• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.151-163
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• 2022

This study was conducted to promote organic fertilizer(s) that sustain soil productivity for corn production and protect the environment as required by the Act on the promotion of eco-friendly agriculture. It was conducted at the research station of the Organic Agriculture Division of the National Institute of Agricultural. The treatments consisted of Compost (Com), Bokashi as fermented organic fertilizer (FOF), and mixed expeller pressed cake (PC). They were applied at 174 kg N /ha to field corn, together with a 'no fertilizer' check in Randomized Complete Block Design. At eight weeks after transplanting (WAT) corn, compost increased soil carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) to 7.48 and 0.76 g/kg respectively, while other fertilizers maintained the initial levels (before treatment application). At corn harvest (13 WAT), soil chemical properties (total C, total N, pH, electrical conductivity, P₂O₅, Ca, K, and Mg) were similar among all organic fertilizer treatments. For soil respiration, FOF increased soil CO₂ respiration by 31-76% above other fertilizer treatments. However, there were no prominent changes in the trends of CH₄ fluxes following the two mechanical weeding operations. Fermented organic fertilizer affected N₂O emissions between 87-96% lower than other fertilizer treatments. Compared to the initial microbial densities, FOF increased fungi and actinomycete colony foming unit by 25 and 16% at harvest. Therefore, the additional potential of improving soil biological fertility and local availability of raw materials make FOF a better option to sustain soil productivity while protecting the environment.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.27-34
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• 2023

In this study, various plant-based biomass are recycled into carbon materials to employ as anode materials for lithium-ion batteries. Firstly, various biomass of rice husk, chestnut, tea bag, and coffee ground are collected, washed, and ground. The carbonization process is followed under a nitrogen atmosphere at 850℃. The morphological and chemical properties of materials are investigated using FE-SEM, EDS, and FT-IR to compare the characteristic differences between various biomass. It is noticeable that biomass-derived carbon materials vary in shape and degree of carbonization depending on their precursor materials. These materials are applied as anode materials to measure the electrochemical performance. The specific capacities of rice husk-, chetnut-, tea bag-, and coffee ground-derived carbon materials are evaluated as 65.8, 80.2, 90.6, and 104.7 mAh g^-1 at 0.2C. Notably, coffee ground-based carbon exhibited the highest specific capacity owing to the difference in elemental composition and the degree of carbonization. Conclusively, this study suggests the possibility of utilizing as energy storage devices by employing various plant-based biomass into active materials for anodes.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.89-97
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• 2010

In this study, to investigate the effect of chemical pretreatment for livestock wastewater, laboratory scale test for ozonation and linked treatment of sewage were conducted. and the results were obtained as follows. The ozonation of livestock wastewater showed the COD removal rate per hour to be 17%, 78% and 62% at each pH 4, 7 and 10, respectively. With transformation of NBDCOD to biodegradable BDCOD by ozonation, the ratio of SCODcr/TCODcr was increased from 26% to 38%. Accordingly, pretreatment of livestock wastewater affected to the biological post treatment process to elevate removal efficiency by transformation of nonbiodegradable mass to biodegradable mass. As the results of linked treatment of pre-ozonated livestock wastewater and sewage in the MLE process, the treatment efficiencies of TCODcr 93.8%, T-N 74.3%, T-P 89.7%, SS 97.5% were earned at 100% of internal recycle rate. When the internal recycle rate was increased to 150%, the treatment efficiencies of TCODcr 94.5%, T-N 54.5%, T-P 70.8%, SS 98.5% were earned. Also the removal efficiencies of TCODcr 92.6%, T-N 83.1%, T-P 81.9%, SS 98.5% were earned as the internal recycle rate was increased to 200%. Especially, nitrogen removal efficiency in the linked treatment showed 74.3%, 54.5%, 83.1% at 100%, 150% and 200% of internal recycle ratio, respectively, which revealed the tendency of higher removal efficiency than that of sewage treatment.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.77-85
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• 2010

