• Title/Summary/Keyword: Ni-C alloy

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Hardenability of Ductile Cast Iron (구상흑연주철의 경화능)

  • Lee, Y.H.
    • Journal of the Korean Society for Heat Treatment
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    • v.1 no.1
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    • pp.13-23
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    • 1988
  • The hardenability of alloyed ductile cast irons was studied for 54 different alloy compositions obtained from eight commercial and laboratory foundries. The alloying elements investigated for their effects on hardenability were Si(2.0 to 3.0%), Mn(0.0 to 0.8%), Mo(0.0 to 0.6%), Cu(0.0 to 1.5%), and Ni(0.0 to 1.5%). Two hardenability criteria, a first-pearlite hardenability criterion and a half-hard hardenability criterion, were used to determine hardenability of ductile irons. Prediction models for each hardenability criterion were developed by multiple regression analysis and were well agreed with previous experimental results. Molybdenum was the most potent hardenability promoting element followed by manganese, copper and nickel ; silicon had little effect on hardenability and reduced the hardenability as silicon content increased. When alloying elements were presented in combination, strong synergistic effects on the hardenability were observed especially between molybdenum, copper and nickel. The hardenability of ductile iron was strongly influenced by austenitizing temperature. Increasing austenitizing temperature up to $955^{\circ}C$, hardenability increased gradually but decreasing rate and then decreased as temperature increased above $955^{\circ}C$. Unless reducing segregation by very long-time annealing treatment, the hardenability of ductile iron was not significantly influenced by segregation of alloying elements.

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Additive manufacturing and mechanical properties evolution of biomedical Co-Cr-Mo alloys by using EBM method

  • Chiba, Akihiko;Kurosu, Shingo;Matsumoto, Hiroaki;Li, Yunping;Koizumi, Yuichiro
    • Proceedings of the Materials Research Society of Korea Conference
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    • 2012.05a
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    • pp.56.1-56.1
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    • 2012
  • The microstructures and mechanical properties of Co-29Cr-6Mo alloy with C and N additions, produced by additive manufacturing using electron beam melting (EBM) method, were studied using X-ray diffraction, electron back scatter diffraction, transmission electron microscope, Vickers hardness tests, and tensile tests, focusing on the influences on the build direction and the various heat treatments after build. It is found that the microstructures for the as built specimens were changed from columnar to equiaxed grain structure with average grain size of approximately $10-20{\mu}m$ due to the heat treatment employing the reverse transformation from a lamellar (hcp + $Cr_2N$) phase to an fcc. Our results will contribute to the development of biomedical Ni-free Co-Cr-Mo-N-C alloys, produced by EBM method, with refined grain size and good mechanical properties, without requiring any hot workings.

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Metallurgical Study of Bronze Artifacts Excavated from Miruksa Temple (미륵사지 출토 청동유물의 금속학적 연구)

  • Chung, K.R.;Kim, Y.C.;Maeng, S.C.
    • Journal of Conservation Science
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    • v.1 no.1 s.1
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    • pp.27-39
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    • 1992
  • Metallurgical studies of the bronze artifacts excavated from Miruksa Temple were performed by chemical analysis and metallographic observation. Alloy systems of the bronze artifacts were classified into two groups of Cu-Sn and Cu-Sn-Pb, according to the items. The contents of impurities such as Sb, As, Ni and Fe in bronze artifacts are within the limiting range of the mod ern standard bronze castings. Chemical compositions of the kitchen utensils such as bronze vessels and dishes in the Unified Silla dynasty, are in the follow ing range, Cu : 74.8-79.4% and Sn : 18.6-21.1%. Chemical composition of the Buddha-image in Koryo dynasty are 820Cu-7.0Sn-10.3Pb, showing increased Pb content and decreased Sn content. The results of chemical analysis suggest that the chemical compositions were good controlled. Any casting defects such as voids and shrinkage holes are not found microscopically, indicating high casting skill. Zinc atoms are not contained in the all bronze artifacts of Miruksa Temple site. This is the common facts founded in the east asian bronze artifacts of Korea, China and Japan. It is comparable with the European bronze of Cu-Sn-Pb-Zn system, after the Middle Age.

