• 한방안이비인후피부과학회지
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.26-32
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• 2004

Objective: The aim of this work is to investigate the antibacterial activity of the essential oil obtained from Artemisia lavandulaefolia (A. lavandulaefolia), as the development of microbial resistance to antibiotics make it essential to constantly look for new and active compounds effective against pathogenic bacteria. Method: The aerial parts of A. lavandulaefolia (1 kg) were subjected to steam distillation for 3 h, using a modified Clevenger type apparatus in order to obtain essential oil. Diethyl ether was the extracting solvent kept at 25?. The essential oil were analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography／mass spectrometry (GC／MS). The essential oil and the composition were tested for antimicrobial activities against 15 different genera of oral bacteria. Ninety-nine compounds accounting for 94.74$\%$<／TEX> of the oil were identified. The main compounds in the oil were 1,8-cineole (5.63$\%$), yomogi alcohol (4.49$\%$), camphor (4.92$\%$), a-caryophyllene (16.10$\%$), trans-a-famesene (5.09$\%$), a-terpineol (3.91$\%$), borneol (5.27$\%$), cis-chrysanthenol (6.98$\%$), and a-humulene oxide (3.33$\%$). The essential oil and its compounds were tested for antimicrobial activity against 10 different genera of oral bacteria. Conclusion: The essential oil of A. lavandulaefolia exhibited considerable inhibitory effects against all obligate anaerobic bacteria (MICs, 0.025 - 0.05 ㎎／ml) tested, while their major compounds demonstrated various degrees of growth inhibition

• Journal of Microbiology
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• 제45권5호
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• pp.431-440
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• 2007

A silkworm (Bombyx mori L.) extract known to contain naturally occurring iminosugars, including 1-deoxynojirimycin (1-DNJ) derived from the mulberry tree (Morus alba L.), was evaluated in surrogate HCV and HBV in vitro assays. Antiviral activity of the silkworm extract and one of its purified constituents, 1-DNJ, was demonstrated against bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) and GB virus-B (GBV-B), both members of the Flaviviridae family, and against woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV), both members of the Hepadnaviridae family of viruses. The silkworm extract exhibited a 1,300 fold greater antiviral effect against BVDV in comparison to purified 1-DNJ. Glycoprotein processing of BVDV envelope proteins was disrupted upon treatment with the naturally derived components. The glycosylation of the WHV envelope proteins was affected largely by treatment with the silkworm extract than with purified 1-DNJ as well. The mechanism of action for this therapy may lie in the generation of defective particles that are unable to initiate the next cycle of infection as demonstrated by inhibition of GBV-B in vitro. We postulate that the five constituent iminosugars present in the silkworm extract contribute, in a synergistic manner, toward the antiviral effects observed for the inhibition of intact maturation of hepatitis viral particles and may complement conventional therapies. These results indicate that pre-clinical testing of the natural silkworm extract with regards to the efficacy of treatment against viral hepatitis infections can be evaluated in the respective animal models, in preparation for clinical trials in humans.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.152-159
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• 2007

To demonstrate anti-hyperlipidemic activity of the 19${\alpha}$-hydroxyursane-type triterpenoid (19${\alpha}$-HUT)-rich fraction, this fraction was prepared from the extract of Rubus crataegifolius leaves. This fraction was found to have anti-hyperlipidemic effect in a high fat diet-induced rat model from the observation of reduction of abdominal fat pad weights, atherogenic index and hypercholesterolemia at 30 and 60 mg/kg (p.o.) The 19${\alpha}$-HUT fraction was subjected to SiO$_2$, ODS, and/or Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography to yield a new triterpenoid (1) called pomolic acid ester along with nine known triterpenoids which are all 19${\alpha}$-HUTs: euscaphic acid (2), tormentic acid (3), 23-hydroxytormentic acid (4), kaji-ichigoside F$_1$ (5), rosamultin (6), niga-ichigosides F$_1$ (7) and F$_2$ (8), suavissimoside F$_1$ (9) and coreanoside F$_1$ (10). The structure of compound 1 was established as 28-O-formyl-3,19-dihydroxyurs-12-en-28-oic acid on the basis of 2D-NMR spectroscopic data and mass spectrum. Compound 1 was isolated for the first time from natural sources.