Pig slurry has been considered as environmental waste to be treated in an appropriate manner. Recently, there has been the movement toward reusing the pig slurry as an alternative fertilizer sources for agricultural lands. For instance, SCB(Slurry Composting & Biofiltration) liquid fertilizer has been developed and widely used in Korea. However, the impacts of swine slurry liquid fertilizers on both agricultural environment and crop yield have not been investigated yet. Therefore, the current study was conducted to accumulate the basic data which can be subsequently used to determine appropriate application amount of swine slurry liquid fertilizers (SCB liquid fertilizer and storage liquid fertilizer) as well as the application method for each liquid fertilizer. For this, growth of rice was cultivated under the treatment of SCB liquid fertilizer, storage liquid fertilizer, and chemical fertilizer. Also, control treatment (no fertilizer) was included for comparison and all treatments were conducted in five replication. Rice growth was good with the treatment in the order of chemical fertilizer>storage liquid fertilizer>SCB liquid fertilizer>control and likewise, the yield amount of rice straw was in the same order of rice growth. The rice yield amount appeared to be no difference among the treatment except control which showed the least yield amount. Also there was no difference in nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations in rice among the treatment except control which showed the least concentration.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.125-132
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• 2017

Objective: Along with increasing livestock products via intensive rearing, the accumulation of livestock manure has become a serious issue due to the fact that there is finite land for livestock manure recycling via composting. The nutrients from livestock manure accumulate on agricultural land and the excess disembogues into streams causing eutrophication. In order to systematically manage nutrient loading on agricultural land, quantifying the amount of nutrients according to their respective sources is very important. However, there is a lack of research concerning nutrient loss from livestock manure during composting or storage on farms. Therefore, in the present study we quantified the nutrients from dairy cattle manure that were imparted onto agricultural land. Methods: Through investigation of 41 dairy farms, weight reduction and volatile solids (VS), total nitrogen (TN), and total phosphorus (TP) changes of dairy cattle manure during the storage and composting periods were analyzed. In order to support the direct investigation and survey on site, the three cases of weight reduction during the storing and composting periods were developed according to i) experiment, ii) reference, and iii) theoretical changes in phosphorus content (${\Delta}P=0$). Results: The data revealed the nutrient loading coefficients (NLCs) of VS, TN, and TP on agricultural land were 1.48, 0.60, and 0.66, respectively. These values indicated that the loss of nitrogen and phosphorus was 40% and 34%, respectively, and that there was an increase of VS since bedding materials were mixed with excretion in the barn. Conclusion: As result of nutrient-footprint analyses, the amounts of TN and TP particularly entered on arable land have been overestimated if applying the nutrient amount in fresh manure. The NLCs obtained in this study may assist in the development of a database to assess the accurate level of manure nutrient loading on soil and facilitate systematic nutrient management.

• Clean Technology
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.119-128
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• 2002

In the present study the membrane filtration characteristics of a commercially available synthetic water-based cutting oil through two kinds of ultrafiltration membranes (HF1-45-CM50 and HF1-43-CM100) with molecular weight cut-offs of 50,000 and 100,000, respectively, have been investigated in detail. Among these membranes, the hydrophilic one (HF1-45-CM50) was found to show a satisfactory result for both the permeate flux and the permeability of oil components, whereas the permeate flux obtained with the hydrophobic membrane (HF1-43-CM100) appears to be significantly low, indicating that synthetic cutting oil was easily wetted on the hydrophobic membrane surface and induced more membrane fouling. The effect of material characteristics of the membrane on the filtration characteristics was found to be much more significant compared with the mean pore size of the membrane. Backflushing by nitrogen gas was applied to reduce the formation of a gel layer and membrane fouling. With the hydrophilic membrane, the backflushing was found to increase the permeate flux, whereas the backflushing resulted in a decrease in flux for the hydrophobic membrane. The flux recovery was observed to be highest when the membranes fouled with waste synthetic cutting oil were immersed into a cleaning solution for more than 72 hours and then backflushed by nitrogen gas.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.244-248
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• 2017

The effects of ultrasonic (1.2~1.7 kJ/g TS) pretreatment on the solubilization of dairy and livestock sludge were separately evaluated to investigate the possibility of recycling dairy sludge as a potential source of organic carbon. Compared to other industrial wastewater and sewage sludge, dairy sludge has higher organic matter content and no toxic materials. The solubilization rates of dairy and livestock sludge, at a specific energy input of 1.7 kJ/g TS, were 14.5% and 10.6%, respectively. After the 90-minute ultrasonic treatment, the soluble COD (chemical oxygen demand) increased about 7.1 times that of the initial SCOD, at an increase rate of $0.022m^{-1}$. In comparison, the increase in soluble nitrogen, which was ~3.4 times that of the initial soluble nitrogen concentration, was much smaller than the increase in SCOD; thus, the C/N ratio increased from 4.0 to 8.7.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.27
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• pp.68-79
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• 1984

