• Title/Summary/Keyword: Node ratio

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A Study on Robust Optimal Sensor Placement for Real-time Monitoring of Containment Buildings in Nuclear Power Plants (원전 격납 건물의 실시간 모니터링을 위한 강건한 최적 센서배치 연구)

  • Chanwoo Lee;Youjin Kim;Hyung-jo Jung
    • Journal of the Computational Structural Engineering Institute of Korea
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    • v.36 no.3
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    • pp.155-163
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    • 2023
  • Real-time monitoring technology is critical for ensuring the safety and reliability of nuclear power plant structures. However, the current seismic monitoring system has limited system identification capabilities such as modal parameter estimation. To obtain global behavior data and dynamic characteristics, multiple sensors must be optimally placed. Although several studies on optimal sensor placement have been conducted, they have primarily focused on civil and mechanical structures. Nuclear power plant structures require robust signals, even at low signal-to-noise ratios, and the robustness of each mode must be assessed separately. This is because the mode contributions of nuclear power plant containment buildings are concentrated in low-order modes. Therefore, this study proposes an optimal sensor placement methodology that can evaluate robustness against noise and the effects of each mode. Indicators, such as auto modal assurance criterion (MAC), cross MAC, and mode shape distribution by node were analyzed, and the suitability of the methodology was verified through numerical analysis.

Investigating the Performance of Bayesian-based Feature Selection and Classification Approach to Social Media Sentiment Analysis (소셜미디어 감성분석을 위한 베이지안 속성 선택과 분류에 대한 연구)

  • Chang Min Kang;Kyun Sun Eo;Kun Chang Lee
    • Information Systems Review
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    • v.24 no.1
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    • pp.1-19
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    • 2022
  • Social media-based communication has become crucial part of our personal and official lives. Therefore, it is no surprise that social media sentiment analysis has emerged an important way of detecting potential customers' sentiment trends for all kinds of companies. However, social media sentiment analysis suffers from huge number of sentiment features obtained in the process of conducting the sentiment analysis. In this sense, this study proposes a novel method by using Bayesian Network. In this model MBFS (Markov Blanket-based Feature Selection) is used to reduce the number of sentiment features. To show the validity of our proposed model, we utilized online review data from Yelp, a famous social media about restaurant, bars, beauty salons evaluation and recommendation. We used a number of benchmarking feature selection methods like correlation-based feature selection, information gain, and gain ratio. A number of machine learning classifiers were also used for our validation tasks, like TAN, NBN, Sons & Spouses BN (Bayesian Network), Augmented Markov Blanket. Furthermore, we conducted Bayesian Network-based what-if analysis to see how the knowledge map between target node and related explanatory nodes could yield meaningful glimpse into what is going on in sentiments underlying the target dataset.

Multidetector CT Characteristics of Fumarate Hydratase-Deficient Renal Cell Carcinoma and Papillary Type II Renal Cell Carcinoma

