• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.383-390
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• 2008

Recently, the interests on economical nitrogen removal from wastewater are growing. As a method of the novel nitrogen removal technology, nitrogen removal via nitrite pathway by selective inhibition of free ammonia and free nitrous acid on nitrite oxidizing bacteria have been intensively studied. The inhibition effects of free ammonia and free nitrous acid are low when domestic wastewater is used, however, because of its relatively lower nitrogen concentration than the wastewater from industry and landfill, etc. In this study, a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) is proposed for nitrogen removal to investigate the effect of the low nitrogen concentration on nitrite accumulation. Nitrification efficiency reached almost 100% during the aerobic cycle and the maximum specific nitrification rate ($V_{max,nit}$) reached $17.8mg\;NH_4{^+}-N/g\;MLVSS{\bullet}h$. During the anoxic cycle, average denitrification efficiency reached 87% and the maximum specific denitrification rate ($V_{max,den}$) reached $9.8mg\;NO_3{^-}-N/g\;MLVSS{\bullet}h$. From the analysis the main reason of nitrite accumulation in the SBR was free nitrous acid rather than free ammonia. Nitrite accumulation increased with the decrease of organic content in the wastewater and the mechanism is not well understood yet. From the result of fluorescent in situ hybridization, the distribution of nitrite oxidizing bacteria was in equilibrium with ammonium oxidizing bacteria when nitrite accumulation did not occur.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.51 no.1
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• pp.8-14
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• 2018

Background: Minimally invasive direct coronary artery bypass grafting (MIDCAB) has the advantage of allowing arterial grafting on the left anterior descending artery without a sternotomy incision. We present our single-center clinical experience of 66 consecutive patients. Methods: All patients underwent MIDCAB through a left anterior small thoracotomy between August 2007 and July 2015. Preoperative, intraoperative, postoperative and follow-up data - including major adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events (MACCE), graft patency, and the need for re-intervention - were collected. Results: The mean age of the patients was $69.4{\pm}11.1years$ and 73% were male. There was no conversion to an on-pump procedure or a sternotomy incision. The 30-day mortality rate was 1.5%. There were no cases of stroke, although 2 patients had to be re-explored for bleeding, and 81.8% were extubated in the operating room or on the day of surgery. The median stay in the intensive care u nit and in the hospital were 1.5 and 9.6 days, respectively. The median follow-up period was 11 months, with a 5-year overall survival rate of $85.3%{\pm}0.09%$ and a 5-year MACCE-free survival rate of $72.8%{\pm}0.1%$. Of the 66 patients, 32 patients with 36 grafts underwent a postoperative graft patency study with computed tomography angiography or coronary angiography, and 88.9% of the grafts were patent at $9.7{\pm}10.8months$ postoperatively. Conclusion: MIDCAB is a safe procedure with low postoperative morbidity and mortality and favorable mid-term MACCE-free survival.

• Journal of Korean Society of Industrial and Systems Engineering
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.39-51
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• 1979

In introducing and applying the budget management system, the question of how to establish management structure(skelton) representing budget management responsible unit is significantly related to the degree of accuracy and analysis on the performance measurement of standard work unit. We have the following rational process of establishing performance measurement of budget management System ; 1) Standardization of work method 2) Establishment of management structure 3) Institution of budget management system. Especially, this system is based on a premise of efficiency of objectives management, it is assumed that performance measurement in the standard work unit must be enforced according to the basis and categories of performance evaluation based on the evaluating work unit. Therefore, most of all, the following three detail questions(subjects) are to be determined in order to rationalize these above principles to a maximum possible extent of performance measurement system. First, we established respective performance standard unit with respect to such detailed work unit, performance standard unit of which were accurately applicable directly from using the budget ana objectives account data and their supplementary data of the work measurement techniques. Second, by using the above mentioned question, over all evaluation and suggestion are made based on the study of the recording for each work unit development, budget management and production nit (volume of production) Third, the measurement of performance of budget management system is based on the principle of standard work unit, compared with the standard basis and actual work unit by period and activities unit and calculated percentage effectiveness according to the above procedure. and so evaluated the efficiency of performance measurement on the budget management system.

