• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.313-320
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• 2014

Dexmedetomidine, an imidazoline compound, is a highly selective ${\alpha}_2$-adrenoceptor agonist with sympatholytic, sedative, amnestic, and analgesic properties. In order to minimize the patients' pain and anxiety during minimally invasive spine surgery (MISS) when compared to conventional surgery under general anesthesia, an adequate conscious sedation (CS) or monitored anesthetic care (MAC) should be provided. Commonly used intravenous sedatives and hypnotics, such as midazolam and propofol, are not suitable for operations in a prone position due to undesired respiratory depression. Dexmedetomidine converges on an endogenous non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep-promoting pathway to exert its sedative effects. The great merit of dexmedetomidine for CS or MAC is the ability of the operator to recognize nerve damage during percutaneous endoscopic lumbar discectomy, a representative MISS. However, there are 2 shortcomings for dexmedetomidine in MISS: hypotension/bradycardia and delayed emergence. Its hypotension/bradycardiac effects can be prevented by ketamine intraoperatively. Using atipamezole (an ${\alpha}_2$-adrenoceptor antagonist) might allow doctors to control the rate of recovery from procedural sedation in the future. MAC, with other analgesics such as ketorolac and opioids, creates ideal conditions for MISS. In conclusion, dexmedetomidine provides a favorable surgical condition in patients receiving MISS in a prone position due to its unique properties of conscious sedation followed by unconscious hypnosis with analgesia. However, no respiratory depression occurs based on the dexmedetomidine-related endogenous sleep pathways involves the inhibition of the locus coeruleus in the pons, which facilitates VLPO firing in the anterior hypothalamus.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.49 no.4
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• pp.508-513
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• 2000

The aspergillus tracheobronchitis is distinctive manifestation of invasive aspergillosis, in which infection is limited completely or predominantly to the tracheobronchial tree. It accounts for about 7 to 10 percent of cases of invasive disease. Grossly, such disease may take the mucosal exudate and obstruct partially the airway lumen or completely the occlusive mucous/fungus plugs. Microscopically, the superficial portion of the airway wall is acutely inflamed and contain fungal hyphae. However, infection is often limited to the mucosa. We report a case of aspergillus tracheobrochitis in a 54 year-old man who presented cough, progressive dyspnea with wheezing, and mucus plug. Bronchoscopy showed mucosal exudate and plug. Bronchoscopic biopsy showed aspergillus hyphae and inflammation in the mucosa. He was successfully treated with itraconazole.

• Progress in Medical Physics
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.101-107
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• 2000

Pulse oximetry is a non-invasive optical method which measures arterial oxygen saturation with two different wavelength. We can obtain the pulsating component of the arterial blood superimposed on DC level attenuated by venous blood, skin and other nonpulsatile components. This study is based on computing algorithm of oxygen saturation using the integral ratio of pulsatile components. In this algorithm, we used the half cycle of the pulsatile signal rely on arterial contraction. It's period is about 1/4 in 1 cycle. In the result, Our algorithm with 1/4 period of 1 cycle is similar to existing model. Because of removal that A part have low amplitude and possession in long term from calculating, the effect of the motion-artifact is decrease.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Laryngology, Phoniatrics and Logopedics
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.133-139
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• 2001

Background and Objectives : There are so many methods to investigate the causes of voice disorders. However, they were almost invasive or non-physiologic methods. And none of them showed the laryngeal movements. Phonation pharyngogram is non-invasive method to see the laryngeal movement directly. Authors studied to evaluate the availability of phonation pharyngogram in laryngeal nodule. Materials and Methods : 30 laryngeal nodules and 10 control groups were evaluated. Acoustic analysis and maximum phonation time were measured and pharyngogram was taken during sustaining /a/ phonation immediately after swallowing the barium. We measured the width of hypopharyngeal wall, shape of hypopharyngeal wall and pyriform sinus apex, level difference between both true vocal folds, angle of subglottis, location of true vocal folds, elevated distance of vocal folds and shape of c-spine. Results : Jitter, Shimmer of laryngeal nodule were higher than control group and maximum phonation time was shorter in laryngeal nodule. There was a significance in width of hypopharyngeal wall, shape of pyriform sinus apex, level difference between both true vocal folds, elevated distance of vocal folds and shape of c-spine. Conclusions : Authors knew that there were differences when we used the phonation pharyngogram between normal group and laryngeal nodule group.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.612-619
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• 2010

Background : Low level laser therapy may be an effective method to protect tissue damage in acute stroke. Recently, series of clinical studies on the basis of animal experiments report efficacy and safety of laser therapy at early stages of acute stroke. Laser promotes mitochondrial ATP synthesis to reduce cell death by ischemic infarction. Objectives : To report possibility of non-invasive laser therapy for acute stroke by reviewing literature about its effectiveness, safety and mechanism. Methods : We searched papers using PubMed and 'Web of Knowledge' of Thomson ISI, using the keywords "Laser Therapy, Low-Level" and "Stroke". Limitations were last 10 years of publications and only in English. Search range includes RCTs, clinical reports, reviews and animal experiments. Papers not matched with inclusion criteria were excluded. Results : A total 223 studies were found, 203 excluded during title and extract screening. After scanning 20 papers the final 2 serial RCTs were selected and analyzed. They reported that transcranial laser therapy led in neuroprotective effect for acute stroke patents. Clinical evaluation factors showed favorable trend and initial safety. Conclusions : Non-invasive laser secured safety of clinical application. It may be a favorable choice for the acute stage of stroke.