  • Ling Yang;Xue-Ming Li;Ya-Jun Hu;Meng-Ni Zhang;Jin Yao;Bin Song
    • Korean Journal of Radiology
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    • v.22 no.12
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    • pp.1996-2005
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    • 2021
  • Objective: To investigate the multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) features of fumarate hydratase-deficient renal cell carcinoma (FH-deficient RCC) with germline or somatic mutations, and compare them with those of papillary type II RCC (pRCC type II). Materials and Methods: A total of 24 patients (mean ± standard deviation, 40.4 ± 14.7 years) with pathologically confirmed FH-deficient RCC (15 with germline and 9 with somatic mutations) and 54 patients (58.6 ± 12.6 years) with pRCC type II were enrolled. The MDCT features were retrospectively reviewed and compared between the two entities and mutation subgroups, and were correlated with the clinicopathological findings. Results: All the lesions were unilateral and single. Compared with pRCC type II, FH-deficient RCC was more prevalent among younger patients (40.4 ± 14.7 vs. 58.6 ± 12.6, p < 0.001) and tended to be larger (8.1 ± 4.1 vs. 5.4 ± 3.2, p = 0.002). Cystic solid patterns were more common in FH-deficient RCC (20/24 vs. 16/54, p < 0.001), with 16 of the 20 (80.0%) cystic solid tumors having showed typical polycystic and thin smooth walls and/or septa, with an eccentric solid component. Lymph node (16/24 vs. 16/54, p = 0.003) and distant (11/24 vs. 3/54, p < 0.001) metastases were more frequent in FH-deficient RCC. FH-deficient RCC and pRCC type II showed similar attenuation in the unenhanced phase. The attenuation in the corticomedullary phase (CMP) (76.3% ± 25.0% vs. 60.2 ± 23.6, p = 0.008) and nephrographic phase (NP) (87.7 ± 20.5, vs. 71.2 ± 23.9, p = 0.004), absolute enhancement in CMP (39.0 ± 24.8 vs. 27.1 ± 22.7, p = 0.001) and NP (50.5 ± 20.5 vs. 38.2 ± 21.9, p = 0.001), and relative enhancement ratio to the renal cortex in CMP (0.35 ± 0.26 vs. 0.24 ± 0.19, p = 0.001) and NP (0.43 ± 0.24 vs. 0.29 ± 0.19, p < 0.001) were significantly higher in FH-deficient RCC. No significant difference was found between the FH germline and somatic mutation subgroups in any of the parameters. Conclusion: The MDCT features of FH-deficient RCC were different from those of pRCC type II, whereas there was no statistical difference between the germline and somatic mutation subgroups. A kidney mass with a cystic solid pattern and metastatic tendency, especially in young patients, should be considered for FH-deficient RCC.

Effect of N-Application Level According to Seedling Density on Tiller Development, Yield and Quality in Direct-Seeded Rice on Flooded Paddy Surface (벼 담수표면산파 시 입모밀도에 따른 시비 조절이 분얼발생, 수량 및 품질에 미치는 영향)

  • Chung, Nam-Jin;Kim, Jeong-Il;Park, Jeong-Hwa;Kim, Je-Kyu
    • KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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    • v.51 no.spc1
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    • pp.52-57
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    • 2006
  • This research was carried out to determine the effect of controlling nitrogen application on tiller development, yield, and quality of rice under scanty or excess seedling stands in direct-seeded rice on flooded soil surface. Seedling stand was set to 3 levels: scanty $(60/m^2)$, optimum $(120/m^2)$, and excess $(200/m^2)$. In the scanty plot, additional 4 kg/10a nitrogen was applied at the 3rd leaf stage to promote tiller development. On the other hand, applying 3.3 kg/10a nitrogen at 5th leaf stage in the excess plot was omitted to suppress tillering. Maximum numbers of tillers per plant were 15.2 and 8.6 in scanty and excess plots, respectively, as compared with 9.8 in optimum plot. Productive tiller rate decreased with the increase in number of seedling stands. Regardless of seedling density, the first tiller developed on the 3rd node of rice stem from the bottom. The primary tillers developed at 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 nodes in scanty plot, 3, 4, 5 nodes in optimum plot, and 3, 4 nodes in excess plot. The secondary tillers developed only in some portion of plants in scanty and optimum plots. The order of tiller emergence was negatively correlated to stem length, panicle length, non-productive tiller number, grain number per panicle, and fertility in scanty plot, and to perfect grain ratio in excess plot. In the optimum plot, however, the order of tiller emergence was not correlated to any of the mentioned characteristics. The perfect grain ratio of scanty plot was the highest because green-kerneled rice was a very small portion in the primary tillers as compared with those of optimum and excess plots. Yield indexes of scanty and excess plots were 99%, and 97%, respectively, of the yield (494 kg/10a) in optimum plot. In conclusion, when seedling stands are not at optimum level, rice yield and quality similar to optimum planting density level can be obtained by means of controlling nitrogen application.