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Research of Diffusion Bonding of Tungsten/Copper and Their Properties under High Heat Flux

  • Li, Jun;Yang, Jianfeng
    • Proceedings of the Materials Research Society of Korea Conference
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    • 2011.05a
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    • pp.14-14
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    • 2011
  • W (tungsten)-alloys will be the most promising plasma facing armor materials in highly loaded plasma interactive components of the next step fusion reactors due to its high melting point, high sputtering resistance and low deuterium/tritium retention. The bonding technology of tungsten to Cu alloy was one of the key issues. In this paper, W/CuCrZr diffusion bonding has been performed successfully by inserting pure metal interlay. The joint microstructure, interfacial elements migration and phase composition were analyzed by SEM, EDS, XRD, and the joint shear strength and micro-hardness were investigated. The mock-ups were fabricated successfully with diffusion bonding and the cladding technology respectively, and the high heat flux test and thermal fatigue test were carried out under actively cooling condition. When Ni foil was used for the bonding of tungsten to CuCrZr, two reaction layers, Ni4W and Ni(W) layer, appeared between the tungsten and Ni interlayer with the optimized condition. Even though Ni4W is hard and brittle, and the strength of the joint was oppositely increased (217 MPa) due primarily to extremely small thicknesses (2~3 ${\mu}m$). When Ti foil was selected as the interlayer, the Ti foil diffused quickly with Cu and was transformed into liquid phase at $1,000^{\circ}C$. Almost all of the liquid was extruded out of the interface zone under bonding pressure, and an extremely thin residual layer (1~2 ${\mu}m$) of the liquid phase was retained between the tungsten and CuCrZr, which shear strength exceeded 160 MPa. When Ni/Ti/Ni multiple interlayers were used for bonding of tungsten to CuCrZr, a large number of intermetallic compound ($Ni_4W/NiTi_2/NiTi/Ni_3T$) were formed for the interdiffusion among W, Ni and Ti. Therefore, the shear strength of the joint was low and just about 85 MPa. The residual stresses in the clad samples with flat, arc, rectangle and trapezoid interface were estimated by Finite Element Analysis. The simulation results show that the flat clad sample was subjected maximum residual stress at the edge of the interface, which could be cracked at the edge and propagated along the interface. As for the rectangle and trapezoid interface, the residual stresses of the interface were lower than that of the flat interface, and the interface of the arc clad sample have lowest residual stress and all of the residual stress with arc interface were divided into different grooved zones, so the probabilities of cracking and propagation were lower than other interfaces. The residual stresses of the mock-ups under high heat flux of 10 $MW/m^2$ were estimated by Finite Element Analysis. The tungsten of the flat interfaces was subjected to tensile stresses (positive $S_x$), and the CuCrZr was subjected to compressive stresses (negative $S_x$). If the interface have a little microcrack, the tungsten of joint was more liable to propagate than the CuCrZr due to the brittle of the tungsten. However, when the flat interface was substituted by arc interfaces, the periodical residual stresses in the joining region were either released or formed a stress field prohibiting the growth or nucleation of the interfacial cracks. Thermal fatigue tests were performed on the mock-ups of flat and arc interface under the heat flux of 10 $MW/m^2$ with the cooling water velocity of 10 m/s. After thermal cycle experiments, a large number of microcracks appeared at the tungsten substrate due to large radial tensile stress on the flat mock-up. The defects would largely affect the heat transfer capability and the structure reliability of the mock-up. As for the arc mock-up, even though some microcracks were found at the interface of the regions, all microcracks with arc interface were divided into different arc-grooved zones, so the propagation of microcracks is difficult.