• Journal of Sensor Science and Technology
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.291-294
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• 2014

In this study, a chemiresistive sensor based on one-dimensional $WO_3$ nanostructures is presented for application in non-invasive medical diagnostics. $WO_3$ nanostructures were used as an active gas sensing layer and were deposited onto a $SiO_2/Si$substrate using Pt interdigitated electrodes (IDEs). The IDE spacing was $5{\mu}m$ and deposition was performed using RF sputter with glancing angle deposition mode. Pt IDEs fabricated by photolithography and dry etching. In comparison with thin film sensor, sensing performance of nanostructure sensor showed an enhanced response of more than 20 times when exposed to 50 ppm acetone at $400^{\circ}C$. Such a remarkable faster response can pave the way for a new generation of exhaled breath analyzers based on chemiresistive sensors which are less expensive, more reliable, and less complicated to be manufactured. Moreover, presented sensor technology has the potential of being used as a personalized medical diagnostics tool in the near future.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.27 no.10
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• pp.850-853
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• 1994

Open lung biopsy was performed in thirty patients for the diagnosis and staging evaluation of interstitial lung disease during the period from January 1987 until December 1992. The age of the patients ranged from 14 to 71 years [mean 48 years], and the patients consisted of 14 males and 16 females. Preoperative FEV1`s were from 0.80 liter to 3.88 liters [mean 1.66]. Other non-invasive diagnostic studies such as PCNA, bronchoalveolar lavage, TBLB, and gallium scan were also done in addition to X-ray and high-resolution chest CT. Tweaty-eight were correctly diagnosed and 2 cases were not [diagnostic yield rate 93.3%]. Among the 28 cases,pathologic diagnosis influenced further treatment regimens and prognostic expectations in 23 cases [82.1%]. The diagnostic non-invasive studies other than open lung biopsy yielded a correct diagnosis without staging only in 5 cases. There was no mortality and only one complication, ARDS ; however, the patient recovered after 5 days ventilator support. Open lung biopsy, which is the gold standard for the diagnosis and staging evaluation of interstitial lung disease can be done safely and has value in clinical decision making. Also knowledge of the involvement of the lesion is important for proper selection of the biopsy site.

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.351-358
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• 2010

In the automatic non-invasive blood pressure measurement device, the oscillometric method iswidely used. In the oscillometric method, the step-wise deflation has the advantage of the robustness for the motion artifacts than the linear deflation method. But it has the disadvantage of its longer measurement time because we need to detect two or more pulses in a certain cuff pressure step. In this study, we suggest the modified step-wise deflation method to overcome this limitation while maintaining the general concept of step-wise deflation. Using one valid pulse in each step and the deflating valve control during the diastolic period, the measurement time could be reduced. In order to verify the accuracy of the proposed algorithm, we compared the blood pressure values from the suggested method and the blood pressure values from the conventional auscultation method. The mean and standard deviation were -0.50${\pm}$5.3mmHg and 2.08${\pm}$4.75mmHg, for systolic and diastolic blood pressure respectively. The measurement time can be reduced up to the half of conventional step-wise deflation method.

• Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology
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• v.9 no.6
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• pp.2114-2117
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• 2014

Joint pain is generally a common disorder not only for the old aged people but also for the immunocompromised patients. The present proposed study reveals the presence of inflammatory diseases in joint generally diagnosed by removing synovial fluid and changes in the volume and composition are examined for the presence of WBC and crystals. This study implement a non-invasive approach to identify the changes in joint fluid by measuring the changes in electrical property of the synovial tissue under the influence of electrical current signal with frequency range between 100 kHz to 300 kHz. The response of tissue for the current signal was measured in terms of potential drop across the tissue. The hardware system design consists of input and output sections. The input section which applies current signal to upper limb joint region is made of ICL8038 function generator IC with amplifier and voltage to current converter. The output section picks voltage variation using metal surface electrode, amplifier, ADC, PIC microcontroller and LCD interface. 100 patient inclusive of normal and disease affected patients where examined for upper limb synovial fluid variation and inflammatory diseases were identified.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.70-80
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• 2015

The spinal cord is highly complex, consisting of a specialized neural network that comprised both neuronal and non-neuronal cells. Any kind of injury and/or insult to the spinal cord leads to a series of damaging events resulting in motor and/or sensory deficits below the level of injury. As a result, muscle paralysis (or paresis) leading to muscle atrophy or shrinking of the muscle along with changes in muscle fiber type, and contractile properties have been observed. Traditionally, histology had been used as a gold standard to characterize spinal cord injury (SCI)-induced adaptation in spinal cord and skeletal muscle. However, histology measurements is invasive and cannot be used for longitudinal analysis. Therefore, the use of conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is promoted to be used as an alternative non-invasive method, which allows the repeated measurements over time and secures the safety against radiation by using radiofrequency pulse. Currently, many of pathological changes and adaptations occurring after SCI can be measured by MRI methods, specifically 3-dimensional MRI with the advanced diffusion tensor imaging technique. Both techniques have shown to be sensitive in measuring morphological and structural changes in skeletal muscle and the spinal cord.