The Clinicopathologic Characteristics of Patients with Gastric Carcinoid Tumor (위 유암종의 임상병리학적 특징에 대한 후향적 연구)

  • Jang, Jeong-Moon;Kong, Seong-Ho;Yoon, Hong-Man;Ahn, Hye-Seong;Lee, Hyuk-Joon;Yoon, Won-Jae;Kim, Sang-Kyoon;Yang, Han-Kwang;Lee, Kuhn-Uk
    • Journal of Gastric Cancer
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    • v.9 no.4
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    • pp.262-268
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    • 2009
  • Purpose: We wanted to analyze the clinicopathologic characteristics of patients with gastric carcinoid tumor, which is a rare gastric tumor (less than 2% of all gastric tumors). Materials and Methods: We reviewed all the carcinoid patients who were treated from 1996 to 2006. The clinicopathologic characteristics, the treatment modalities and the survival rates were retrospectively analysed. Results: There were 8 type I patients and 10 type III patients, but there were no type II patients. The mean age of onset for type I was 47.75 years and that for type III was 57.90 years. More type III patients were female, but the gender ratio of type I patients was equal at a ratio of 1:1. There were 4 cases of solitary tumor, which were all T1 except for one case, and there was neither distant metastasis nor lymph node involvement for the type T1 cases. In the 13 patients who had no metastasis, 5 underwent endoscopic mucosal resection and 8 underwent surgery, and their combined 5 year survival rate was 92.3%. For the 5 cases who had metastastses, their mean survival was 22 months and especially, 3 of them underwent palliative surgery and their median survival were 24 months (95%, ${\pm}6.52$). Conclusion: Higher incidence of type III gastric carcinoid tumor and less multiplicity in type I gastric tumor were identified in our study compared with previous reports. For the type III cases, there were some noteable differences compared with the Western country's survival rate for the patients who underwent palliative surgery, so physicians must pay close attention to the definite clinicopathologic characteristics of gastric carcinoid patients.

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Radical Radiotherapy of Head and Neck Cancer (두경부 종양의 방사선 치료 성적)

  • Ban Sung Beom;Kim Chul Young;Choi Myung Sun;Suh Won Hyuck
    • Radiation Oncology Journal
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    • v.4 no.1
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    • pp.35-43
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    • 1986
  • Study patients with head and neck carcinoma were studied retrospectively to assess the impact of treatment on survival and local control rate by stage in the Dept of Radiation Therapy, Korea University Hae Wha Hospital between March 1981 and March 1986. Prior to definite radiotherapy, patients were evaluated by physical examination and radiologic studies including chest, laryngogram and CT scan and then these patients were grouped according to the American Joint Committee (AJC) staging system. They were treated with RT alone or postoperative irradiation to the dose of 7,200 cGy/8 weeks and 6,000 cGy/7 weeks respectively. The results were obtained and as follows; 1. Overall male to female sex ratio was 3.6:1. The peak age of patients with head and neck cancer was 6th decade. 2. In all patients treated by RT, the ratio of squamous cell 1 carcinoma to non-squamous cell carcinoma was 3.5:1 (60/77 patients). 3. The incidence according to the anatomic site of primary tumor was 22 cases in the larynx, 12 cases in PNS, 7 cases in nasopharynx, 6 cases in oropharynx, and 3 cases in hypopharynx. 4. According to AJC staging system,4 cases were Stage 1,7 in Stage II, 19 in Stage III and 27 in Stage IV. 5. The overall incidence of cervical lymph node metastases was $43\%$ and subdigatric and submaxillary triangle lymph nodes were the most frequent site of metastases. 6. Local control was achieved in $48\%$ of patients treated by radio-therapy. 7. The lung was the most common site for distant metastases, comprising 4 cases among 7 cases in which distant metastases occured. 8. The overall estimated 5-year survival rate was $43\%$ in the head and neck cancer treated with radiotherapy by life-table analysis.