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Optimization of Growth Gases for the Low-temperature Synthesis of Carbon Nanotubes (탄소나노튜브의 저온성장을 위한 합성가스의 최적화 연구)

  • Kim, Young-Rae;Jeon, Hong-Jun;Lee, Han-Sung;Goak, Jeung-Choon;Hwang, Ho-Soo;Kong, Byung-Yun;Lee, Nae-Sung
    • Journal of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers
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    • v.22 no.4
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    • pp.342-349
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    • 2009
  • This study investigated the growth characteristics of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) by changing a period of annealing time and a $C_{2}H_{2}/H_2$ flow ratio at temperature as low as $450^{\circ}C$ with inductively coupled plasma chemical vapor deposition. The 1-nm-thick Fe-Ni-Co alloy thin film served as a catalyst layer for the growth of CNTs, which was thermally evaporated on the 15-nm-thick Al underlayer deposited on the 50-nm-thick Ti diffusion barrier. The annealing at low temperature of $450^{\circ}C$ brought about almost no granulation of the catalyst layer, and the CNT growth was not affected by a period of annealing time. A study of changing the flow rate of $C_{2}H_{2}$ and $H_2$ showed that as the ratio of the $C_{2}H_{2}$ flow rate to the $H_2$ flow rate was lowered, the CNTs were grown to be longer With further decreasing the flow ratio, the length of CNTs reached the maximum and then became shorter. Under the optimized gas flow rates, we successfully synthesized CNTs with a uniform length over a 4-inch Si wafer at $450^{\circ}C$.

A Study on Metal Hydride Electrode of Ni/MH Battery(I) (니켈/금속수소 축전지의 금속수소 전극에 관한 연구(I))

  • Kim, Jeong-Seon;Cho, Won-Il;Cho, Byung-Won;Yun, Kyung-Suk;Kim, Sang-Ju;Shin, Chee-Burm
    • Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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    • v.5 no.1
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    • pp.81-89
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    • 1994
  • A study on Mm type electrode which is relatively high in electrode capacity and low in material cost was performed to develope high performance nickel-metal hydride battery. The electrode characteristics were investigated by P-C-T, charge-discharge and microencapsulation treatment experiments. The plateau pressure and hydrogen absorption capacity obtained from the P-C-T experiment were 0.4 atm and 310 mAh/g, respectively. The electrode capacity and stability of microencapsulated electrode were improved than those of conductor mixed electrode and the microencapsulation was possible without pretreatment. The electrode capacity of microencapsulated Mm type alloy was 240~250 mAh/g(0.2 C).

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Thermal Stability of $\textrm{Fe}_{80-x}\textrm{P}_{10}\textrm{C}_{6}\textrm{B}_{4}\textrm{M}_{x}$(M=Transition Metal) Amorphous Alloys ($\textrm{Fe}_{80-x}\textrm{P}_{10}\textrm{C}_{6}\textrm{B}_{4}\textrm{M}_{x}$(M=Transition Metal) 비정질합금의 열적안정성)

  • Guk, Jin-Seon;Jeon, U-Yong;Jin, Yeong-Cheol;Kim, Sang-Hyeop
    • Korean Journal of Materials Research
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    • v.7 no.3
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    • pp.218-223
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    • 1997
  • At the aim of finding a Fehased amorphous alloy with a wide supercooled liquid region (${\Delta}T_{x}=T_{x}-T_{g}$) before crystallization, the changes in glass transition temperatudfI$T_{g}$ and crystallization temperature ($T_{x}$) by the dissolution of additional M elements were examined for the $Fe_{80}P_{10}C_{6}B_{4}$(x~6at%. M= transition metals) amorphous alloys. The ${\Delta}T_{x}$ value is 27K for the Fe,,,P,,,C,,R, alloy and increases to 40K for the addition of M=4at%Hf, 4at%Ta or 4at%Mo. The increase in ${\Delta}T_{x}$ is due to the increase of $T_{x}$ exceeding the degree in the increase in $T_{g}$. The $T_{g}$ and $T_{x}$ increase with decreasing electron concentration (e/a) from about 7 38 to 7.05. The decrease of e/a also implies the increase in the attractive bonding state between the M elements and other constitutent elements. It is therefore said that $T_{g}$ and $T_{x}$ increase kith increasing attractive bonding force.

