• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
• /
• v.30 no.2
• /
• pp.119-129
• /
• 2019

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to develop and evaluate the effects of a multifaceted cognitive training program on cognitive function, depression, and instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) in community dwelling elders with mild cognitive impairment. Methods: A non-equivalent control group pretest-posttest design was used. The subjects were recruited from a community health center in D metropolitan city and were assigned to the experimental or control group. Weekly 50-minute session intervention was delivered to the experimental group over 12 weeks. 8 weeks and 12weeks after intervention, the changes in cognitive function, depression, and IADL in the groups were measured and compared. Data were analyzed with Mann-Whitney U test, Wilcoxon Signed Rank test, and post-hoc test with Bonferroni correction using SPSS/WIN 23.0. Results: When compared with their counterparts (n=15), the elders in the experimental group (n=12) showed significant improvement in cognitive function and depression at week 12. The mean scores of IADL at week 12 were not significantly different between the groups. Conclusion: The results indicate that this multifaceted cognitive training program is effective in improving cognitive function, depression, and avoiding deterioration of IADL among elders with mild cognitive impairment.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
• /
• v.22 no.3
• /
• pp.1-11
• /
• 2011

Objectives : As the number of patient with dementia increases, interest in mild cognitive impairment (MCI), which is a pre-dementia stage, has been expanding. In this study, we investigated the effects from selected clinical research articles to evaluate the effectiveness of non-pharmacological interventions. Methods : We searched MCI related articles on MEDLINE and the Web of Science using keywords related to MCI. We selected 26 articles, and 13 evaluated efficiency using the Jadad score. Results : Physical exercise and cognitive remediation techniques were effective for improving MCI. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation, taichi, and music belonged to "perhaps" effectiveness group. Many of the 13 articles that evaluated MCI using the Jadad score evaluated them as "good" or "poor", and only three articles evaluated MCI as "excellent". Conclusions : The present evidence suggests that cognitive remediation techniques to improve memory and physical exercise were effective for people with MCI. However, further studies are needed to identify the physical exercise effects.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
• /
• v.8 no.7
• /
• pp.2212-2230
• /
• 2014

Cognitive radio (CR) users, known as secondary users (SUs), should avoid interference with primary users (PUs) who own the licensed band, while trying to access it; when the licensed band is unused by the PUs. To detect PUs, spectrum sensing should be performed over in-band channels that are currently in use by SUs. If PUs return to access the band, SUs need to vacate it, disrupting the SUs' communication unless a non-utilized band is discovered. Obtaining a non-utilized band in a short period facilitate seamless communication for SUs and avoid interference on PUs by vacating from the channel immediately. Searching for a non-utilized band can be done through proactive out-of-band (OB) sensing. In this paper, we suggest a proactive OB sensing scheme that minimizes the time required to discover a non-utilized spectrum in order to continue communication. Although, the duration spent on OB sensing reduces the throughput of the CR networks that can be achieved on band being utilized, the lost throughput can be compensated in the new discovered band. We demonstrate that, the effect of our proposed scheme on the throughput owing to OB sensing is insignificant, while exhibiting a very short channel discovery time.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
• /
• v.42 no.5
• /
• pp.644-658
• /
• 2012

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the cognitive effects of chemotherapy in patients with breast cancer. Methods: Using several databases, prospective studies were collected up to August 2011. Of 2,106 publications identified, 12 met the inclusion criteria, and 8 studies were used to estimate the effect size of chemotherapy on cognitive impairment. Results: Twelve studies were done since 2005 and most of the research was performed in Europe or North America. Eight studies were used to generate effect size across the cognitive domains of attention/concentration, verbal and visual memory, executive function, visuospatial skill, language, and subjective cognitive function. Each of the cognitive domains showed small effect sizes (-0.02 ~ -0.26), indicating diminished cognitive function for the chemotherapy group compared with non-chemotherapy groups. Conclusion: Finding suggests that breast cancer patients who undergo chemotherapy may experience mild cognitive decline. Further study is needed to generate knowledge and guideline for interventions to address chemotherapy related cognitive impairment in these patients.

• Journal of Korean Critical Care Nursing
• /
• v.13 no.3
• /
• pp.75-85
• /
• 2020

Purpose : This study aimed to identify the prevalence and risk factors of cognitive impairment in survivors discharged from the intensive care unit (ICU). Methods : This secondary analysis study utilized data from a multicenter prospective cohort of post-ICU patients. We analyzed the data of 175 patients enrolled in the primary cohort who completed the cognitive function evaluation three months after ICU discharge. Cognitive function was assessed using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) scale. The cut-off points for cognitive impairment were < 23 for face-to-face evaluation and < 18 for telephone evaluation. Results : The prevalence of cognitive impairment three months after ICU discharge was 32.6%. Significant risk factors for cognitive impairment were age ≥ 60 years (OR=10.52, 95% CI=3.65~30.33, p<.001), education < high school graduation (OR=2.53, 95% CI=1.07~6.01, p=.035), unplanned ICU admission (OR=4.01, 95% CI=1.45-11.14, p=.008), and delirium in the ICU (OR=4.33, 95% CI=1.08-17.23, p=.038). Conclusion : ICU nurses should use preemptive strategies to reduce post-ICU cognitive impairment of patients with risk factors. It is necessary to frequently assess and detect early delirium in critically ill patients, while attempting various non-pharmacological interventions.

• Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
• /
• v.26 no.1
• /
• pp.34-45
• /
• 2014

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of laughter therapy and cognitive reinforcement program on self-efficacy, depression and cognitive functions of the elderly with mild cognitive impairments (MCI). Methods: The study design was a non-equivalent control group pre and posttest design. Thirty-six subjects over the age of 65 with a diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment were assigned either to a treatment or a comparison group. Data were collected from February 7 to March 27, 2012 in the dementia supporting center. An eight week treatment program that included laughter therapy coupled with a cognitive reinforcing program including hand exercise, laughter dance routine, laughter technic and cognitive training for attention, memory, orientation and execution skill. Results: MoCA-K (t=-6.86, p<.001) and Stroop test CW correct (t=-2.54, p=.008), self-efficacy (t=-3.62, p=.001) in the treatment group were significantly higher than those of the comparison group. Reported depression (t=2.29, p=.014), Stroop test CW error (U=53.50, p<.001) in the treatment group was significantly less than the comparison group. Conclusion: In this study, the treatment was effective in improving self-efficacy, cognitive function and reducing depression in the elderly with MCI.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
• /
• v.28 no.5
• /
• pp.467-481
• /
• 1996

An integrated framework of modeling the human operator cognitive behavior during nuclear power plant accident scenarios is presented. It incorporates both plant and operator models. The basic structure of the operator model is similar to that of existing cognitive models, however, this model differs from those existing ones largely in too aspects. First, using frame and membership function, the pattern matching behavior, which is identified as the dominant cognitive process of operators responding to an accident sequence, is explicitly implemented in this model. Second, the non-task-related human cognitive activities like effect of stress and cognitive biases such as confirmation bias and availability bias, are also considered. A computer code, OPEC is assembled to simulate this framework and is actually applied to an SGTR sequence, and the resultant simulated behaviors of operator are obtained.

• Sleep Medicine and Psychophysiology
• /
• v.7 no.1
• /
• pp.5-9
• /
• 2000

Several nonpharmacological treatment methods of insomnia and their effects were reviewed. A long-term use of most hypnotics may produce tolerance, dependence, cognitive and psychomotor impairments at daytime, shallow sleep, and rebound insomnia on drug withdrawal. To reduce hypnotic abuse, nonpharmacological strategies have been developed to correct disordered behavioral and cognitive factors. These treatments aim at modifying maladaptive sleep habits, lowering physiological and cognitive arousal levels, and correcting dysfuctional beliefs and attitudes about sleep. These non-pharmacological or cognitive behavior treatments include stimulus control, sleep restriction, relaxation training, sleep hygiene education, cognitive therapy, and light therapy. Among them the stimulus control therapy has been demonstrated most effective as a single treatment or in combination with other treatments. Through nonpharmacological treatments, sleep latency was most significantly reduced and wake time after sleep onset was also reduced. About 50% of insomniacs reported clinical improvements in terms of nearly normalized sleep latency, awakening time, sleep efficiency, and reduction of hypnotic use. Compared to the hypnotic therapy, nonpharmacological treatments are more cost-effective and more readily accepted by patients, and their effects last longer.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• v.53 no.3
• /
• pp.303-318
• /
• 2020

Purpose: This study examined the effects of nutritional education related to sugar in elementary school children on nutritional knowledge, attitude, and dietary behavior. Methods: A questionnaire survey on the knowledge, attitudes, and intake related to sugar was conducted on 572 students in grades 4-5, who were attending five elementary schools in Seoul and Gyeonggi-do. Results: Among the survey subjects, 270 (49.8%) were cognitive in education, and 302 (50.2%) were non-cognitive. The sugar-related knowledge score was 3.67 points in the cognitive education group, which was significantly higher than the 3.55 points in the non-cognitive group. The rate of checking the sugar content in the nutrition label was 31.2% in the cognitive education group, which was significantly higher than in the non-cognitive group, 15.4%. The cognitive education group had a higher intake frequency of unsweetened candy, jelly, and raw fruits, and higher sugar intake of unsweetened bread, white milk, and raw fruits than the non-cognitive group. In the case of the cognitive education group, the total knowledge score showed a positive correlation with the food behavior scores, and a negative correlation with the frequency of purchasing snacks after school, and the average sugar intake per day. In the cognitive education group only, the education of nutrition teachers was analyzed as a factor to reduce the total sugar intake. The cognitive group of sugar education tried to eat foods with a lower sugar content than the non-cognitive group, and nutrition education was an important factor affecting the sugar intake. Conclusion: To reduce the sugar intake of elementary school students, it will be necessary to practice oriented-nutrition education by nutrition teachers continuously. In addition, it is important to develop and disseminate various types of nutrition education materials related to sugar that can be utilized easily by nutrition teachers.

• Journal of Broadcast Engineering
• /
• v.21 no.1
• /
• pp.113-116
• /
• 2016

Cognitive radio network technology is that secondary (unlicensed) users use the spectrum of primary (licensed) users without interfering primary communication. In this paper, we propose multiple access scheme for a cognitive radio network, where multiple secondary users access spectrum of one primary user. We consider two types of multiple access scheme, one is p-persistent and one is non-persistent, and apply these two schemes in the secondary network. For each multiple access scheme, total throughput of secondary network is derived and verified by Monte Carlo simulation. Simulation results show that maximum total throughput of the secondary network is achieved when channel access probability or the number of maximum waiting frames is chosen appropriately.