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Therapeutic Results of Radiotherapy in Nonsmall Cell Lung Cancers (비소세포성 폐암의 방사선치료 성적)

  • Shin, Sei-One;Kim, Sung-Kyu;Kim, Myung-Se
    • Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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    • v.11 no.1
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    • pp.72-81
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    • 1994
  • Total 55 patients with nonsmall cell lung cancer treated with radiation therapy at Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yeungnam University Hospital, between May-1 1986 and April-30 1993 were retrospectively analyzed by clinical characteristics, failure patterns, follow up duration and survival ratio according to prognostic factors. Obtained results were as follows : 1. Male to female ratio was 17.3 2. Sixth and seventh decades were predominant age group. 3. The patients were 8 in stage I-II, 34 in stage IIIA, 13 in stage IIIb, respectively. 4. Forty five patients out of 55 were squamous cell carcinoma. 5. Primary tumor were originated from upper lobe bronchi predominantly. 6. The size of the primary tumor, lymph node involvement and the degree of differentiation were important in evaluation of prognosis. 7. In conclusion, for patients with poor prognostic factors systemic chemotherapy and multidisciplinary approach were recommended for better treatment outcome and improvement of survival.

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The comparison of lesion localization methods in breast lymphoscintigraphy (Breast lymphoscintigraphy 검사 시 체표윤곽을 나타내는 방법의 비교)

  • Yeon, Joon ho;Hong, Gun chul;Kim, Soo yung;Choi, Sung wook
    • The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
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    • v.19 no.2
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    • pp.74-80
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    • 2015
  • Purpose Breast lymphoscintigraphy is an important technique to present for body surface precisely, which shows a lymph node metastasis of malignant tumors at an early stage and is performed before and after surgery in patients with breast cancer. In this study, we evaluated several methods of body outline imaging to present exact location of lesions, as well as compared respective exposure doses. Materials and Methods RANDO phantom and SYMBIA T-16 were used for obtaining imaging. A lesion and an injection site were created by inserting a point source of 0.11 MBq on the axillary sentinel lymph node and 37 MBq on the right breast, respectively. The first method for acquiring the image was used by drawing the body surface of phantom for 30 sec using $Na^{99m}TcO_4$ as a point source. The second, the image was acquired with $^{57}Co$ flood source for 30 seconds on the rear side and the left side of the phantom, the image as the third method was obtained using a syringe filled with 37 MBq of $Na^{99m}TcO_4$ in 10 ml of saline, and as the fourth, we used a photon energy and scatter energy of $^{99m}Tc$ emitting from phantom without any addition radiation exposure. Finally, the image was fused the scout image and the basal image of SPECT/CT using MATLAB$^{(R)}$ program. Anterior and lateral images were acquired for 3 min, and radiation exposure was measured by the personal exposure dosimeter. We conducted preference of 10 images from nuclear medicine doctors by the survey. Results TBR values of anterior and right image in the first to fifth method were 334.9 and 117.2 ($1^{st}$), 266.1 and 124.4 ($2^{nd}$), 117.4 and 99.6 ($3^{rd}$), 3.2 and 7.6 ($4^{th}$), and 565.6 and 141.8 ($5^{th}$). And also exposure doses of these method were 2, 2, 2, 0, and $30{\mu}Sv$, respectively. Among five methods, the fifth method showed the highest TBR value as well as exposure dose, where as the fourth method showed the lowest TBR value and exposure dose. As a result, the last method ($5^{th}$) is the best method and the fourth method is the worst method in this study. Conclusion Scout method of SPECT/CT can be useful that provides the best values of TBR and the best score of survey result. Even though personal exposure dose when patients take scout of SPECT/CT was higher than another scan, it was slight level comparison to 1 mSv as the dose limit to non-radiation workers. If the scout is possible to less than 80 kV, exposure dose can be reduced, and also useful lesion localization provided.

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A Ranking Algorithm for Semantic Web Resources: A Class-oriented Approach (시맨틱 웹 자원의 랭킹을 위한 알고리즘: 클래스중심 접근방법)

