• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.2309-2312
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• 2014

Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is the most common histologic subtype of esophageal cancer and is characterized by a poor prognosis. Determining gene changes in ESCCs should improve understanding of putative risk factors and provide potential targets for therapy. We sequenced about 55 million pair-end reads from a pair of adjacent normal and ESCC samples to identify the gene expression level and gene fusion. Sanger sequencing was used to verify the result. About 17 thousand genes were expressed in the tissues, of which approximately 2400 demonstrated significant differences between tumor and adjacent non tumor tissue. GO and KEGG pathway analysis revealed that many of these genes were associated with cellular adherence and movement, simulation responses and immune responses. Notably we identified and validated one fusion gene, HLA-E and HLA-B, located 1 MB apart. We also identified thousands of remarkably expressed transcripts. In conclusion, a novel fusion gene HLA-E and HLA-B was identified in ESCC via whole transcriptome sequencing, which would be a biomarker for ESCC diagnosis and target for therapy, shedding new light for better understanding of ESCC tumorigenesis.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.86-107
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• 1991

An experimental study was performed to observe the early effects of monocrotaline on pulmonary vascular system by means of light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy, attempting to expore the mechanism behind the process of pulmonary hypertension. Experimental animal(Sprague-Dawley male rats ; 150-200g B. W.) were intra-peritoneal administered with 100mg/kg B. W. monocrotaline. Authors observed light microscopically various gradational increase of wall thickness in pulmonary muscular and non-muscular arteries in duration from 2 weeks to 5 weeks after monocrotaline administration and the changes were more sever in the latter than the former. The scanning electron microscopy shows severe and diffuse endothelical cell swelling, microvilli and microbleb formation since 1 hour after monocrotaline administration and during the course, after 5 hours the severity of endothelial cell damage was prominent with presence of fibrin, webs, platelet thrombi and white cell adherence. It was concluded that the monocrotaline primarily induced severe and diffuse endothelial cell damage of pulmonary arteries and laterly added the participation of platelets, which attributed to the pathogenesis of monocrotaline induced pulmonary vascular lesions in relation to pulmonary hypertension.

• Journal of Korean Clinical Nursing Research
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.143-153
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• 2015

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to develop a family-participated cardiac rehabilitation program and to test the effects of the program on self-efficacy, health behavior compliance, and family support for patients with percutaneous coronary intervention. Methods: The design of this study was a nonequivalent control group non-synchronize design. There were 30 participants in the experimental group and 29 in the control group. The program consisted of six consecutive cardiac rehabilitation education and counselling sessions for 5 weeks. Data were analyzed using $x^2-test$, Fisher's exact test, and t-test using the SPSS program. Results: Self-efficacy, health behavior compliance, and family support scores were significantly increased in the experimental group compared to those in the control group. Conclusion: These results suggest that this program may improve self-efficacy, health behavior compliance, and family support in patients with percutaneous coronary intervention. Therefore, this program in which family members were included in supporting patients' adherence to health behaviors is recommended for use in clinical fields for the cardiac rehabilitation.

• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.28-42
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• 2021

Objectives The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of Tuina treatment for children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), and to propose guidance to future studies or application in clinical setting. Methods The articles published from year 2000 to May 2021 by China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) were searched by setting up field as '中醫學', '中藥', '中西醫結合' and by setting up keyword as '小儿自閉症', '儿童自閉症', '自閉症譜系障碍', 'Autism', 'Autism spectrum disorder' that corresponds to participant and '推拿', '導引', '按摩', 'Tuina', 'massage'. Results Nine selected articles were analyzed and summarized by authors and year published, characteristics, diagnostic criteria, treatment methods and contents, treatment duration, evaluation criteria and results of the study. The articles were also reviewed by reported side effects, and evaluated the quality of the study according to Cochrane Handbook's Risk of Bias 2 (RoB 2) assessment of the Randomized Control Trial (RCT) articles. All studies used Tuina treatment to achieve effective results for pediatric autism spectrum disorder. Conclusion Pediatric Tuina treatment (TM) is a non-invasive treatment that does not stimulate patients with unstable ASD but increase patient adherence, and can be safely and simply operated. Therefore, pediatric Tuina treatment is worth utilizing as a clinical basis for further development of ASD treatment.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.8 no.10
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• pp.1-10
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• 2021

This paper attempts to investigate the determinants of capital structure of Vietnamese firms and also shed light on some of the factors of the modern theory of capital structure which is relevant for explaining the capital structure in advanced countries which are also relevant in the context of Vietnam. Using panel data from more than 1000 Vietnamese listed enterprises census 2017-2020, the paper finds that leverage ratio of Vietnamese firms is significantly related to probability. The firms have high level of fixed assets which they use as collateral, resulting in higher debt ratio, which is in line with the pecking order theory. The result also confirm that highly targeted debt ratio is positively correlated with the industry characteristics (using real estate firms as a benchmark), in which firm operates. Furthermore, consistent with the trade-off hypothesis, the leverage ratio is positively affected by non - debt tax shield. The result confirms that a large number of companies are state - owned, will have an insignificant impact of firm's size (as reverse proxy for bankruptcy cost) on leverage ratio. We also find that there is no distinction between state-owned enterprises and private enterprises due to strict adherence to the rules set by the Vietnamese government. Distinct from other countries, corporate income tax has slight impact on capital structure in Vietnamese firms.