• Transactions on Electrical and Electronic Materials
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.6-11
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• 2008

In this study, we investigated effects of hydrogen annealing (HA) and plasma nitridation (PN) applied in order to improve $Si/SiO_2$ interface characteristics of TiN metal gate. In result, HA and PN showed a positive effect decreasing number of interface state $(N_{it})$ respectively. After FN stress for verifying reliability, however, we identified rapid increase of $N_{it}$ for TiN gate with HA, which is attributed to hydrogen related to a change of $Si/SiO_2$ interface characteristic. In contrast to HA, PN showed an improved Nit and gate oxide leakage characteristic due to several possible effects, such as blocking of Chlorine (Cl) diffusion and prevention of thermal reaction between TiN and $SiO_2$.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.64 no.5
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• pp.543-555
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• 2017

The non-linear behaviour of integral infilled frames (in which the infill and the frame are bonded together with help of various interface materials) is studied both experimentally and numerically. The experiments were carried out on one-sixth scale two-bay and three-storey reinforced concrete frames with and without infill against static cyclic loading. Three interface materials - cement mortar, cork and foam have been used in between the infill and the frame. The infill, interface and the frame are bonded together is called integral frame. The linear and non-linear behaviors of two dimensional bare frame and integral infilled frame have been studied numerically using the commercial finite element software SAP 2000. Linear finite element analysis has been carried out to quantify the effect of various interface materials on the infilled frames with various combinations of 21 cases and the results compared. The modified configuration that used all three interface materials offered better resistance above others. Therefore, the experiments were limited to this modified infilled frame case configuration, in addition to conventional (A1-integral infilled frame with cement mortar as interface) and bare frame (A0-No infill). The results have been compared with the numerical results done initially. It is found that stiffness of bare frame increased by infilling and the strength of modified frame increased by 20% compare to bare frame. The ductility ratio of modified infilled frame was 42% more than that of the conventional infilled frame. In general, the numerical result was found to be in good agreement with experimental results for initial crack load, ultimate load and deformed pattern of infill.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.53 no.12
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• pp.1012-1017
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• 2010

Purpose: Transcatheter closure has become an effective therapy in most patients with patent ductus arteriosus (PDA). However, there are difficulties in transcatheter closure of PDA in small children. We reviewed clinical outcomes of transcatheter closure of PDA in children weighing less than 10 kg in a single center. Methods: Between January 2003 and December 2009, 314 patients with PDA underwent transcatheter closure in our institute. Among them, 115 weighed less than 10 kg. All of these patients underwent transcatheter closure of PDA using either COOK Detachable $Coil^{(R)}$, PFM Nit-$Occlud^{(R)}$, or Amplatzer duct $occluder^{(R)}$. A retrospective review of the treatment results and complications was performed. Results: The mean age of patients was $9.1{\pm}5.9$ months (median, 8 months), and mean weight was $7.6{\pm}1.8kg$ (median, 7.8 kg). The mean diameter of PDA was $3.2{\pm}1.4mm$ (median, 3 mm). Complete occlusion occurred in 113 patients (98%). One patient was sent to surgery because of a failed attempt at device closure, and another patient had a small residual shunt after device placement. The average mean length of hospital stay was $3.0{\pm}3.3$ days, and mean follow-up duration was $21.0{\pm}19.6$ months. There were no major complications in any of the patients. Conclusion: Transcatheter closure of PDA is considered safe and efficacious in infants weighing less than 10 kg. With sufficient experience and further effort, transcatheter closure of PDA can be accepted as the gold standard of treatment for this group of patients.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.247-251
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• 1989

Effects of mineral salts on sisomicin fermentation were investigated. The optimal concentration of CoCl$_2$for accomplishing a high antibiotic yield was found to be 16.8 $\mu$M at which it could function as a cofactor. At this level the other mineral salts tested had no effect. On the other hand, at much higher concentration levels (above 1 mM), four mineral salts such as ZnSO$_4$, KH$_2$PO$_4$, FeSO$_4$and MgSO$_4$were used in order to liberate the intracellular sisomicin out-side the cells, because the sisomicin accumulated mostly in cells and it was supposed to limit the improvement of antibiotic yield. ZnSO$_4$and KH$_2$PO$_4$had no effect at all, and FeSO$_4$brought about some improvement. However, by keeping the concentration of MgSO$_4$to be 25 mM or higher in culture broths, the antibiotic yield could be improved by more than 100%, partially due to the enhanced liberation of the intracellular antibiotic.

