediment accumulation rate is also calculated by $6.53kg/m^2-hr$.

• Water Engineering Research
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.39-48
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• 2000

This work was completed in partial fulfillment of an on-going research ot descover the effective management of urban nonpoint sources. The current data was obtained from the area of Shingal, Kyunni-do. The investigation was are predominant soures of storm-runoff load and drainage. As a result of the investigation, the road was found to be most seriously contaminated and a significant potential source deteriorating the quality of streams and lakes in the vicinity of the town. Thus, in could be concluded that an effective and systematic cleaning technique must be developed as soon as possible and be frequently applied to the road.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers Conference
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• 1998.10a
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• pp.521-526
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• 1998

This study was initiated to build runoff plots, install soil and water quality monitoring systems and collect background data from the plots and soils to assess runoff the nonpoint source pollution and soil physical change in mountainous soils. Eleven 3 $\times$ 15 m runoff plots and monitoring systems were installed at a field of National Alpine Agricultural Experiment Station to monitor soil physical change, and discharge of nonpoint source pollutant. Corn and potato were cultivated under different fertilizer, tillage and residue cover treatments. The soil has a single-layered cluster structure that has a relatively good hydrologic properties and can adsorb a large amount of nutrient. 11 runoff plots were treated and monitored with respect to physical property of the soil, runoff and sediment discharge.