• 한국잠사곤충학회지
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• 제45권1호
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• pp.25-30
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• 2003

뇌신경세포주(PC12)에 백강잠의 분획물(조추출물)을 10 $\mu\textrm{g}$/ml 농도로 처리한 결과 헥산분획층과 부탄올분획층에서 뇌신경세포성장을 촉진하는 활성을 나타내어 헥산분획물로부터 화합물 4종(Fig.2: compound 1-4)과 부탄올분획물로부터 화합물 5종(Fig.2: compound 5-9)을 분리하여 각각의 화합물에 대하여도 검색한 결과 모두 뇌신경세포주(PC12)에 뇌신경세포 성장 촉진효과를 나타냈으며 특히 이들중 3종(4E, 6E, 2S, 3R)-2-N-Eicosanoy1-4,6-tetrade-casphingadienine,(4E, 6E, 2S, 3R)-2-N-Docosanoyl-4,6-tetradecasphingadienine, Urea)이 화합물은 NGF보다 우수한 활성을 나타냈다. 또한 헥산분획물로부터 분리한 4종의 스핑고신 유도체는 천연에서 처음 보고되는 물질이다. 이러한 결과로부터 백강잠 유래의 유효성분을 함유하는 추출물은 뇌졸중, 뇌허혈, 파킨슨, 노인성치매 및 헌팅턴질환을 포함하는 뇌질환 예방 및 치료를 위한 약학적 제제로 활용할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제53권2호
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• pp.147-154
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• 2015

Various constituents in clinical specimens, particularly feces, can inhibit the PCR assay and lead to false-negative results. To ensure that negative results of a diagnostic PCR assay are true, it should be properly monitored by an inhibition control. In this study, a cloning vector harboring a modified target DNA sequence (${\approx}375bp$) was constructed to be used as a competitive internal amplification control (IAC) for a conventional PCR assay that detects ${\approx}550bp$ of the Cryptosporidium oocyst wall protein (COWP) gene sequence in human feces. Modification of the native PCR target was carried out using a new approach comprising inverse PCR and restriction digestion techniques. IAC was included in the assay, with the estimated optimum concentration of 1 fg per reaction, as duplex PCR. When applied on fecal samples spiked with variable oocysts counts, ${\approx}2$ oocysts were theoretically enough for detection. When applied on 25 Cryptosporidium-positive fecal samples of various infection intensities, both targets were clearly detected with minimal competition noticed in 2-3 samples. Importantly, both the analytical and the diagnostic sensitivities of the PCR assay were not altered with integration of IAC into the reactions. When tried on 180 randomly collected fecal samples, 159 were Cryptosporidium-negatives. Although the native target DNA was absent, the IAC amplicon was obviously detected on gel of all the Cryptosporidium-negative samples. These results imply that running of the diagnostic PCR, inspired with the previously developed DNA extraction protocol and the constructed IAC, represents a useful tool for Cryptosporidium detection in human feces.

• 약학회지
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• 제50권6호
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• pp.429-435
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• 2006

The antidepressant effects of Cirsium japonicum compositae was investigated using open field test and forced swimming test. Total extract of Cirsium japonicum (CJ) was orally administered at dose of 20, 100, 300, 500 mg/kg bodyweight. Supplementation of CJ increased dose-dependently movement, rearing frequency and total turn angle in the center area of open field in mice. Treatment of Cirsium japonicum's extract (300 mg/kg, CJ) decreased immobile duration and increased mobile and strong mobile duration significantly; and it is comparable to that of imipramine and fluoxetine. These results indicate that CJ has antidepressant effect. Treatment of CJ did not induced any impairment in motor coordination and myorelaxation. These results indicate that the constituents or its complex of Cirsium japonicum could be a candidate of new antidepressant drug.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제49권3호
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• pp.267-273
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• 2021

Camellia nut shell was collected, dried at room temperature and ground to get fine powder. The powder was extracted three times with 95% EtOH, combined, evaporated, and then freeze dried. The crude powder was dissolved in H₂O and then sequentially fractionated with n-hexane, CH₂Cl₂, EtOAc and n-BuOH. A part of EtOAc fraction was chromatographed on a silica gel and on a Sephadex LH-20 columns using MeOH, aqueous MeOH, EtOAc-n-hexane and EtOH-n-hexane to isolate gallotannins. Three gallotannins, 1,2-di-O-galloyl-β-D-glucopyranoside (2), 1,2,6-tri-O-galloyl-β-D-glucopyranoside (3) and 1,2,3,6-tetra-O-galloyl-β-D-glucopyranoside (4), including gallic acid (1), were isolated and elucidated by NMR and Mass spectroscopies. Although nothing new, these gallotannins were first reported from the nut shell extractives of camellia tree (Camellia oleifera C. Abel). This study was to investigate the chemical constituents, especially hydrolysable tannins, of nut shell extractives of Camellia oleifera and to provide basic information for the future chemical utilization of this species.

