• Advances in biomechanics and applications
• /
• v.1 no.4
• /
• pp.253-267
• /
• 2014

The human head is identified as the body region most frequently involved in life-threatening injuries. Extensive research based on experimental, analytical and numerical methods has sought to quantify the response of the human head to blunt impact in an attempt to explain the likely injury process. Blunt head impact arising from vehicular collisions, sporting injuries, and falls leads to relative motion between the brain and skull and an increase in contact and shear stresses in the meningeal region, thereby leading to traumatic brain injuries. In this paper the properties and material modeling of the subarachnoid space (SAS) as it relates to Traumatic Brain Injuries (TBI) is investigated. This was accomplished using a simplified local model and a validated 3D finite element model. First the material modeling of the trabeculae in the Subarachnoid Space (SAS) was investigated and validated, then the validated material property was used in a 3D head model. In addition, the strain in the brain due to an impact was investigated. From this work it was determined that the material property of the SAS is approximately E = 1150 Pa and that the strain in the brain, and thus the severity of TBI, is proportional to the applied impact velocity and is approximately a quadratic function. This study reveals that the choice of material behavior and properties of the SAS are significant factors in determining the strain in the brain and therefore the understanding of different types of head/brain injuries.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
• /
• v.4 no.4
• /
• pp.509-528
• /
• 2010

The random access systems, with retransmission diversity (RD) employment, over large random spreading code division multiple access (CDMA) channel subject to fading is investigated, under the assumption of infinite number of users and infinite spreading gain with their ratio converging to a constant. The low bound of the signal to interference and noise ratio (SINR) is shown to converge almost surely to a constant. The throughput, spectrum efficiency and energy efficiency in the dominating systems are obtained. The analytical results are confirmed by simulations. We find that in high traffic loads the throughput with fading is higher than that without. When the energy efficiency increases, the spectrum efficiency tends to two contrary values due to SNR increases or decreases. For the ordinary stable systems, the stability region is shown to shrink as the traffic increases and enlarge with RD employment.

• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
• /
• v.12 no.1
• /
• pp.70-80
• /
• 1998

Many algorithms to find a minimum cost design of water distribution network (WDN) have been developed during the last decades. Most of them have tried to optimize cost only while satisfying other constraining conditions. For this, a certain degree of simplification is required in their calculation process which inevitably limits the real application of the algorithms, especially, to large networks. In this paper, an optimum design method using the Genetic Algorithms (GA) is developed which is designed to increase the applicability, especially for the real world large WDN. The increased to applicability is due to the inherent characteristics of GA consisting of selection, reproduction, crossover and mutation. Just for illustration, the GA method is applied to find an optimal solution of the New York City water supply tunnel. For the calculation, the parameter of population size and generation number is fixed to 100 and the probability of crossover is 0.7, the probability of mutation is 0.01. The yielded optimal design is found to be superior to the least cost design obtained from the Linear Program method by $4.276 million.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
• /
• v.26 no.6
• /
• pp.562-573
• /
• 2011

The purpose of this paper was to research the history of Korean restaurants in Manhattan, NY in the 1960's-1970's. These Korean restaurants were the pioneers in the globalization of Korean food. It is assumed that 'Mi Cin' was the first Korean restaurant in Manhattan and opened on March $1^{st}$, 1960. In the 1960's, it is estimated that there were four Korean restaurants in Manhattan. In the 1970's, the number of Korean restaurants increased to more than 18, and their main menu items were divided into three types: Korean fusion menu such as 'Lunch Special' for American customers, beef barbecue menu for American and Korean customers, and Korean traditional menu for increasing Korean immigrants.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
• /
• 2006.05a
• /
• pp.343-348
• /
• 2006

본 연구에서는 병렬로 구성된 저수지군 연계 운영을 위하여 병렬 저수지의 저수율에 대한 상대적 가중치를 고려한 저수량 할당 방안을 제시한다. 이를 위하여 기존 문헌 등에서 제시된 NYC Rule(New York City Water Supply Rule), Space Rule, 등가 저수위 등의 운영 방안을 낙동강수계 연계운영에 적용하여 용수공급 측면에서 비교하였다. 그리고 Space Rule을 변형하여 각 저수지의 저수율에 대한 상대적 가중치를 설정하고, 이를 바탕으로 불학실성을 감안한 실시간 모의 운영을 진행하여 기존 운영 방안과 효과를 비교 분석해 보았다. 이와 같이 제시된 방안은 실시간 운영, 최적화 모형의 가중치 설정, 유역 시뮬레이션 모형의 저수지 운영방안 설정 등에 활용이 가능할 것이다.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
• /
• no.14
• /
• pp.74-81
• /
• 1998