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Planarization of the Diamond Film Surface by Using the Hydrogen Plasma Etching with Carbon Diffusion Process (수소 플라즈마 에칭과 탄소 확산법에 의한 다이아몬드막 표면의 평탄화)

  • Kim, Sung-Hoon
    • Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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    • v.45 no.4
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    • pp.351-356
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    • 2001
  • Planarization of the free-standing diamond film surface as smooth as possible could be obtained by using the hydrogen plasma etching with the diffusion of the carbon species into the metal alloy (Fe, Cr, Ni). For this process, we placed the free-standing diamond film between the metal alloy and the Mo substrate like a metal-diamond-molybdenum (MDM) sandwich. We set the sandwich-type MDM in a microwave-plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (MPECVD) system. The sandwich-type MDM was heated over ca. 1000 $^{\circ}C$ by using the hydrogen plasma. We call this process as the hydrogen plasma etching with carbon diffusion process. After etching the free-standing diamond film surface, we investigated surface roughness, morphologies, and the incorporated impurities on the etched diamond film surface. Finally, we suggest that the hydrogen plasma etching with carbon diffusion process is an adequate etching technique for the fabrication of the diamond film surface applicable to electronic devices.

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Fatigue Strength Assessment of High Manganese Steel for LNG CCS (LNG CCS적용을 위한 고망간강의 극저온 피로성능 평가)

  • Lee, Jin-Sung;Kim, Kyung-Su;Kim, Yooil;Yu, Chang-Hyuk;Park, Jooil;Kang, Bong-Ho
    • Journal of the Society of Naval Architects of Korea
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    • v.51 no.3
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    • pp.246-253
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    • 2014
  • Liquid natural gas is stored and transported inside cargo tank which is made of specially designed cryogenic materials such as 9% Ni steel, Al5083-O alloy and SUS304 and so on. The materials have to keep excellent ductile characteristics under the cryogenic environment, down to -163oC, in order to avoid the catastrophic sudden brittle fracture during the operation condition. High manganese steel is considered to be the promising alternative material that can replace the commonly used materials mentioned above owing to its cost effectiveness. In line with this industrial need, the mechanical properties of the high manganese steel under both room and cryogenic environment were investigated in this study focused on its tensile and fatigue behavior. In terms of the tensile strength, the ultimate tensile strength of the base material of the high manganese steel was comparable to the existing cryogenic materials, but it turned out to be undermatched one when welding is involved in. The fatigue strength of the high manganese steel under room temperature was as good as other cryogenic materials, but under cryogenic environment, slightly less than others though better than Al 5083-O alloy.

Evaluation of the STS303-Cu vacuum-brazed by Ni-based alloy (Ni기 삽입금속에 의해 진공 브레이징된 STS303-Cu의 특성평가)

  • Chang, Se-Hun;Hong, Ji-Min;Choi, Se-Weon;Kang, Chang-Seog;Kim, Ho-Sung;Oh, Ik-Hyun
    • Korean Journal of Materials Research
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    • v.17 no.6
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    • pp.293-297
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    • 2007
  • Microstructure and tensile strength of the vacuum brazed stainless steel(STS303) and Cu were investigated. For brazing, the BNi-2, 3, 4, 6 and 7 (A.W.S standard) were used as filler metals. The Oxides such as $Cr_2O_3$ and $SiO_2$ were observed at brazed layers between STS303 and Cu matrix. Also, the intermetallic compounds of Cr-B and Ni-P were observed at brazed layers. Brazed STS303-Cu specimens with BNi-2, 3, 4 filler metals showed almost elastic deformation followed by plastic yielding and strain hardening up to a peak stress. On the other hand, it is likely that the fracture of the brazed specimens with BNi-6 and 7 was occurred in elastic range without plastic yielding up to a peak stress. Among these filler metals, the BNi-2 brazed at $1050^{\circ}C$ showed excellent wettability and the highest tensile strength (101.6MPa).