  • Rho, Sang-Kyu;Park, Hyun-Jung;Park, Jin-Soo
    • Asia pacific journal of information systems
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    • v.17 no.4
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    • pp.31-59
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    • 2007
  • We frequently use search engines to find relevant information in the Web but still end up with too much information. In order to solve this problem of information overload, ranking algorithms have been applied to various domains. As more information will be available in the future, effectively and efficiently ranking search results will become more critical. In this paper, we propose a ranking algorithm for the Semantic Web resources, specifically RDF resources. Traditionally, the importance of a particular Web page is estimated based on the number of key words found in the page, which is subject to manipulation. In contrast, link analysis methods such as Google's PageRank capitalize on the information which is inherent in the link structure of the Web graph. PageRank considers a certain page highly important if it is referred to by many other pages. The degree of the importance also increases if the importance of the referring pages is high. Kleinberg's algorithm is another link-structure based ranking algorithm for Web pages. Unlike PageRank, Kleinberg's algorithm utilizes two kinds of scores: the authority score and the hub score. If a page has a high authority score, it is an authority on a given topic and many pages refer to it. A page with a high hub score links to many authoritative pages. As mentioned above, the link-structure based ranking method has been playing an essential role in World Wide Web(WWW), and nowadays, many people recognize the effectiveness and efficiency of it. On the other hand, as Resource Description Framework(RDF) data model forms the foundation of the Semantic Web, any information in the Semantic Web can be expressed with RDF graph, making the ranking algorithm for RDF knowledge bases greatly important. The RDF graph consists of nodes and directional links similar to the Web graph. As a result, the link-structure based ranking method seems to be highly applicable to ranking the Semantic Web resources. However, the information space of the Semantic Web is more complex than that of WWW. For instance, WWW can be considered as one huge class, i.e., a collection of Web pages, which has only a recursive property, i.e., a 'refers to' property corresponding to the hyperlinks. However, the Semantic Web encompasses various kinds of classes and properties, and consequently, ranking methods used in WWW should be modified to reflect the complexity of the information space in the Semantic Web. Previous research addressed the ranking problem of query results retrieved from RDF knowledge bases. Mukherjea and Bamba modified Kleinberg's algorithm in order to apply their algorithm to rank the Semantic Web resources. They defined the objectivity score and the subjectivity score of a resource, which correspond to the authority score and the hub score of Kleinberg's, respectively. They concentrated on the diversity of properties and introduced property weights to control the influence of a resource on another resource depending on the characteristic of the property linking the two resources. A node with a high objectivity score becomes the object of many RDF triples, and a node with a high subjectivity score becomes the subject of many RDF triples. They developed several kinds of Semantic Web systems in order to validate their technique and showed some experimental results verifying the applicability of their method to the Semantic Web. Despite their efforts, however, there remained some limitations which they reported in their paper. First, their algorithm is useful only when a Semantic Web system represents most of the knowledge pertaining to a certain domain. In other words, the ratio of links to nodes should be high, or overall resources should be described in detail, to a certain degree for their algorithm to properly work. Second, a Tightly-Knit Community(TKC) effect, the phenomenon that pages which are less important but yet densely connected have higher scores than the ones that are more important but sparsely connected, remains as problematic. Third, a resource may have a high score, not because it is actually important, but simply because it is very common and as a consequence it has many links pointing to it. In this paper, we examine such ranking problems from a novel perspective and propose a new algorithm which can solve the problems under the previous studies. Our proposed method is based on a class-oriented approach. In contrast to the predicate-oriented approach entertained by the previous research, a user, under our approach, determines the weights of a property by comparing its relative significance to the other properties when evaluating the importance of resources in a specific class. This approach stems from the idea that most queries are supposed to find resources belonging to the same class in the Semantic Web, which consists of many heterogeneous classes in RDF Schema. This approach closely reflects the way that people, in the real world, evaluate something, and will turn out to be superior to the predicate-oriented approach for the Semantic Web. Our proposed algorithm can resolve the TKC(Tightly Knit Community) effect, and further can shed lights on other limitations posed by the previous research. In addition, we propose two ways to incorporate data-type properties which have not been employed even in the case when they have some significance on the resource importance. We designed an experiment to show the effectiveness of our proposed algorithm and the validity of ranking results, which was not tried ever in previous research. We also conducted a comprehensive mathematical analysis, which was overlooked in previous research. The mathematical analysis enabled us to simplify the calculation procedure. Finally, we summarize our experimental results and discuss further research issues.