It is character of Minimalism that representation as a simple shape extremely & objective acess that start from movement of visual art and part of music that began mainly at New York City in America at the end of 1960 period. Then in processing of development of Modernism Art it can be said that Minimalism reach the top of Modernism with that it carried out such character of formed Purity Doctrine of Modernism Art extremely and realized self-restorational character of Minimalism at the pictures that Minimalism is characterized by objectional clearness conceptual strictness reality and simplicity at the picture and by simplicity singularity uninterality and enviromentality at the sculpture. If we analyze Minimalic character in Interior design dividing into the density of space the principle of compound performance of touch and detail those are moderated and simple space simple and repeated compounding of geometrical line and shape the pure techniques of expression and the simplity of pure srtuctural -beauty in detail.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
• /
• v.16 no.6
• /
• pp.821-831
• /
• 2006

Unicellular green algae of the genus Haematococcus have been studied extensively as model organisms for secondary carotenoid accumulation. Upon environmental stress, such as strong irradiance or nitrogen deficiency, unicellular green algae of the genus Haematococcus accumulate secondary carotenoids in vesicles in the cytosol. Because secondary carotenoid accumulation occurs only upon specific environmental stimuli, there is speculation about the regulation of the biosynthetic pathway specific for secondary carotenogenesis. Because the carotenoid biosynthesis pathway is located both in the chloroplast and the cytosol, communication between both cellular compartments must be considered. Recently, the induction and regulation of astaxanthin biosynthesis in microalgae received considerable attention because of the increasing use of this secondary carotenoid as a source of pigmentation for fish aquaculture, as a component in cancer prevention, and as a free-radical quencher. This review summarizes the biosynthesis and regulation of the pathway, as well as the biotechnology of astaxanthin production in Haematococcus.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
• /
• v.14 no.3
• /
• pp.231-236
• /
• 1991

The high affinity binding sites for angiotensin II were solubilized from rat liver membranes by treatment with CHAPS. The binding protein was also partially purified by angiotensin III inhibitor-coupled Affi-gel affinity chromatography. Binding to the intact membrances as well as to the solubilized preparation was specific and saturable. According to the Scatchard plot, the membrane preparations exhibited a single class of high affinity binding sites with a Kd OF 0.71 nM. The solubilized preparation also showed the presence of a single class of bindings sites with less affinity (Kd of 14 nM). Meanwhile the competition studies using angiotensin II analogues represented two separate binding sites for angiotensin II and single binding site for antagonist. These latter findings were correlated to the results provided by Garrison's research group. More works are needed to clarify this discrepancy.

• Steel and Composite Structures
• /
• v.7 no.2
• /
• pp.105-118
• /
• 2007

On September $11^{th}$ 2001, the twin towers of the World Trade Center in New York City were struck by two hijacked airplanes. Despite severe local damage induced by the impact, the towers were able to sustain 102 and 56 minutes of the subsequent multi-storey fires before collapsing. The purpose of this study is to contribute to the understanding of the in-fire performance of composite trusses by examining the behaviour of the longer-span type used in the towers. It makes no attempt to be a forensic study of the actual events. Using the finite element package Vulcan, the structural mechanics of typical long-span composite floor trusses are explained, under a variety of scenarios, as the fire temperatures rise. Different boundary conditions, degrees of protection and loading are all covered, the results being presented mainly in the form of graphs of deflection and internal force of members against time.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
• /
• v.15 no.E
• /
• pp.45-54
• /
• 1999

The effectiveness of NOx emission reductions from power plants to alleviate persistent ozone nonattainment in the esterm Unites States was investigated with a focus on the Northeast Corridor, centered on New York City. The 1995 ozone episode along with the 2007 base case emission scenario was used with the Variable-Grid Urban Airshed Model(UAM-V) to determine ozone concentrations. Several scenarios based on EPA's proposal issued on October 10, 1997 were examined. Although it is widely recognized that the eastern United States includes a large Nox-sensitive region(e.g., Sillman, 1999), the study revealed that reducing NOx emissions from power plants beyond 500 miles (800km) was not effective for reducing ozone exceedances in the region. It was also found that NOx emissions from power plants play an important role in local ozone exceedances.