• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.22 no.8
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• pp.1202-1208
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• 2009

Synbiotics is the term used for a mixture of probiotics (live microbial feed additives that beneficially affects the host animal) and prebiotics (non-digestible food ingredients that beneficially affect the organism). This study investigated the effect of probiotics from anaerobic microflora with prebiotics on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, noxious gas emission and fecal microbial population in weaning pigs. 150 pigs with an initial BW of 6.80${\pm}$0.32 kg (20 d of age) were randomly assigned to 5 dietary treatments as follows: i) US, basal diet+0.15% antibiotics (0.05% oxytetracycline 200 and 0.10% tiamulin 38 g), ii) BS, basal diet+0.2% synbiotics (probiotics from bacteria), iii) YS, basal diet+0.2% synbiotics (probiotics from yeast), iv) MS, basal diet+0.2% synbiotics (probiotics from mold), v) CS, basal diet+0.2% synbiotics (from compounds of bacteria, yeast and mold). The probiotics were contained in $10^{9}$ cfu/ml, $10^{5}$ cfu/ml and $10^{3}$ tfu/ml of bacteria, yeast and molds, respectively. The same prebiotics (mannan oligosaccharide, lactose, sodium acetate and ammonium citrate) was used for all the synbiotics. Pigs were housed individually for a 16-day experimental period. Growth performance showed no significant difference between antibiotic treatments and synbiotics-added treatments. The BS treatment showed higher (p<0.05) dry matter (DM) and nitrogen digestibility while ether extract and crude fiber digestibility were not affected by the dietary treatment. Also, the BS treatment decreased (p<0.05) fecal ammonia and amine gas emissions. Hydrogen sulfide concentration was also decreased (p<0.05) in BS, YS and MS treatments compared to other treatments. Moreover, all the synbioticsadded treatments increased fecal acetic acid concentration while the CS treatment had lower propionic acid concentration than the US treatment (p<0.05) gas emissions but decreased in fecal propionate gas emissions. Total fecal bacteria and Escherichia coli populations did not differ significantly among the treatments, while the Shigella counts were decreased (p<0.05) in synbiotics-included treatment. Fecal bacteria population was higher in the YS treatment than other treatments (p<0.05). The BS treatment had higher yeast concentration than YS, MS and CS treatments, while US treatment had higher mold concentrations than MS treatment (p<0.05). Therefore, the results of the present study suggest that synbiotics are as effective as antibiotics on growth performance, nutrient digestibility and fecal microflora composition in weaning pigs. Additionally, synbiotics from anaerobic microflora can decrease fecal noxious gas emission and synbiotics can substitute for antibiotics in weaning pigs.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.66-74
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• 2012

The effects of exogenous fibrolytic enzymes (EFE; a mixture of two preparations from Trichoderma spp., with predominant xylanase and ${\beta}$-glucanase activities, respectively) on colonization and digestion of ground barley straw and alfalfa hay by Fibrobacter succinogenes S85 and Ruminococcus flavefaciens FD1 were studied in vitro. The two levels (28 and 280 ${\mu}g$/ml) of EFE tested and both bacteria were effective at digesting NDF of hay and straw. With both substrates, more NDF hydrolysis (p<0.01) was achieved with EFE alone at 280 than at 28 ${\mu}g$/ml. A synergistic effect (p<0.01) of F. succinogenes S85 and EFE on straw digestion was observed at 28 but not 280 ${\mu}g$/ml of EFE. Strain R. flavefaciens FD1 digested more (p<0.01) hay and straw with higher EFE than with lower or no EFE, but the effect was additive rather than synergistic. Included in the incubation medium, EFE showed potential to improve fibre digestion by cellulolytic ruminal bacteria. In a second batch culture experiment using mixed rumen microbes, DM disappearance (DMD), gas production and incorporation of $^{15}N$ into particle-associated microbial N ($^{15}N$-PAMN) were higher (p<0.001) with ammoniated (5% w/w; AS) than with native (S) ground barley straw. Application of EFE to the straws increased (p<0.001) DMD and gas production at 4 and 12 h, but not at 48 h of the incubation. EFE applied onto S increased (p<0.01) $^{15}N$-PAMN at 4 h only, but EFE on AS increased (p<0.001) $^{15}N$-PAMN at all time points. Prehydrolysis increased (p<0.01) DMD from both S and AS at 4 and 12 h, but reduced (p<0.01) $^{15}N$-PAMN in the early stage (4 h) of the incubation, as compared to non-prehydrolyzed samples. Application of EFE to barley straw increased rumen bacterial colonization of the substrate, but excessive hydrolytic action of EFE prior to incubation decreased it.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.49-57
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• 2020