• Korean Journal Plant Pathology
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.33-40
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• 1996

우리나라 여러 딸기 재배지에서 전형적인 시들음 증상을 나타내는 이병식물에서 분리한 32개의 Fusarium oxysporum 균주들을 vegetative compatibility와 전기영동에 의한 동위효소상의 차이에 의해 분류하고 이들과 병원성과의 관계를 알아보았다. Nitrate nonutilizing(nit) mutant를 이용하여 vegetative compatibility group으로 분류해 본 결과 크게 A, B, C, D의 4개 그룹으로 나눌 수 있었으며 A그룹에는 15개 균주, B그룹에는 7개 균주, C와 D그룹에는 각각 2개 균주, 그리고 single VCG인 6개 균주가 존재하였다. 전기영동에 의한 esterase, catalase, acid phosphatase, leucin-aminopeptidase(LAP)의 동위효소상을 비교하여 본 결과 I, II, III, IV의 4개 그룹으로 나눌 수 있었으 I 그룹에는 18개 균주, II그룹에는 2개 균주, III그룹에는 6개 균주, IV그룹에는 6개 균주로 분류할 수 있었다. 또한, VCG의 A와 D그룹에 속하는 모든 균주들의 동위효소상의 I 그룹에 속하였으며 VCG B그룹의 7개 균주들 중에서 5개 균주가 동위효소상의 IV그룹, 7개 균주들 중에서 5개 균주가 동위효소상의 IV그룹, 나머지 2개 균주는 I 그룹과 III 그룹에 속하였으며 C그룹의 균주는 III과 IV 그룹에 속하였고, single VCGs들은 III 그룹에 4개 균주, II 그룹에 2개 균주가 속하므로 VCG와 동위효소상 간에는 밀접한 관계가 있음을 알 수 있었다. 4개 딸기 품종에 대해 병원성을 비교하여 본 결과 VCG A에서 선발된 2개 균주들은 보교조생에 대해 가장 병원성이 강하였으며 정보나 여홍에 대해서도 강한 병원성을 가지고 있었다. 반면에 B 그룹에서 선발된 2개 균주들은 4개 품종에 대해 병원성이 약하거나 거의 없었으며 C 그룹에서 선발된 1개 균주는 여홍에 대해 상대적으로 가장 강한 병원성을 가지고 있었다.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.269-273
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• 2003

A total of 57 isolates of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides were recovered from diseased tissues of Hall's crab apple (Malus haliana), 3 cultivars of edible apple (M. pumila var. dulcissima), red pepper (Capsicum annum), and grapevine (Vitis vinifera) fruits. All isolates showed strong virulence on their own host plants. Isolates from edible apple exhibited high level of cultivar specificity in pathogenicity tests. Ten isolates from apple cultivar 'Fuji' were virulent on 'Jonathan' and 'Rall's Genet'. However, 12 isolates from 'Jonathan' and 'Rall's Genet' were not virulent on 'Fuji'. Among the 24 isolates from red pepper, only seven and two isolates were infective on edible apple and grapevine fruits, respectively. All six isolates from grapevine were only virulent on their own host. These isolates were grouped into five vegetative compatibility groups (VCGs), A, B, C, D, and E, by demonstrating heterokaryosis through complementation using nitrate-nonutilizing (nit) mutants. Among them, isolates belong to VCG-A and VCG-D accounted for 24 and 17 isolates； those in VCG-A exhibited wide host range involving Hall's crab apple, all three edible apple cultivars, and red pepper. On the other hand, isolates of VCG-D and VCG-E showed limited host range specific to red pepper and grapevine, respectively. Taken together, the data suggest that among C. gloeosporioides isolates, the concepts of pathotype and/or forma specialis may exist, and that three is a relationship between host specificity and VCG grouping among C. gloeosporioides isolates.

• Journal of the Korean Vacuum Society
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.106-114
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• 1992

Abstract-Quantitative surface analysis of Co-Ni and Au-Cu alloys by XPS and SIMS was studied. For Co-Ni alloy, quantitative XPS analysis could be done within 1-2% relative error with pure element standards without any correction. For Au-Cu, quantitative XPS analysis was not possible without any correction. But it could be done with standard alloys of various composition within 1-2% relative error. Without standard alloys, Au-Cu alloys could be analyzed by XPS within 10% relative error with pure element standards. For SIMS analysis of Co-Ni alloys, the relative secondary ion yields of Co+/Nit has linear relation with ratio of each composition so that quantitative SIMS analysis was possible for Co-Ni alloys. Preliminary results of XPS round robin test of VAMAS-SCA Japan Project are given.