• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.260-265
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• 1983

Growth, content and partition of mineral nutrient of Panax ginseng (3 years old) were investigated with four levels of nitrogen source (ammonium sulfate, urea and calcium nitrate) under sand culture for one year. Growth of top and root was greatest at 50 ppm in all sources. Nitrate showed the greatest root weight and urea did the greatest top weight. Leaf width was large in without-nitrogen plot. The ratio of length to diameter (L/D) of stem was smaller with ammonium than with nitrate. Negative correlation was found between L/D of stem and that of tap root. Nitrogen application increased phosphorus content in leaf and stem but decreased calcium. Partition of P into leaf was smaller in 50 ppm than in without-nitrogen plot in all sources. While that of Mg, Ca and N was greater.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.10
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• pp.101-105
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• 1968

The effect of concentration of carbon and nitrogen sources on the sporulation and the life cycles of three strains of Zygosaccharomyces was investigated. The results are as follows: 1) The good sporulation of Zygosaccharomyces bisporus, delbruekii, and Z. steineri was obtained on solid medium containing 0 to 0.001% of nitrogen and 10 to 20% of glucose. The high content of nitrogen was detrimental to sporulation and asci were formed under 0.01% of nitrogen. 2) It is widely accepted that the life cycle of Zygosaccharomyces proceeds in the following way: Ascospore...Vegetative cells...Conjugation of vegetative cells...Sporulation...Ascopores But zygotes of Z. bisporus proceeded to vegetative cells when transfered to the suitable medium for vegetative reproduction, and then formed asci.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.273-278
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• 2002

Two-step fed-batch fermentations were carried out to overproduce Bacillus licheniformis maltogenic amylase (BLMA) in recombinant Escherichia coli. The first step was to increase the cell mass by controlling the feeding of a glucose solution, while the second step was designed to improve the amylase expression efficiency by supplementing organic nitrogen sources. The linear gradient feeding method was successfully adopted to maintain the glucose concentration below 0.2 g/l during the fed-batch mode, as effectively minimizing acetic acid formation. When the dissolved oxygen (DO) level became limiting, an accumulation of acetic acid and drastic decrease in specific BLMA productivity were observed. Glucose and organic nitrogen sources consisting of yeast extract and casein hydrolysate were simultaneously supplied in the pH-stat mode to further increase the specific BLMA expression efficiency. An organic nitrogen source consisting of 200 g/1 yeast extract and 100 g/1 casein hydrolysate was found to be the best among the various combinations tested. The feeding of an organic nitrogen source in the second-step fed-batch period was highly beneficial in enhancing the BLMA production. The optimized two-step fed-batch culture resulted in 78 g/l maximum dry cell mass and 443 U/ml maximum BLMA activity, corresponding to 1.5-fold increase in the dry cell mass and 3.7-fold enhancement in BLMA production, compared with the simple fed-batch fermentation.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.124-130
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• 2013

The effects of environmental and nutritional requirement such as temperature, pH, different media, carbon, nitrogen, and carbon-to-nitrogen ratio on the mycelial growth of Cordyceps militaris strain 'Yedang 3' were studied. The optimum temperature and pH for the growth of mycelium were $20-25^{\circ}C$ and pH 6-7, respectively. Out of ten media tested, mushroom complete media (MCM) was the best medium for fast mycelial growth, and Sabouraud's dextrose agar yeast extract (SDAY), malt extract yeast extract agar (YMA) also were favored. The color and shape of colonies varied in different media. The best carbon sources for mycelial growth were fructose, mannitol, and sucrose, whereas the best nitrogen sources were tryptone and peptone. However, mycelia grew slowly in inorganic nitrogen compounds such as $NH_4Cl$, $(NH_4)_2SO_4$, $NH_4NO_3$, and $NaNO_3$. The optimum C:N ratio observed on the culture media was 30-40 range. These results provided basic information on cultural characteristics of vegetative growth and might be useful for spawn production in Cordyceps militaris.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.38 no.12
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• pp.635-640
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• 2016

Although microbial fuel cell (MFC) can produce electricity from organics in wastewater, nitrogen removal is required for application of process for wastewater treatment plant. This study developed flat-panel air-cathode MFCs (FA-MFCs) comprised of two large separator electrode assemblies (SEAs) and evaluate total nitrogen removal according to three inoculum sources and pre-nitrification acclimation. The nitrification efficiencies were >99% regardless of inoculum sources under the phase for pre-nitrification acclimation. The total nitrogen removal efficiencies of FA-MFCs without pre-nitrification acclimation were the highest at the low organic conditions (<300 mg-COD/L) under the phase for nitrification and denitrification. The increase of organic concentration influenced the total nitrogen removal efficiency, positively. The organics were removed >95% but were not used for heterotrophic denitrification totally. This study suggests that application of FA-MFC system for wastewater treatment can allow the simultaneous removal of organic and nitrogen compounds, although this affects the low electricity production.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.99-102
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• 1971