Due to the sewage sludge's characteristics of high water content and low calorific value, it is hard to use sewage sludge as an energy source. In this study, we investigated production of bio-solid fuel which is mixed both sewage sludge and woody biomass in order to improve the sewage sludge's characteristics and replace fossil fuels. A thermogravimetric analysis was used to investigate the co-combustion characteristics of the mixed coal and bio-solid fuel of 5%, 10%, 15%, respectively. The analysis was carried out under non-isothermal conditions by raising the internal temperature of 25℃ to 900℃ with an increment of 10℃/min. In the case of comparing single coal sample and mixture sample of coal and bio-solid fuel, the initiation combustion temperature has slightly changed. However, both the maximum combustion temperature and the termination start combustion temperature were hardly noticeable. The initiation combustion was occurred between 200~315℃ and the thermal decomposition causing a significant weight change occurred between 350~700℃. As a result of the kinetic analysis of the co-combustion, the activation energy was decreased as the mixing rate was higher. Therefore, it is able to co-combust the mixed coal and bio-solid fuel in power plants.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.389-397
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• 2016

In this study, ethanol was produced from a biomass hydrolysate that had been treated by electrodialysis (ED) and Amberlite XAD resin to remove fermentation inhibitors. Most of the acetic acid (95.6%) was removed during the ED process. Non-ionizable compounds such as total phenolic compounds, 5-hydroxymethyl furfural, and furfural were effectively removed by the XAD resin treatment. Ethanol production was improved when the ED-treated hydrolysate was treated with XAD-4 resin for a short reaction time. The highest ethanol production from ED-treated hydrolysate was $6.16g/{\ell}$ (after 72 h of fermentation) when the treatment with XAD-4 resin was for 5 min. Among the lignin-derived fermentation inhibitors tested, syringaldehyde in low concentrations (1 and 2 mM) in the hydrolysate increased ethanol production, whereas a high concentration (5 mM) inhibited the ethanol production process. A synthetic medium containing syringaldehyde and ferulic acid was prepared to investigate the synergistic effect of inhibitors on ethanol fermentation. Ethanol production decreased in the mixture of 1 mM syringaldehyde and 1 mM ferulic acid, implying that the effect of ferulic acid on ethanol fermentation is comparable to that of syringaldehyde.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.21
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• pp.9319-9325
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• 2014

Alkaloids are the most extensively featured compounds of natural anti-tumor herbs, which have attracted much attention in pharmaceutical research. In our previous studies, a mixture of major three alkaloid components (5, 6-dihydrobicolorine, 7-deoxy-trans-dihydronarciclasine, littoraline) from Hymenocallis littoralis were extracted, analyzed and designated as AHL. In this paper, AHL extracts were added to human liver hepatocellular cells HepG-2, human gastric cancer cell SGC-7901, human breast adenocarcinoma cell MCF-7 and human umbilical vein endothelial cell EVC-304, to screen one or more AHL-sensitive tumor cell. Among these cells, HepG-2 was the most sensitive to AHL treatment, a very low dose ($0.8{\mu}g/ml$) significantly inhibiting proliferation. The non-tumor cell EVC-304, however, was not apparently affected. Effect of AHL on HepG-2 cells was then explored. We found that the AHL could cause HepG-2 cycle arrest at G2/M checkpoint, induce apoptosis, and interrupt polymerization of microtubules. In addition, expression of two cell cycle-regulated proteins, CyclinB1 and CDK1, was up-regulated upon AHL treatment. Up-regulation of the Fas, Fas ligand, Caspase-8 and Caspase-3 was observed as well, which might imply roles for the Fas/FsaL signaling pathway in the AHL-induced apoptosis of HepG-2 cells.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.291-297
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• 2018

Vertical farming systems offer many advantages in urban spaces. They have also been proposed as an engineering solution to increase the productivity per unit area of cultivated land by extending crop production in the vertical dimension. However, soil water retention is a major constraint affecting the plant environment. This study analyzed the effects of growth environment of Tropaeolum majus and Fragaria spp., on the vertical farming system, by using four different types of cover material types including sphagnum moss (Control), a shading net (S.N.), multi-layered fabric (M.L.F.), and non-woven fabric (N.W.F.). The volumetric soil moisture contents and plant characteristics were investigated from May to September 2014. Plant materials were individually cultivated in hanging baskets measuring $30{\times}17{\times}17cm$, filled with a mixture of soil and perlite, and placed at 1.5m height. Each treatment was performed in quadruplicate and consisted of five plants, amounting to a total of 20 plants. The analysis indicated that different covers were associated with multiple functions and soil water retention improvements may have a positive impact on the vertical farming system. The difference in soil water retention increased in the following order: M.L.F. > Control > N.W.F. > S.N.. Furthermore, the differences in plant height and survival rate increased in the following order: M.L.F. > Control > N.W.F. > S.N. Therefore, M.L.F yielded satisfactory good response for the vertical farming system of cover materials. Our results clearly demonstrate that vertical spaces represent an attractive alternative to urban farming and suggest that further increases in yield may be achieved via different cover materials in vertical farming using hanging baskets.