• Coupled systems mechanics
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• 제8권5호
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• pp.439-457
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• 2019

In this paper, a new application of a four variable refined plate theory to analyze the nonlinear bending of functionally graded plates exposed to thermo-mechanical loadings, is presented. This recent theory is based on the assumption that the transverse displacements consist of bending and shear components in which the bending components do not contribute toward shear forces, and similarly, the shear components do not contribute toward bending moments. The derived transverse shear strains has a quadratic variation across the thickness that satisfies the zero traction boundary conditions on the top and bottom surfaces of the plate without using shear correction factors. The material properties are assumed to vary continuously through the thickness of the plate according to a power-law distribution of the volume fraction of the constituents. The solutions are achieved by minimizing the total potential energy. The non-linear strain-displacement relations in the von Karman sense are used to derive the effect of geometric non-linearity. It is concluded that the proposed theory is accurate and simple in solving the nonlinear bending behavior of functionally graded plates.

• Computers and Concrete
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.333-341
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• 2021

Steel slag, an industrial reject from the steel rolling process, has been identified as one of the suitable, environmentally friendly materials for concrete production. Given that the coarse aggregate portion represents about 70% of concrete constituents, other economic approaches have been found in the use of alternative materials such as steel slag in concrete. Unfortunately, a standard framework for its application is still lacking. Therefore, this study proposed functional model equations for the determination of strength properties (compression and splitting tensile) of steel slag aggregate concrete (SSAC), using gene expression programming (GEP). The study, in the experimental phase, utilized steel slag as a partial replacement of crushed rock, in steps 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100%, respectively. The predictor variables included in the analysis were cement, sand, granite, steel slag, water/cement ratio, and curing regime (age). For the model development, 60-75% of the dataset was used as the training set, while the remaining data was used for testing the model. Empirical results illustrate that steel aggregate could be used up to 100% replacement of conventional aggregate, while also yielding comparable results as the latter. The GEP-based functional relations were tested statistically. The minimum absolute percentage error (MAPE), and root mean square error (RMSE) for compressive strength are 6.9 and 1.4, and 12.52 and 0.91 for the train and test datasets, respectively. With the consistency of both the training and testing datasets, the model has shown a strong capacity to predict the strength properties of SSAC. The results showed that the proposed model equations are reliably suitable for estimating SSAC strength properties. The GEP-based formula is relatively simple and useful for pre-design applications.

• 대한본초학회지
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.95-100
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• 2018

Objectives : Ligustri Fructus has been used since ancient times as a medicinal usages in folk medicines against antitumor purpose. Many biological active constituents have been identified from this biomass such as several terpenoids and lignans. In current study, the properties of antioxidant and anti-diabetic complications using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid)($ABTS^+$) radicals scavenging, and advanced glycation end products (AGEs) inhibition assays were evaluated by different extraction methods of Ligustri Fructus. Methods : In present continuing research for development of bioactive natural ingredients, antioxidant and AGEs formation inhibitory capacities of Ligustri Fructus extracts using different organic solvents were prepared and the biological potentials were investigated using in vitro bioassays. Antioxidant properties were evaluated employing radical scavenging assays using DPPH and $ABTS^+$ radicals. In addition, the anti-diabetic complications effects of Ligustri Fructus extracts were tested via AGEs formation inhibitory assay. The total phenolic contents were determined using a spectrophotometric method. Results : All the tested extracts exhibited dose-dependent radical scavenging and AGEs formation inhibitory activities. Among the tested samples, hot water extract of Ligustri Fructus was showed the most potent activity with $IC_{50}$ value of $494.8{\pm}6.7{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ against DPPH radical scavenging assay. Also, $ABTS^+$ radical scavenging activity of hot water extract was higher than those of other extracts. In addition, AGEs formation inhibitory effects of each extacts and total phenolic contents were evaluated. Conclusions : These results suggested that Ligustri Fructus can be considered as a new effective source of natural antioxidant and anti-diabetic complications resources.