The Behaviors of Phosphorus-32 and Ptoassium-42 under the Control of Thermoperiod and Potassium Level (가리(加里)와 온도주기성(溫度週期性)이 고구마 생육(生育) 및 인(燐)-32, 가리(加里)-42 동태(動態)에 미치는 영향(影響))

  • Kim, Y.C.
    • Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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    • v.1 no.1
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    • pp.89-115
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    • 1968
  • 1. The experiment was carried out for investigating the interaction between potassium nutrition and thermoperiod (as an environment regulating factor) in relation to behaviors of several nutrients including phosphorus-32 and Potassium-42 in IPOMOEA BATAS. 2. To obtain same condition to trace the behaviors of phosphorus and potassum-42 they were simultaneously incorporated to roots. The determination of each CPM by counting twice with adequate interval and calculating true CPM of each isotope according to different half-life, was carried out with satisfactory. 3. Some specific symptoms i.e, chlorosis and withering of growing point under the condition of lower potassium level were found and was accelerated by the low night temperature. 4. A manganese shortage in growing point of the lower potassium level was found by activiation analysis and very low distribution ratio of phosphorus-32 and potassium-42 in the growing point of the lower potassium level was manifested, though the contents of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, sodium and magnesium were not in great difference. 5. In addition to the low water content with appearence of "hard", shorterning internode and lower ratio of roots to shoot as well as the symptoms of potassium deficiency such as brown spot in leaf blade and necrosis of leaf margin were appeared at later stage of experiment at the lower potassium level. 6. Very stimulating vegetative growth, e.g, large plant length, leaf expansion, increasing node number and fresh weight as well as high ratio of roots to shoot, high water content was resulted in the condition of higher potassium level. 7. A specific interaction between higher potassium level and thermoperiod was found, that is, the largest tuber production and the largest ratio of roots to shoot were resulted in the combined condition of higher potassium level and constant temperature while the largest plant length, fresh weight etc. i.e. the most stimulative vegetative growth was resulted in the combined condition of higher potassium level and low night temperature. 8. Comparatively low water content in the former condition of stimulative tuber production was resulted(especially at the tuber thickening stage), while high water content in the latter condition of stimulative vegetation was resulted though the higher potassium level made generally high water contents. 9. The nitrogen contents of soluble and insoluble did not make distinct difference between the lower and higher potassium level. 10. Though the phosphorus contents were not distinctly different by the potassium level, the lower potassium level made the percentage of phosphorus increased at tuber forming stage accumulating more phosphorus in roots, while the higher potassium level decreased percentage of phosphorus at that stage. 11. The higher potassium level made distinctly high potassium contents than the lower potassium level and increased contents at the tuber forming stage through both conditions. 12. The sodium contents were low in the condition of higher potassium level than the lower potassium level and decreased at tuber forming stage in both conditions, on the contary of potassium. 13. Except the noticeable deficeney of manganese in the growing point of the lower potassium level, mangense and magnesium contents in other organs did not make distinct difference according to the potassium level. 14. Generally more uptake and large absorption rate of phosphorus-32 and potassium-42 were resulted at the higher potassium level, and the most uptake, and the largest absorption rate of phosphorus and potassium-42 (especially potassium-42 at tuber forming stage) were resulted in the condition of higher potassium level and constant temperature which made the highest tuber production. 15. The higher potassium level stimulated the translocation of phoshorus-32 and potassium-42 from roots to shoots while the lower potassium level suppressed or blocked the translocation. 16. Therefore, very large distribution rate of $p^{32}$, $K^{42}$ in shoot, especially, in growing point, compared with roots was resulted in the higher potassium level. 17. The lower potassium level suppressed the translocation of phosporus-32 from roots to shoot more than that of potassium-42. 18. The uptake of potassium-42 and translocation in IPOMOEA BATATAS were more vivid than phosphorus-32. 19. A specific interaction between potassium nutrition and thermoperiod which resulted the largest tuber production etc. was discussed in relation to behaviors of minerals and potasium-42 etc. 20. Also, the specific effect of the lower and higher potassium level on the growth pattern of IPOMOEA BATATAS were discussed in relation to behaviors of minerals and isotopes. 21. An emphasize on the significance of the higher potassium level as well as the interaction with the regulating factor and problem of potassium level (gradient) for crops product ion were discussed from the point of dynamical and variable function of potassium.

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