An increased population and rapidly expanding industrial development have led to enormous amounts of various domestic and industrial wastes. The proper disposal of ever-increasing wastes is a growing global problem. Land treatment is one of the rational approaches that are environmentally safe and economically practical. It has long been practised in many sites. Recycling of industrial wastes on agricultural land can provide better possible means for maintaining environmental quality and utilizing waste-resources. Even though industrial wastes are beneficial as soil amendment and fertilizer, they have some limitation on land application because of wide variability as well as physicochemical problem in their composition. A direct application of solid and liquid wastes on land is being practised in Korea and some experimental results are presented. The direct application of fermentation waste on rice resulted in a 6 percent yield increase. Another organic residue from glutamic acid fermentation is widely used not only as a direct application as a liquid fertilizer but also for a raw material of organic compound fertilizer. These wastes are much promising as sources of plant nutrients, since they have large amounts of nutrients, especially nitrogen with few toxic metals. On the other hand, fertilizers developed from inorganic industrial wastes include calcium silicate, calcium sulfate and ammonium sulfate. The calcium silicate fertilizer simply produced from slag, by-product of iron and steel manufacturing plant is one of the most successful example of the conversion of wastes to fertilizer and slag production capacity totals to over three million MT/year. About 200,000 MT of calcium silicate fertilizer is currently applied in the paddy rice every year. Calcium sulfate, a waste from the wet phosphoric acid process is to some extent used as a filler of compound fertilizers but quite large quantites are directly applied for the reclamation of tidal flat.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.147-154
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• 1996

In an attempt to recycle as feed or fertilizer, broiler litter containing rice hull was manually composted under the control of peak temperature of piles(uncontrolled or controlled below $70^{\circ}C$ or below $60^{\circ}C$) in each of three $1.0\;{\times}\;1.0\;{\times}\;1.2m$ dimensional facilities. Changes of nutritional and microbiological parameters were evaluated throughout the 8 weeks of processing period. The initial content of crude protein(29.6%) decreased to 17.8% after 8 weeks of composting. The rapid nitrogen(N) loss observed in the early phase was attributed mainly to non-protein-N(NPN) loss. The initial content of ash(19.1%) increased to $26{\sim}29%$ after 8 weeks. For toxic heavy metals, Cr, Pb, and Hg contents of final composts were far less than the maximum tolerance levels allowed in food or compost. Bacterial growth was rather depressed until the second week, increased thereafter, and reached to peak($10^{12}cfu$ level) at the 4th week of composting. With composting, actinomycetes were active at the level of $10^7\;to\;10^9$. Fungi were active during the first to third week of composting. In general, control of pile temperature below $70^{\circ}C$ did not remarkably alter the nutritional and microbiological parameters of broiler litter compost, compared to that of pile temperature below $60^{\circ}C$. Further researches on prevention from the rapid loss of NPN in the early phase of composting are required for more effective recycling of broiler litter.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.320-324
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• 2012

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of spent mushroom substrate (SMS) derived from Pleurotus eryngii on the hematological and biochemical blood properties of elk. A total of 18, two and three-year-old elk were fed three different levels of SMS (0, 15 and 20%) in a corn-wheat bran diet for 80 days. The results indicated significantly high levels of blood monocytes, hemoglobin (Hb), and hematocrit (HCT) in elk fed 15% or 20% SMS (p<0.05) compared to control animals. Serum blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and glucose concentrations were also significantly elevated in elk fed both 15% and 20% SMS. The inclusion of SMS in the elk diet did not affect serum total cholesterol, triglyceride, or low density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol concentrations; however, high density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol concentration was significantly increased in SMS-fed groups. In addition, 20% SMS in the diet increased serum iron and testosterone concentrations in elk. These results indicate that adding SMS to the diet of elk can increase their Hgb, serum BUN, glucose, and HDL-cholesterol concentration; therefore, diets containing SMS may enhance the physiologic condition of elk during growth.