• Journal of the Korean Electrochemical Society
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.184-189
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• 2007

The importance of secondary battery industry is getting excited according to the development of battery industry as a high efficiency energy supplier of electronic machine of mobile information such as mobile phone, lap-top computer, PDA. It is rasing the interest about security of safety and high efficiency of cathode material for main part of secondary lithium battery. The cathode material which has been used like $LiCoO_2,\;LiMn_2O_4,\;LiNi_xCo_yMn_zO_2,\;LiNi_xCo_yM_zO_2$ (M=Al, Zr, Mg etc.,) the most typical material is $LiCoO_2$. But it is studying the development of substitute such as efficiency amelioration of $LiCoO_2$, thetiary element, olivine element because of the capacity of $LiCoO_2$, the matter of security; especially the betterment of efficiency, security research of safety has been actively processed in domestic and overseas about surface coating treatment of active cathode which is using oxide ($M_xO_3$). This study analyses side effect of battery according to increase of surface treatment, formation of precipitation for reagent condensation, non-reagent residue of oxide ($M_xO_3$) which is remains during the surface treatment of $LiCoO_2$; conducts study of new process, the consideration of the electrochemical property to improve oxide solution of mixing rate, mixture of surface treatment, dryness, calcinations conditionetc.

• Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.367-381
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• 2020

This paper presents the seal material mixing ratio of tunnel umbrella arch reinforcement method. Currently, there is no clear standard for the proper gelation time and curing time of the Seal material in Korea, and the quality control is also difficult because it cannot be verified. In response, the ratio of the mixture of the seal material was composed of four types of indoor experiments, and the amount of gelation time and bleed was checked. In addition, a non-cart penetration test confirmed the curing time and compared the ratio of each combination. Further experiments on W/C 120% identified the effect of mixing speed and time on the seal material. A total of three field experiments were conducted based on indoor experiments, and the size and strength of bulb formation were compared by checking the curing time of the specimen and main injection. Comparisons show that the lower W/C, the stronger the strength, the larger the size of the bulb, and the faster the hardening time appears. Based on the results of the gelation time and curing time, it was deemed that the mixing ratio of W/C 120% is most appropriate when applied to the actual site.

• The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.190-201
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• 2001

Isotope Dilution Mass Spectrometry(IDMS) is one of the analytical method which uses enriched isotope spikes and analyzes the abundance of element by comparison of the spectrum between spiked mass and non-spike mass. Especially, the Thermal Ion Mass Spectrometry with isotope dilution technique (in general ID-TIMS) is the most accurate method of the chemical analysis, which enables us to obtain the data better than 1% in accuracy and precision. In IDMS, enriched isotope spike is one of the most important factor in order to obtain the best data. For rare earth elements, in general, a mixture of /sup 138/La, /sup 142/Ce, /sup 145/Nd, /sup 149/Sm, /sup 151/Sm, /sup 151/Eu, /sup 157/Gd, /sup 163/Dy, /sup 167/Er, /sup 171/Yb, and /sup 176/Lu is used as composite spike. IDMS is very useful in geochronology and REE geochemistry. Especially, it is very effective in studying the “tetrad effect” of rare earth elements in natural samples.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.395-405
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• 1994

The various functional groups, such as hydroxyl(-OH), carboxyl(-COOH) and quinonic oxygen(OC<) on the carbon black(abbreviated to CB) surface were activated with n-butyl lithium solution in n-hexane and then acrylate and methacrylate monomers were graft polymerized onto these activated anionic sites and CB-grafted polymers were obtained. To separate homopolymers from reaction mixture, non-solvent precipitation method or centrifugal separating method were applied. Subsequently, conversion, grafting ratio and efficiency were determined at various reaction temperatures and times. In case of acrylates, the grafting ratio showed 20~30% but methacrylates showed 150~200%. Also the anion polymerizations between CB and monomers were nearly reached to equilibrium state within one or two hours under each reaction temperatures but conversion and grafting ratio were increased a little with reaction temperature increase. In colloidal dispersion stability test, before heat-drying, the all CB-grafted polymers showed good dispersed stability in good solvents for acrylic and methacrylic homopolymers. Futhermore, CB-polymethacrylates were found to show excellent collidal properties for good solvents of methacrylic homopolymer even after heat-drying. Identification of the grafted polyacrylates and polymethacrylates onto the CB surface was performed by FT-IR spectroscopy. In addition, electric resistance values of CB-grafted polymers were measured by Four-probe method, and the increase of the grafting ratio showed the increase of the surface resistance.