These experiment were conducted to study the effects of various nitrogen sources and inorganic salts upon the growth of Saccharomyces rouxii T-9, and the results obtained were as follows: 1) The strain showed the most rapid growth in the case of 2.5 to 5.0% addition of peptone as an organic nitrogen source, and 1.0% addition of $(NH_4)_2HPO_4$ as an inorganic nitrogen source respectively to the media containing no NaCl. 2) Its growth was the most rapid in the case of 1.5% addition of yeast extracts as an organic nitrogen sources, and 5% addition of urea as an inorganic nitrogen source respectively to the media containing 20% of NaCl. 3) Its growth was the most rapid in the case of 1% addition of $NaNO_3$ as an inorganic salt to the media containing no NaCl, while to the media containing 20% or 26% of NaCl its growth was more rapid in the case of 5% addition of $NaNO_3$ than 1% addition. 4) Its growth was more rapid in the case of 0.5% addition of $MgSO_4\;and\;CaCl_2$ respectively to the media containing 20% of NaCl than to the media containing no NaCl, and was rapid in the case of 1% addition of $MgCl_2$ to the media containing 26% of NaCl.

• Proceedings of the Korea Air Pollution Research Association Conference
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• 2005.11a
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• pp.170-172
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• 2005

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.9 no.6
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• pp.269-278
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• 2004

• Mycobiology
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.274-281
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• 2010

Cordyceps cardinalis was reported in Japan and the USA in 2004, and its fruiting bodies have recently been cultured in Korea. Herbarium specimens preserved at the Cordyceps Research Institute, Mushtech, Korea were revised and identified as C. cardinalis, based on morphological characters and conidial structures. Most of the C. cardinalis specimens were collected from Mt. Halla in Jeju-do. The effects of various nutritional sources and environmental conditions such as temperature and pH on mycelial growth of C. cardinalis were studied. Oatmeal agar, Martin's peptone dextrose agar, and Schizophyllum (mushroom) genetics complete medium plus yeast extract resulted in the best mycelial growth. Among carbon sources, cereals, and nitrogen sources, maltose, oatmeal, and peptone resulted in the best mycelial growth respectively. Mineral salts helped to increase growth rate but only resulted in thin mycelial density, similar to water agar. A temperature of $25^{\circ}C$ and a pH of 7 resulted in the highest mycelial growth. Based on these results, a Cordyceps cardinalis composite medium (CCM) was formulated with 1% maltose, 2% oatmeal, 1% peptone, and 2% agar. Use of the CCM resulted in slightly better mycelial growth than that of other commonly used agar media. Only organic nitrogen sources imparted a reddish pigmentation to the agar media, but this character diminished after several subcultures. A 7 day culture duration resulted in the best mycelial growth.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.194-200
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• 2013

Polyporus umbellatus (Syn. Grifola umbellata) is a sclerotium forming mushroom belongs to family Polyporaceae of Polyphorales, Basidiomycota. The sclerotia of P. umbellatus have long been used for traditional medicines in China, Korea and Japan. This study was initiated to obtain the basic data for artificial sclerotial production of P. umbellatus. Here, we investigated the favorable conditions for mycelial growth of P. umbellatus and its symbiotic fungus Armillaria mellea. We also evaluate the favorable carbon and nitrogen sources for sclerotial formation in dual culture between P. umbellatus and A. mellea. The favorable conditions for mycelial growth of P. umbellatus were $20^{\circ}C$ and pH 4, while optimal conditions for mycelial growth of A. mellea were $25^{\circ}C$ and pH 6. The carbon sources for optimal mycelial growth of P. umbellatus were fructose and glucose, while carbon sources for favorable mycelial growth of A. mellea were also fructose and glucose. The nitrogen sources for favorable mycelial growth P. umbellatus were peptone and yeast extract, while optimal mycelial growth of A. mellea were obtained in peptone and yeast extract. When P. umbellatus and A. mellea were dual cultured on carbon sources, sclerotia were induced on basal media supplemented with glucose, fructose and maltose at pH 4~6, while nitrogen sources inducing sclerotia were basal media supplemented with peptone and yeast extract for 60 days at $20^{\circ}C$ under dark condition.