• Journal of East-West Nursing Research
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.132-141
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• 2022

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate intensive care unit (ICU) nurses' actual and perceived glove uses for preventing healthcare associated infection. Methods: We observed nurses' donning glove by occasions and adherence to guideline for glove uses in four ICU in a single hospital. Total of 378 cases were observed from August 16 through October 6, 2020. Sixty one nurses of 66 nurses observed responded to a self-reported questionnaire about perceived glove use and knowledge of glove use. Data analysis was performed using descriptive statistics. Results: The number of observed episodes for glove use was 277. Although the highest numbers of occasions of wearing gloves was contact precaution, the compliance rate was 72.1%. The rates of donning gloves were low in the insertion and removal of peripheral venous catheters, blood glucose testing and blood sampling, which were at risk for exposure to blood. We observed misuse of wearing gloves even when they were not required. Results showed that the majority of non-compliance with glove use were a failure of performing hand hygiene before and after glove use and a failure of changing gloves between procedures on the same patient. The participant's knowledge of glove use was high. Conclusion: Based on the results, it is necessary to provide ICU nurses with education and reinforcement of proper glove uses for infection control.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.280-286
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• 2023

In humic substances, fulvic acid (FA) is a subclass of diverse compounds known as humic substances, which are by-products of organic degradation from microorganisms. FA can suppress the proliferation of tumor cells. Despite numerous studies, the exact mechanism for the various effects of FA is not clearly understood. Based on results demonstrating anti-proliferation effects on human cancer, we investigated whether FA has similar effects on lung cancer in this study. Firstly, the anti-cancer effect of FA in pulmonary epithelial tumor cell lines (TC-1 cells) was examined by confirming its inhibitory effect on the cell proliferation of TC-1 cells. TC-1 cell proliferation was reduced by FA on a dose-dependent and time-dependent manner. After 24 hours of FA treatment, cell morphological changes such as cell volume decrease, non-adherence and increased number of apoptotic cells were clearly observed. In addition, FA induced a DNA ladder pattern by increased of DNA fragments in TC-1 cells. In the intracellular regulatory pathway by FA, we confirmed that FA induced the reduction of the anti-apoptotic protein, Bcl-2 protein levels. These results indicate that FA has anticancer effect by inducing intracellular apoptotic pathway. Further research on the mechanism of anticancer effects will be basic data for the development of potential anticancer drugs.

• Korean Journal of Radiology
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.598-614
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• 2022

While ultrasound (US) is considered an important tool for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) surveillance, it has limited sensitivity for detecting early-stage HCC. Abbreviated MRI (AMRI) has recently gained popularity owing to better sensitivity in its detection of early-stage HCC than US, while also minimizing the time and cost in comparison to complete contrast-enhanced MRI, as AMRI includes only a few essential sequences tailored for detecting HCC. Currently, three AMRI protocols exist, namely gadoxetic acid-enhanced hepatobiliary-phase AMRI, dynamic contrast-enhanced AMRI, and non-enhanced AMRI. In this study, we discussed the rationale and technical details of AMRI techniques for achieving optimal surveillance performance. The strengths, weaknesses, and current issues of each AMRI protocol were also elucidated. Moreover, we scrutinized previously performed AMRI studies regarding clinical and technical factors. Reporting and recall strategies were discussed while considering the differences in AMRI protocols. A risk-stratified approach for the target population should be taken to maximize the benefits of AMRI and the cost-effectiveness should be considered. In the era of multiple HCC surveillance tools, patients need to be fully informed about their choices for better adherence to a surveillance program.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.16
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• pp.35-58
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• 2001

The letter of credit is quintessentially international. In the absence of international legal system, a private system based on banking practices has evolved, commanding the adherence of the international letter of credit community and providing the foundation of th reputation of this instrument. To maintain this international system, it is vital that international standard banking practice should not be subject to local interpretations that misconstrue or distort it. The UCP is a formulation of international standard banking practice. It is neither positive law nor a "contract term" in any traditional sense and its interpretation must be consonant with its character as a living repositary of international understanding in this field. As a result, the interpretation and application of specific articles of the UCP must be consistent with its evolving character and history and with the principles upon which sound letter of credit practice is predicated. This study, especially, focuses on article 13 of the UCP500 and 95UCC 5-108. Both articles introduce a standard of document examination to be used by banks to determine whether they comply facially with the terms of the credit. While, in the UCP, this standard is called international standard banking practices, in the UCC, this standard is called standard practices. I think that both standards are not same. Thus, first, this study look for categories of both standards and scope of application. the second subject is how can issuing bank act in the face of non-documentary condtion under this standard of document examination. Third is correlation between the principle of Strice Compliance and the standard.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.298-305
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• 2016

Background: This study is to investigate the prescription patterns and factors related to the number of medications treating chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in patients under 65 years old according to GOLD guidelines. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed the medical records of patients aged 40-64 years with a diagnosis of COPD from January to March 2016. Patients were classified by combined assessment of COPD (grades A, B, C, D) using spirometry, exacerbation history, mMRC, and/or CAT results. We analyzed prescribed medications, treatment options and factors related to the numbers of COPD medications. Results: The total number of prescriptions were 251. About 35.5% of patients were classified as GOLD A, 34.2% as GOLD B, 17.1% as GOLD C and 13.2% as GOLD D. Inhaled bronchodilator was prescribed for 86.9% of patients and the most frequent COPD medication was long-acting muscarinic antagonist (LAMA) followed by inhaled corticosteroids/long acting beta agonist (ICS/LABA). The majority of low risk patients (GOLD A/B) were prescribed a monotherapy with LAMA or LABA. For high risk patients (GOLD C/D), combination treatment with ICS+LAMA+LABA was mostly prescribed. The 21.2% of patients in GOLD D received systemic corticosteroid. The average number of medications per prescription was 3.7, and this number increased with increasing COPD grade, COPD duration and lung function reduction ($FEV_1$, $FEV_1/FVC$). Conclusion: Generally high adherence to GOLD guideline recommendations was reported. Given the progressive nature of the disease, results suggest that closer attention to respiratory symptoms for early detection, diagnosis, and appropriate treatment of COPD is warranted.